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Algerian nuthatch

January 01, 1970

The Algerian nuthatch or Kabyle nuthatch (Sitta ledanti), is a species of bird in the nuthatch family Sittidae. It is a medium-sized nuthatch, measuring between 11.5 cm (4.5 in) and 12.5 cm (4.9 in). The upperparts are bluish gray. The male can be distinguished from the female by the black front of its crown. The species is sedentary; it feeds on arthropods in summer and on seeds in winter. The breeding season takes place around May–June. The nest, built in a hole of tree, shelters a laying of three or four eggs, brooded by the female. The chicks are fed by both parents.

Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Sittidae
Genus: Sitta
Species:
S. ledanti
Binomial name
Sitta ledanti
Vielliard, 1976
Distribution map showing the forests used by the nuthatch in red

The Kabyle nuthatch is the only bird species endemic to Algeria, where it now inhabits only certain coniferous forests in the north of the country. Its scientific name pays tribute to Jean-Paul Ledant, a Belgian amateur naturalist who discovered the bird in October 1975 and named it "La Sittelle Kabyle" (The Kabyle nuthatch); the description of the bird was made by the French ornithologist Jacques Vielliard. The news of this discovery greatly surprised the ornithological world and received international media coverage. The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch is closely related to Krüper's nuthatch (Sitta krueperi). The bird has only a limited and relict range, threatened by fire, erosion and human action; the species is therefore considered "endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Description edit

 
A female Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch, with very little black on the crown, barely spotting the front of the forehead.

The Algerian or the Kabyle nuthatch is a medium-sized nuthatch;[2] it measures between 11.5 cm (4.5 in) and 12.5 cm (4.9 in),[3] with a mass of about 18 grams (0.63 oz).[4] The upperparts are overall bluish gray; the tail has a small subterminal white band bordered with beige. The belly is washed with light salmon-beige up to the undertail coverts; the latter are gray at their base.[5] The male has a black forehead and a dark eyestripe, separated from the crown by a broad, sharp white supercilium. In females, the crown and eyestripe are the same gray as the back, with the front of the crown sometimes darker (when the plumage is worn), but not as dark as in males.[2] In both sexes, the sides of the head and the throat are white.[3] The iris are brown-black, the legs lead-gray and the bill bluish-gray.[6] Juvenile plumage is similar to that of the female, but duller and with an inconspicuous supercilium;[2] after leaving the nest, bill growth and pigmentation of the bill and legs are incomplete.[7]

Within its range, the Kabyle nuthatch cannot be confused with any other bird. The closest nuthatch geographically is the Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea) which inhabits some localities in the Rif;[8] this species is larger than the Algerian, has no black on the crown and has yellow (or white for some subspecies) underparts tending to orange around the rump.[3] The Kabyle nuthatch strongly resembles the Corsican nuthatch (Sitta whiteheadi), but the black crown differs in the males: that of the Algerian species covers the front of the head, as opposed to the whole head in the islander. The underparts are of a warmer pinkish buff in the Algerian species. It is phylogenetically very close to Krüper's nuthatch (Sitta krueperi), with the front of the crown dark in the male and the supercilium marked white, but Krüper's nuthatch has pale gray underparts and a large russet-brown pectoral patch.[3]

Taxonomy and systematics edit

Discovery and nomenclature edit

The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch was discovered in Algeria by Jean-Paul Ledant, a Belgian naturalist and ornithologist, on October 5, 1975.[4] Identifying it as quite different from other nuthatches, he wrote to the Academy of Sciences to report his discovery. Working on a revision of Sittidae, they encouraged Ledant to return to the site.[5] He tried several times during the winter, but the mountain was too snowy to allow exploration. Ledant was finally accompanied by Jacques Vielliard in mid-April 1976 to observe nesting, which actually occurred later in the year due to the massif range's difficult climatic conditions. They had to wait until July to observe feeding behavior and a few fledglings, as well as to make recordings and call trials with songs of Corsican and Krüper nuthatches. Only a dozen pairs were observed, but on the 5th and 6th of the month, Vielliard killed a pair of adults that had finished feeding their chicks to be used as type specimens.[6][9][10] Kept in the describer's house, these specimens (holotype and paratype) were seriously damaged after 2005 by insects, and were finally given to the National Museum of Natural History, France in 2015.[11]

The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch was formally described in the journal Alauda by Jacques Vielliard in 1976 under its current name of Sitta ledanti. This discovery greatly surprised the world of ornithologists, and the bird seems to come from a "lost world" that has withstood the test of time, the Babor Mountains.[2] A species of bird endemic to the Mediterranean had not been discovered for nearly a century since the 1883 discovery of the Corsican nuthatch.[9][12]

In December 1976, the Swiss ornithologist Eric Burnier announced in the journal Nos Oiseaux that he had discovered the species independently on June 20 of the same year, before learning from a July 28 article in Le Monde that he had been preceded in his discovery and that the species had just been named.[8][13] He published a few drawings and field notes, explaining that he had spotted birds that he had judged to have the characteristics of the Corsican nuthatch and Krüper's nuthatch by song and then approached them only a few meters away. The only known nuthatch in the Maghreb being then the Eurasian nuthatch which populates some localities of the Moroccan Rif and Atlas Mountains, far from Babor Mountains, he knew he was dealing with a new species.[8]

Phylogeny edit

 
The male Krüper's nuthatch has the front half of the crown black, like the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch; it is the closest relative of the latter species.

The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch is placed in a subgenus, Micrositta, described by the Russian ornithologist Sergei Buturlin in 1916,[14] and has no subspecies.[15] American ornithologist Charles Vaurie had grouped in 1957 the Corsican nuthatch, the red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) and the Chinese nuthatch (Sitta villosa), which he considered to be very similar, in the "canadensis" group.[16] In his 1976 description of the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch, Vielliard devotes a portion of his paper to the possible relationships of the different species and their evolutionary history. He suggests that Vaurie stopped at a "superficial morphological similarity" to bring the Corsican nuthatch closer to the red-breasted nuthatch, and that the Corsican species should rather form with Krüper's nuthatch a group known as the "Mesogean nuthatches", "where Sitta ledanti providentially fits in".[12] He considers it "tempting" to identify the fossil species Sitta senogalliensis (whose membership to the genus Sitta is discussed) described from the Upper Miocene in Italy as the ancestor of the Mesogean nuthatch group.[12]

In 1998, Eric Pasquet studied the cytochrome b gene in the mitochondrial DNA of about ten nuthatch species, including the various species of the Sitta canadensis group,[17] which he defined as comprising six species, corresponding to those reported in the subgenus, Micrositta:[14] canadensis, villosa, whiteheadi, yunnanensis, krueperi and ledanti. Pasquet concluded that the Corsican nuthatch is phylogenetically related to the Chinese nuthatch and the red-breasted nuthatch, these three species forming the sister group of a clade including Krüper's nuthatch and the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch. The first three species would even be close enough to constitute subspecies, rejecting the "Mesogean" theory of Vielliard and thus confirming the conclusions of Charles Vaurie.[17] For the sake of taxonomic stability, however, all retain their full species status.[18] In 2014, Eric Pasquet and colleagues published a phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of 21 nuthatch species and confirmed the relationships of the 1998 study within the "canadensis group", adding the Yunnan nuthatch, which was found to be the most basal of the species.[19]

The conclusions of these studies are in agreement with the morphology of the species, the red-breasted nuthatch, Corsican nuthatch and Chinese nuthatch sharing as a derived character the entirely black crown only present in males, a unique trait among the nuthatches and related families. The second clade, which includes Krüper's and Algerian/Kabyle nuthatches, have the front of the crown black in males, with this sexually dimorphic trait absent in juveniles.[17]

The simplified cladogram below is based on the phylogenetic analysis of Packert and colleagues (2014):[19]

Yunnan nuthatch (S. yunnanensis)

Algerian nuthatch (S. ledanti)

Krüper's nuthatch (S. krueperi)

Corsican nuthatch (S. whiteheadi)

Chinese nuthatch (S. villosa)

Red-breasted nuthatch (S. canadensis)

Biogeography edit

In 1976, the Swiss ornithologist Paul Géroudet suggested that the Mesogean nuthatches once inhabited a fairly continuous belt of conifers around the Mediterranean, which had become fragmented, leaving only a few hard-to-reach refuges where these different species were able to evolve "in isolation".[20] In 1998, his phylogeny having been established, Pasquet concluded that the paleogeographic history of the group would be as follows: the divergence between the two main clades of the "canadensis group" appeared more than 5 million years ago, at the end of the Miocene, when the krueperi and ledanti clade settled in the Mediterranean basin at the time of the Messinian salinity crisis; the two species making up the clade diverged 1.75 million years ago. The other clade split into three, with populations leaving Asia from the east and giving rise to the North American red-breasted nuthatch, and then, about a million years ago, from the west, marking the separation between the Corsican and Chinese nuthatches.[17]

Ecology and behavior edit

Vocalizations edit

 

Songs and calls
Listen to Sitta ledanti on xeno-canto

The call is a tsiit tsiit typical of a nuthatch.[21] Adults also use a whispered call when an intruder is present, possibly for territorial defense.[12] The song of the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch is a nasal whistle, composed of a series of rising elements, with a short final note, repeated slowly and can be transcribed into a vuuy-di vuuy-di vuuy-di.[3] It is a repetition of seven to twelve phrases lasting for two to four seconds.[2] The bird may also produce a rapid trill in di-du-di-du-di-du, and when agitated, it emit a harsh and repeated chèèh[3] comparable to the call of a jay.[2][21]

Food edit

The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch's diet has not been extensively studied.[22][23] It varies according to the season. In summer, it feeds mainly on insects (mainly caterpillars and beetles) and spiders that it finds by surveying the trunks and branches of oak trees.[21] In winter, insects are scarce and the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch feeds on coniferous seeds which provide a constant supply.[5][24] They generally feed alone, but may form mixed feeding flocks outside the breeding season.[21]

 
Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch at nest, in a tree cavity.

Breeding edit

The breeding season occurs from May to June in Tamentout and Mount Babor, earlier or later depending on weather conditions and food availability; at higher altitudes it may start later.[21] In Taza National Park, the breeding season ends in late June.[24] The nest is built in a tree hole,[3] perhaps from a rough lodge of a great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), in a dead fir tree or in the asperities of an oak or cedar tree, and is usually placed between 4–15 m (13–49 ft) from the ground.[12] The bottom is lined with plant debris (wood chips, dead leaves) or animal material such as tawny owl (Tyto alba) feathers or wild boar (Sus scrofa) hair. While incubation is carried out by the female alone (the male does not have a brood patch), both parents feed the young.[12] Clutches have three or four fledgings.[5] After the breeding season, adults undergo a full post-nuptial moult and young undergo a partial post-nuptial moult.[7]

Distribution and habitat edit

The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch is the only bird endemic to Algeria. It inhabits certain areas of Kabylia, where it has been recorded in five localities isolated from each other by areas unsuitable for its survival.[1][2][25] It was first discovered on Mount Babor, only about 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) from the Mediterranean coast. Its optimal habitat covers only 2.5 km2 (0.97 sq mi), and the area is home to only 80 pairs according to a 1985 estimate.[2][26] Then it was spotted in Guerrouch, within the Taza National Park, in June 1989,[2] which has a larger population of around 350 individuals. Smaller numbers were discovered in 1990 in two other localities near this park, in Tamentout and Djimla.[1] In the spring of 2018, a new breeding site was discovered in Ghabet Ezzen which is located between the communes of Chahna and Oudjana in the Jijel province.[25] On September 24 of the same year, two amateur ornithologists, Karim Haddad and Larbi Afoutni, went to the site; about twenty individuals were observed and photographed in the Lerabaa forest.[27][28] The bird could be present in other oak groves of Petite Kabylie, but has not been documented yet.[29]

The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch lives in oak forests between 350 m (14,000 in) and 1,120 m (44,000 in) in altitude and in mixed forests of oak, maple, poplar and coniferous trees from 2,000 m (79,000 in) altitude.[3] It appreciates humid forests with large trees offering cavities, including the Algerian fir (Abies numidica), Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica), Afares oak (Quercus afares), cork oak (Quercus suber) and Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea).[30] The Babor Mountains, dominated by fir trees, offer a rather cool and humid climate, with snow in winter; in the Guerrouch, oaks are dominant and the climate is warmer and drier.[2] At lower altitudes, such as Tamentout, forests are dominated by cork oak, and stand densities are lower than at higher altitudes (above 1,000 m (3,300 ft)), where this species is replaced by deciduous oaks such as Algerian oak (Quercus canariensis) and Afares oak.[31] A study conducted in Mount Babor between the summers of 1981 and 1982 showed that the factors apparently favorable to the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch in this massif were "the diversity of tree species, the size (or age) of the trees and indirectly the climate at altitude".[26]

Status and threats edit

 
An individual photographed near Minar Zarza, in the southeast of the species' distribution.

Numbers and status edit

When the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch was discovered, ornithologists estimated that the species numbered only a dozen pairs and it was feared that "its rarity would attract collectors" and that the announcement of its discovery would cause its disappearance.[20] The discovery in 1989 of the much larger population of the park of Taza shows that the species is less threatened than it seemed, and that its endemism is not limited to Babor Mountains.[32] The current distribution of the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch seems to be limited by that of the forests that support it, and the fragmentation of populations may indicate that the species was once more widespread, before deforestation isolated it in the small islands of greenery that it populates today.[2] The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch has a small population: its numbers may not exceed 1,000 individuals. The bird is placed in the category of species with 250–999 mature individuals, which corresponds to 350–1,500 individuals in all. Although there are no precise figures to confirm this, these numbers are considered to be declining due to the reduction in habitat that the species is experiencing.[21] The Algerian nuthatch has been considered "endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature since 1994.[1]

Threats edit

The main threat to the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch is the destruction of its habitat. Fires, in particular, are destroying the old mixed forests on the top of Mount Babor, which are being replaced by poorer vegetation dominated by cedars. Cattle grazing and illegal deforestation (Mount Babor and Tamentout) are another threat to the habitat, even in Taza National Park.[2][21] The construction of a motor road in the 1970s, which led to soil erosion and an increased risk of fire, or the fight against terrorism in the region, which is a source of disturbance for the species.[21][24] The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch may have several predators during incubation, such as the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) or the great spotted woodpecker.[12]

Protection edit

The species is protected in Algeria as one of 32 species listed in Decree No. 83-509 of August 20, 1983 on protected non-domestic animal species.[33] The nuthatch was included in a 1980 petition by the BirdLife International requesting that the U.S. federal government add 60 foreign species to the federal endangered lists.[34] This request was published in the official gazette of the United States. The petition was published in the Federal Register the following year,[35] but these species, including the Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch, were not added to the endangered species lists until 1995.[34]

The largest population is found in a protected area, the Taza National Park.[24] To safeguard the species, it would be good to know more about the size of the existing populations and their ecological preferences. However, protective measures have already been put forward, including habitat restoration or preservation through reforestation, planting of firewood outside of existing forests, and fire prevention.[21] The Algerian/Kabyle nuthatch is a flagship species for the preservation of the Babor Mountains forest.[36]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2017). "Sitta ledanti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22711179A119435091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22711179A119435091.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Harrap, Simon (1992). Little known West Palearctic birds: Algerian Nuthatch (PDF). Vol. 5. Birding World. pp. 154–156.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Svensson, Lars (August 2010). "The ornitho guide: The most complete guide to the birds of Europe, from North Africa and the Middle East: 900 species". The Naturalist's Guides: 348–349. ISBN 978-2-603-01695-4.
  4. ^ a b D., Laurence (2007). "La sittelle kabyle (sitta ledanti): l'oiseau rare" [The Kabyle nuthatch (Sitta ledanti): the rare bird. Interview with J.-P. Ledant.] (in French). Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Jacques, Vielliard (1978). "The Djebel Babor and its Nuthatch, Sitta ledanti Vielliard 1976". Alauda. 46 (1): 1–42.
  6. ^ a b Jacques, Vielliard (1976). "The Kabyle Nuthatch". Alauda. 3 (1): 351–352.
  7. ^ a b Jacques, Vielliard (1980). "Additional remarks on the Kabyle Nuthatch Sitta ledanti Vielliard 1976". Alauda. 48 (2–3): 139–150.
  8. ^ a b c Burnier, Eric (December 1976). "A new species of Palearctic avifauna: the Kabyle Nuthatch. Sitta ledanti". Our Birds. 33 (8): 337–340.
  9. ^ a b Balzac, Henri Heim de (1976). "Comments on the discovery of an unforeseen element of the Palearctic fauna". Alauda. 44 (3): 353–355.
  10. ^ Dubois, Alain; Nemésio, André (2007). "Does nomenclatural availability of nomina of new species or subspecies require the deposition of vouchers in collections?". Zootaxa. 1409: 16. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.1409.1.1.
  11. ^ Vallotton, Laurent (2015). "The Altai Nuthatch: a missing link?". 9th International Meeting of Bird Curators. Darwin State Museum, Moscow – via ResearchGate.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Jacques, Vielliard (1976). "A new relict witness of speciation in the Mediterranean zone: Sitta ledanti (Aves, Sittidae)". Weekly Reports of the Sessions of the Academy of Sciences. 283: 1193–1195.
  13. ^ -JB, J. (July 28, 1976). "An unknown bird discovered in Algeria". Le Monde. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  14. ^ a b Matthysen, Erik (2010). The Nuthatches. London: A & C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-2870-1. OCLC 727646681.
  15. ^ "Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List". IOC World Bird List – Version 11.2. Archived from the original on 2022-01-30. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  16. ^ Vaurie, Charles (1957). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 29, The subfamilies Tichodromadinae and Sittinae". American Museum Novitates (1854): 1–26. hdl:2246/3596. ISSN 1937-352X. OCLC 47720325.
  17. ^ a b c d Pasquet, Eric (January 1998). "Phylogeny of the nuthatches of the Sitta canadensis group and its evolutionary and biogeographic implications". The Ibis. 140 (1): 150–156. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04553.x.
  18. ^ Thibault, Jean-Claude; Seguin, Jean-François; Norris, Ken (2000). Taxonomic status and biogeographic origin. Regional Natural Park of Corsica. p. 52.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ a b Eric Pasquet; Keith F. Barker; Jochen Martens; Annie Tillier; Corinne Cruaud; Alice Cibois (April 2014). "Evolution within the nuthatches (Sittidae: Aves, Passeriformes): molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological perspectives". Journal of Ornithology. 155 (3): 755–765. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1063-7 (inactive 2024-05-03). S2CID 17637707.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (link)
  20. ^ a b Géroudet, Paul (December 1976). "About the Kabyle Nuthatch". Nos Oiseaux. 1 (8): 340–342.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i P., Isenmann; D., Monticelli. "Algerian Nuthatch Sitta ledanti". BirdLife International. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  22. ^ Gatter, Von Wulf; Mattes, Hermann (1979). "Zur Populationsgröße und Ökologie des neuentdeckten Kabylenkleibers Sitta ledanti Vielliard 1976". Journal für Ornithologie. 120 (4): 390–405. doi:10.1007/BF01642912. S2CID 46065939.
  23. ^ Mayache, MEA; Temagoult, L.; Bara, M.; Moulaï, R. (November 10, 2020). "Diversity and dynamics of potential prey of the Algerian Nuthatch Sitta ledanti during the breeding season". Studia Universitatis "Vasile Goldiş", Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii. 30 (3): 136–144. ISSN 1584-2363.
  24. ^ a b c d Harrap, Simon (1996). Christopher Helm (ed.). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Illustrated by David Quinn. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.
  25. ^ a b Moulaï, R.; Mayache, Mayache (2018). "A new breeding site for the Kabyle Nuthatch, Sitta ledanti". Alauda. 86: 73–74.
  26. ^ a b Ledant, Jean-Paul; Jacobs, Paul; Ochando, Bernard; Renault, Jean (1985). "Dynamics of the Mont Babor Forest and ecological preferences of the Kabyle nuthatch Sitta ledanti". Biological Conservation. 32 (3): 231–254. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85)90112-0.
  27. ^ "Observation of the Kabyle nuthatch in a new site: the Lerabaa forest". Ornithomedia.com. October 22, 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  28. ^ Haddad, Karim; Afoutni, Larbi (2019). "The Kabyle nuthatch Sitta ledanti: new locality, distribution and habitat". Ornithos 26-2: 83–94. Retrieved 24 January 2022 – via ResearchGate.
  29. ^ Isenmann, Paul; Moali, Aïssa (2000). Birds of Algeria. Society for Ornithological Studies of France. p. 336.
  30. ^ Abdelguerfi, Aïssa; Ramdane, SA (2003). Implementations of general measures for in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable use, including national plans, strategies and legislation - Annexes. Ministry for Planning and Environment. p. 125.
  31. ^ Monticelli, D.; Legrand, V. (2009). "Identification of Algerian Nuthatch". Birding World. 22 (8): 333–335.
  32. ^ Bellatrèche, Mohamed; Chalabi, Bouzid (1990). "New data on the distribution area of the Kabyle nuthatch Sitta lendanti". Alauda. 58 (2): 95–97.
  33. ^ Bendjedid, Chadli (August 20, 1983). "Decree No. 83-509 of August 20, 1983 relating to protected non-domestic animal species" (PDF). Official Journal of the Algerian Republic.
  34. ^ a b Department of the Interior - Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (January 12, 1995). "Addition of 30 African Birds to List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" (PDF). Federal Register. 60 (8): 2899–2905.
  35. ^ Department of the Interior - Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (May 12, 1981). "Addition of 30 African Birds to List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" (PDF). Federal Register. 46 (91): 26464–26469.
  36. ^ Anthony W. Diamond; Rudolf L. Schreiber; Roger Tory Peterson; Walter Cronkite (1989). Save the birds. Houghton Mifflin. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-395-51172-5. OCLC 19624924.

January 01, 1970
algerian, nuthatch, kabyle, nuthatch, sitta, ledanti, species, bird, nuthatch, family, sittidae, medium, sized, nuthatch, measuring, between, upperparts, bluish, gray, male, distinguished, from, female, black, front, crown, species, sedentary, feeds, arthropod. The Algerian nuthatch or Kabyle nuthatch Sitta ledanti is a species of bird in the nuthatch family Sittidae It is a medium sized nuthatch measuring between 11 5 cm 4 5 in and 12 5 cm 4 9 in The upperparts are bluish gray The male can be distinguished from the female by the black front of its crown The species is sedentary it feeds on arthropods in summer and on seeds in winter The breeding season takes place around May June The nest built in a hole of tree shelters a laying of three or four eggs brooded by the female The chicks are fed by both parents Algerian Kabyle nuthatch Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Sittidae Genus Sitta Species S ledanti Binomial name Sitta ledantiVielliard 1976 Distribution map showing the forests used by the nuthatch in red The Kabyle nuthatch is the only bird species endemic to Algeria where it now inhabits only certain coniferous forests in the north of the country Its scientific name pays tribute to Jean Paul Ledant a Belgian amateur naturalist who discovered the bird in October 1975 and named it La Sittelle Kabyle The Kabyle nuthatch the description of the bird was made by the French ornithologist Jacques Vielliard The news of this discovery greatly surprised the ornithological world and received international media coverage The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch is closely related to Kruper s nuthatch Sitta krueperi The bird has only a limited and relict range threatened by fire erosion and human action the species is therefore considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and systematics 2 1 Discovery and nomenclature 2 2 Phylogeny 2 3 Biogeography 3 Ecology and behavior 3 1 Vocalizations 3 2 Food 3 3 Breeding 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Status and threats 5 1 Numbers and status 5 2 Threats 5 3 Protection 6 ReferencesDescription edit nbsp A female Algerian Kabyle nuthatch with very little black on the crown barely spotting the front of the forehead The Algerian or the Kabyle nuthatch is a medium sized nuthatch 2 it measures between 11 5 cm 4 5 in and 12 5 cm 4 9 in 3 with a mass of about 18 grams 0 63 oz 4 The upperparts are overall bluish gray the tail has a small subterminal white band bordered with beige The belly is washed with light salmon beige up to the undertail coverts the latter are gray at their base 5 The male has a black forehead and a dark eyestripe separated from the crown by a broad sharp white supercilium In females the crown and eyestripe are the same gray as the back with the front of the crown sometimes darker when the plumage is worn but not as dark as in males 2 In both sexes the sides of the head and the throat are white 3 The iris are brown black the legs lead gray and the bill bluish gray 6 Juvenile plumage is similar to that of the female but duller and with an inconspicuous supercilium 2 after leaving the nest bill growth and pigmentation of the bill and legs are incomplete 7 Within its range the Kabyle nuthatch cannot be confused with any other bird The closest nuthatch geographically is the Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea which inhabits some localities in the Rif 8 this species is larger than the Algerian has no black on the crown and has yellow or white for some subspecies underparts tending to orange around the rump 3 The Kabyle nuthatch strongly resembles the Corsican nuthatch Sitta whiteheadi but the black crown differs in the males that of the Algerian species covers the front of the head as opposed to the whole head in the islander The underparts are of a warmer pinkish buff in the Algerian species It is phylogenetically very close to Kruper s nuthatch Sitta krueperi with the front of the crown dark in the male and the supercilium marked white but Kruper s nuthatch has pale gray underparts and a large russet brown pectoral patch 3 Taxonomy and systematics editDiscovery and nomenclature edit The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch was discovered in Algeria by Jean Paul Ledant a Belgian naturalist and ornithologist on October 5 1975 4 Identifying it as quite different from other nuthatches he wrote to the Academy of Sciences to report his discovery Working on a revision of Sittidae they encouraged Ledant to return to the site 5 He tried several times during the winter but the mountain was too snowy to allow exploration Ledant was finally accompanied by Jacques Vielliard in mid April 1976 to observe nesting which actually occurred later in the year due to the massif range s difficult climatic conditions They had to wait until July to observe feeding behavior and a few fledglings as well as to make recordings and call trials with songs of Corsican and Kruper nuthatches Only a dozen pairs were observed but on the 5th and 6th of the month Vielliard killed a pair of adults that had finished feeding their chicks to be used as type specimens 6 9 10 Kept in the describer s house these specimens holotype and paratype were seriously damaged after 2005 by insects and were finally given to the National Museum of Natural History France in 2015 11 The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch was formally described in the journal Alauda by Jacques Vielliard in 1976 under its current name of Sitta ledanti This discovery greatly surprised the world of ornithologists and the bird seems to come from a lost world that has withstood the test of time the Babor Mountains 2 A species of bird endemic to the Mediterranean had not been discovered for nearly a century since the 1883 discovery of the Corsican nuthatch 9 12 In December 1976 the Swiss ornithologist Eric Burnier announced in the journal Nos Oiseaux that he had discovered the species independently on June 20 of the same year before learning from a July 28 article in Le Monde that he had been preceded in his discovery and that the species had just been named 8 13 He published a few drawings and field notes explaining that he had spotted birds that he had judged to have the characteristics of the Corsican nuthatch and Kruper s nuthatch by song and then approached them only a few meters away The only known nuthatch in the Maghreb being then the Eurasian nuthatch which populates some localities of the Moroccan Rif and Atlas Mountains far from Babor Mountains he knew he was dealing with a new species 8 Phylogeny edit nbsp The male Kruper s nuthatch has the front half of the crown black like the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch it is the closest relative of the latter species The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch is placed in a subgenus Micrositta described by the Russian ornithologist Sergei Buturlin in 1916 14 and has no subspecies 15 American ornithologist Charles Vaurie had grouped in 1957 the Corsican nuthatch the red breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis and the Chinese nuthatch Sitta villosa which he considered to be very similar in the canadensis group 16 In his 1976 description of the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch Vielliard devotes a portion of his paper to the possible relationships of the different species and their evolutionary history He suggests that Vaurie stopped at a superficial morphological similarity to bring the Corsican nuthatch closer to the red breasted nuthatch and that the Corsican species should rather form with Kruper s nuthatch a group known as the Mesogean nuthatches where Sitta ledanti providentially fits in 12 He considers it tempting to identify the fossil species Sitta senogalliensis whose membership to the genus Sitta is discussed described from the Upper Miocene in Italy as the ancestor of the Mesogean nuthatch group 12 In 1998 Eric Pasquet studied the cytochrome b gene in the mitochondrial DNA of about ten nuthatch species including the various species of the Sitta canadensis group 17 which he defined as comprising six species corresponding to those reported in the subgenus Micrositta 14 canadensis villosa whiteheadi yunnanensis krueperi and ledanti Pasquet concluded that the Corsican nuthatch is phylogenetically related to the Chinese nuthatch and the red breasted nuthatch these three species forming the sister group of a clade including Kruper s nuthatch and the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch The first three species would even be close enough to constitute subspecies rejecting the Mesogean theory of Vielliard and thus confirming the conclusions of Charles Vaurie 17 For the sake of taxonomic stability however all retain their full species status 18 In 2014 Eric Pasquet and colleagues published a phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of 21 nuthatch species and confirmed the relationships of the 1998 study within the canadensis group adding the Yunnan nuthatch which was found to be the most basal of the species 19 The conclusions of these studies are in agreement with the morphology of the species the red breasted nuthatch Corsican nuthatch and Chinese nuthatch sharing as a derived character the entirely black crown only present in males a unique trait among the nuthatches and related families The second clade which includes Kruper s and Algerian Kabyle nuthatches have the front of the crown black in males with this sexually dimorphic trait absent in juveniles 17 The simplified cladogram below is based on the phylogenetic analysis of Packert and colleagues 2014 19 Yunnan nuthatch S yunnanensis Algerian nuthatch S ledanti Kruper s nuthatch S krueperi Corsican nuthatch S whiteheadi Chinese nuthatch S villosa Red breasted nuthatch S canadensis Biogeography edit In 1976 the Swiss ornithologist Paul Geroudet suggested that the Mesogean nuthatches once inhabited a fairly continuous belt of conifers around the Mediterranean which had become fragmented leaving only a few hard to reach refuges where these different species were able to evolve in isolation 20 In 1998 his phylogeny having been established Pasquet concluded that the paleogeographic history of the group would be as follows the divergence between the two main clades of the canadensis group appeared more than 5 million years ago at the end of the Miocene when the krueperi and ledanti clade settled in the Mediterranean basin at the time of the Messinian salinity crisis the two species making up the clade diverged 1 75 million years ago The other clade split into three with populations leaving Asia from the east and giving rise to the North American red breasted nuthatch and then about a million years ago from the west marking the separation between the Corsican and Chinese nuthatches 17 Ecology and behavior editVocalizations edit nbsp Songs and calls Listen to Sitta ledanti on xeno canto The call is a tsiit tsiit typical of a nuthatch 21 Adults also use a whispered call when an intruder is present possibly for territorial defense 12 The song of the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch is a nasal whistle composed of a series of rising elements with a short final note repeated slowly and can be transcribed into a vuuy di vuuy di vuuy di 3 It is a repetition of seven to twelve phrases lasting for two to four seconds 2 The bird may also produce a rapid trill in di du di du di du and when agitated it emit a harsh and repeated cheeh 3 comparable to the call of a jay 2 21 Food editThe Algerian Kabyle nuthatch s diet has not been extensively studied 22 23 It varies according to the season In summer it feeds mainly on insects mainly caterpillars and beetles and spiders that it finds by surveying the trunks and branches of oak trees 21 In winter insects are scarce and the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch feeds on coniferous seeds which provide a constant supply 5 24 They generally feed alone but may form mixed feeding flocks outside the breeding season 21 nbsp Algerian Kabyle nuthatch at nest in a tree cavity Breeding edit The breeding season occurs from May to June in Tamentout and Mount Babor earlier or later depending on weather conditions and food availability at higher altitudes it may start later 21 In Taza National Park the breeding season ends in late June 24 The nest is built in a tree hole 3 perhaps from a rough lodge of a great spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos major in a dead fir tree or in the asperities of an oak or cedar tree and is usually placed between 4 15 m 13 49 ft from the ground 12 The bottom is lined with plant debris wood chips dead leaves or animal material such as tawny owl Tyto alba feathers or wild boar Sus scrofa hair While incubation is carried out by the female alone the male does not have a brood patch both parents feed the young 12 Clutches have three or four fledgings 5 After the breeding season adults undergo a full post nuptial moult and young undergo a partial post nuptial moult 7 Distribution and habitat editThe Algerian Kabyle nuthatch is the only bird endemic to Algeria It inhabits certain areas of Kabylia where it has been recorded in five localities isolated from each other by areas unsuitable for its survival 1 2 25 It was first discovered on Mount Babor only about 20 km2 7 7 sq mi from the Mediterranean coast Its optimal habitat covers only 2 5 km2 0 97 sq mi and the area is home to only 80 pairs according to a 1985 estimate 2 26 Then it was spotted in Guerrouch within the Taza National Park in June 1989 2 which has a larger population of around 350 individuals Smaller numbers were discovered in 1990 in two other localities near this park in Tamentout and Djimla 1 In the spring of 2018 a new breeding site was discovered in Ghabet Ezzen which is located between the communes of Chahna and Oudjana in the Jijel province 25 On September 24 of the same year two amateur ornithologists Karim Haddad and Larbi Afoutni went to the site about twenty individuals were observed and photographed in the Lerabaa forest 27 28 The bird could be present in other oak groves of Petite Kabylie but has not been documented yet 29 The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch lives in oak forests between 350 m 14 000 in and 1 120 m 44 000 in in altitude and in mixed forests of oak maple poplar and coniferous trees from 2 000 m 79 000 in altitude 3 It appreciates humid forests with large trees offering cavities including the Algerian fir Abies numidica Atlas cedar Cedrus atlantica Afares oak Quercus afares cork oak Quercus suber and Portuguese oak Quercus faginea 30 The Babor Mountains dominated by fir trees offer a rather cool and humid climate with snow in winter in the Guerrouch oaks are dominant and the climate is warmer and drier 2 At lower altitudes such as Tamentout forests are dominated by cork oak and stand densities are lower than at higher altitudes above 1 000 m 3 300 ft where this species is replaced by deciduous oaks such as Algerian oak Quercus canariensis and Afares oak 31 A study conducted in Mount Babor between the summers of 1981 and 1982 showed that the factors apparently favorable to the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch in this massif were the diversity of tree species the size or age of the trees and indirectly the climate at altitude 26 Status and threats edit nbsp An individual photographed near Minar Zarza in the southeast of the species distribution Numbers and status edit When the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch was discovered ornithologists estimated that the species numbered only a dozen pairs and it was feared that its rarity would attract collectors and that the announcement of its discovery would cause its disappearance 20 The discovery in 1989 of the much larger population of the park of Taza shows that the species is less threatened than it seemed and that its endemism is not limited to Babor Mountains 32 The current distribution of the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch seems to be limited by that of the forests that support it and the fragmentation of populations may indicate that the species was once more widespread before deforestation isolated it in the small islands of greenery that it populates today 2 The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch has a small population its numbers may not exceed 1 000 individuals The bird is placed in the category of species with 250 999 mature individuals which corresponds to 350 1 500 individuals in all Although there are no precise figures to confirm this these numbers are considered to be declining due to the reduction in habitat that the species is experiencing 21 The Algerian nuthatch has been considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature since 1994 1 Threats edit The main threat to the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch is the destruction of its habitat Fires in particular are destroying the old mixed forests on the top of Mount Babor which are being replaced by poorer vegetation dominated by cedars Cattle grazing and illegal deforestation Mount Babor and Tamentout are another threat to the habitat even in Taza National Park 2 21 The construction of a motor road in the 1970s which led to soil erosion and an increased risk of fire or the fight against terrorism in the region which is a source of disturbance for the species 21 24 The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch may have several predators during incubation such as the least weasel Mustela nivalis the garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus or the great spotted woodpecker 12 Protection edit The species is protected in Algeria as one of 32 species listed in Decree No 83 509 of August 20 1983 on protected non domestic animal species 33 The nuthatch was included in a 1980 petition by the BirdLife International requesting that the U S federal government add 60 foreign species to the federal endangered lists 34 This request was published in the official gazette of the United States The petition was published in the Federal Register the following year 35 but these species including the Algerian Kabyle nuthatch were not added to the endangered species lists until 1995 34 The largest population is found in a protected area the Taza National Park 24 To safeguard the species it would be good to know more about the size of the existing populations and their ecological preferences However protective measures have already been put forward including habitat restoration or preservation through reforestation planting of firewood outside of existing forests and fire prevention 21 The Algerian Kabyle nuthatch is a flagship species for the preservation of the Babor Mountains forest 36 References edit a b c d BirdLife International 2017 Sitta ledanti IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22711179A119435091 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T22711179A119435091 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l Harrap Simon 1992 Little known West Palearctic birds Algerian Nuthatch PDF Vol 5 Birding World pp 154 156 a b c d e f g h Svensson Lars August 2010 The ornitho guide The most complete guide to the birds of Europe from North Africa and the Middle East 900 species The Naturalist s Guides 348 349 ISBN 978 2 603 01695 4 a b D Laurence 2007 La sittelle kabyle sitta ledanti l oiseau rare The Kabyle nuthatch Sitta ledanti the rare bird Interview with J P Ledant in French Retrieved 24 January 2022 a b c d Jacques Vielliard 1978 The Djebel Babor and its Nuthatch Sitta ledanti Vielliard 1976 Alauda 46 1 1 42 a b Jacques Vielliard 1976 The Kabyle Nuthatch Alauda 3 1 351 352 a b Jacques Vielliard 1980 Additional remarks on the Kabyle Nuthatch Sitta ledanti Vielliard 1976 Alauda 48 2 3 139 150 a b c Burnier Eric December 1976 A new species of Palearctic avifauna the Kabyle Nuthatch Sitta ledanti Our Birds 33 8 337 340 a b Balzac Henri Heim de 1976 Comments on the discovery of an unforeseen element of the Palearctic fauna Alauda 44 3 353 355 Dubois Alain Nemesio Andre 2007 Does nomenclatural availability of nomina of new species or subspecies require the deposition of vouchers in collections Zootaxa 1409 16 doi 10 11646 ZOOTAXA 1409 1 1 Vallotton Laurent 2015 The Altai Nuthatch a missing link 9th International Meeting of Bird Curators Darwin State Museum Moscow via ResearchGate a b c d e f g Jacques Vielliard 1976 A new relict witness of speciation in the Mediterranean zone Sitta ledanti Aves Sittidae Weekly Reports of the Sessions of the Academy of Sciences 283 1193 1195 JB J July 28 1976 An unknown bird discovered in Algeria Le Monde Retrieved 24 January 2022 a b Matthysen Erik 2010 The Nuthatches London A amp C Black ISBN 978 1 4081 2870 1 OCLC 727646681 Nuthatches Wallcreeper treecreepers mockingbirds starlings oxpeckers IOC World Bird List IOC World Bird List Version 11 2 Archived from the original on 2022 01 30 Retrieved 24 January 2022 Vaurie Charles 1957 Systematic notes on Palearctic birds No 29 The subfamilies Tichodromadinae and Sittinae American Museum Novitates 1854 1 26 hdl 2246 3596 ISSN 1937 352X OCLC 47720325 a b c d Pasquet Eric January 1998 Phylogeny of the nuthatches of the Sitta canadensis group and its evolutionary and biogeographic implications The Ibis 140 1 150 156 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1998 tb04553 x Thibault Jean Claude Seguin Jean Francois Norris Ken 2000 Taxonomic status and biogeographic origin Regional Natural Park of Corsica p 52 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b Eric Pasquet Keith F Barker Jochen Martens Annie Tillier Corinne Cruaud Alice Cibois April 2014 Evolution within the nuthatches Sittidae Aves Passeriformes molecular phylogeny biogeography and ecological perspectives Journal of Ornithology 155 3 755 765 doi 10 1007 s10336 014 1063 7 inactive 2024 05 03 S2CID 17637707 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of May 2024 link a b Geroudet Paul December 1976 About the Kabyle Nuthatch Nos Oiseaux 1 8 340 342 a b c d e f g h i P Isenmann D Monticelli Algerian Nuthatch Sitta ledanti BirdLife International Retrieved 24 January 2022 Gatter Von Wulf Mattes Hermann 1979 Zur Populationsgrosse und Okologie des neuentdeckten Kabylenkleibers Sitta ledanti Vielliard 1976 Journal fur Ornithologie 120 4 390 405 doi 10 1007 BF01642912 S2CID 46065939 Mayache MEA Temagoult L Bara M Moulai R November 10 2020 Diversity and dynamics of potential prey of the Algerian Nuthatch Sitta ledanti during the breeding season Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldis Seria Stiinţele Vieţii 30 3 136 144 ISSN 1584 2363 a b c d Harrap Simon 1996 Christopher Helm ed Tits Nuthatches and Treecreepers Illustrated by David Quinn Princeton University Press ISBN 0 7136 3964 4 a b Moulai R Mayache Mayache 2018 A new breeding site for the Kabyle Nuthatch Sitta ledanti Alauda 86 73 74 a b Ledant Jean Paul Jacobs Paul Ochando Bernard Renault Jean 1985 Dynamics of the Mont Babor Forest and ecological preferences of the Kabyle nuthatch Sitta ledanti Biological Conservation 32 3 231 254 doi 10 1016 0006 3207 85 90112 0 Observation of the Kabyle nuthatch in a new site the Lerabaa forest Ornithomedia com October 22 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2022 Haddad Karim Afoutni Larbi 2019 The Kabyle nuthatch Sitta ledanti new locality distribution and habitat Ornithos 26 2 83 94 Retrieved 24 January 2022 via ResearchGate Isenmann Paul Moali Aissa 2000 Birds of Algeria Society for Ornithological Studies of France p 336 Abdelguerfi Aissa Ramdane SA 2003 Implementations of general measures for in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable use including national plans strategies and legislation Annexes Ministry for Planning and Environment p 125 Monticelli D Legrand V 2009 Identification of Algerian Nuthatch Birding World 22 8 333 335 Bellatreche Mohamed Chalabi Bouzid 1990 New data on the distribution area of the Kabyle nuthatch Sitta lendanti Alauda 58 2 95 97 Bendjedid Chadli August 20 1983 Decree No 83 509 of August 20 1983 relating to protected non domestic animal species PDF Official Journal of the Algerian Republic a b Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants January 12 1995 Addition of 30 African Birds to List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife PDF Federal Register 60 8 2899 2905 Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants May 12 1981 Addition of 30 African Birds to List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife PDF Federal Register 46 91 26464 26469 Anthony W Diamond Rudolf L Schreiber Roger Tory Peterson Walter Cronkite 1989 Save the birds Houghton Mifflin p 384 ISBN 978 0 395 51172 5 OCLC 19624924 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Algerian nuthatch amp oldid 1221987623, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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