Afonso III of Portugal
Afonso III (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈfõsu]; rare English alternatives: Alphonzo or Alphonse), or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese), Alfonso or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin), the Boulonnais (Port. o Bolonhês), King of Portugal (5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279) was the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, from 1249. He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Urraca of Castile; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who died on 4 January 1248.[1]
| Afonso III | |
|---|---|
Effigy on a contemporary coin | |
| King of Portugal | |
| Reign | 4 January 1248 – 16 February 1279 |
| Predecessor | Sancho II |
| Successor | Denis |
| Count of Boulogne | |
| Reign | 1238–1248 |
| Predecessor | Matilda II |
| Successor | Matilda II |
| Co-count | Matilda II |
| Born | 5 May 1210 Coimbra, Kingdom of Portugal |
| Died | 16 February 1279 (aged 68) Alcobaça, Kingdom of Portugal |
| Burial | Monastery of Alcobaça, Alcobaça, Portugal |
| Spouses | |
| Issue | |
| House | Burgundy |
| Father | Afonso II of Portugal |
| Mother | Urraca of Castile |
Early life edit
Afonso was born in Coimbra. As the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal, he was not expected to inherit the throne, which was destined to go to his elder brother Sancho.[2]
He lived mostly in France, where he married Countess Matilda II of Boulogne in 1238, thereby becoming count of Boulogne, Mortain, Aumale and Dammartin-en-Goële jure uxoris.[3]
Reign edit
In 1246, conflicts between his brother, the king, and the church became unbearable. In 1247, Pope Innocent IV ordered Sancho II to be removed from the throne and to be replaced by the Count of Boulogne. Afonso did not refuse the papal order and consequently marched to Portugal. Since Sancho was not a popular king the order was not hard to enforce, and he fled in exile to Toledo, Castile, where he died on 4 January 1248. Until his brother's death and his own eventual coronation, Afonso retained and used the title of Visitador, Curador e Defensor do Reino (Overseer, Curator and Defender of the Kingdom).[4]
In order to ascend the throne Afonso abdicated his rights to the county of Boulogne in 1248. In 1253, he divorced Matilde in order to marry Beatrice of Castile, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X, King of Castile, and Mayor Guillén de Guzmán.[5]
Determined not to make the same mistakes as his brother, Afonso III paid special attention to what the middle class, composed of merchants and small land owners, had to say. In 1254, in the city of Leiria, he held the first session of the Cortes, a general assembly comprising the nobility, the middle class and representatives of all municipalities. He also made laws intended to restrain the upper classes from abusing the least favored part of the population. Remembered as a notable administrator, Afonso III founded several towns, granted the title of city to many others and reorganized public administration.[6]
Afonso showed extraordinary vision for the time. Progressive measures taken during his kingship include: representatives of the commons, besides the nobility and clergy, were involved in governance; the end of preventive arrests such that henceforward all arrests had to be first presented to a judge to determine the detention measure; and fiscal innovation, such as negotiating extraordinary taxes with the mercantile classes and direct taxation of the Church, rather than debasement of the coinage. These may have led to his excommunication by the Holy See and possibly precipitated his death, and his son Denis's premature rise to the throne at only 18 years old.[7]
Secure on the throne, Afonso III then proceeded to make war with the Muslim communities that still thrived in the south. In his reign the Algarve became part of the kingdom, following the capture of Faro.[8]
Final years and death edit
Following his success against the Moors, Afonso III had to deal with a political situation concerning the country's borders with Castile. The neighbouring kingdom considered that the newly acquired lands of the Algarve should be Castilian, not Portuguese, which led to a series of wars between the two kingdoms. Finally, in 1267, the Treaty of Badajoz (1267) was signed in Badajoz, determining that the southern border between Castile and Portugal should be the River Guadiana, as it is today.[9]
Marriages and descendants edit
Afonso's first wife was Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne, daughter of Renaud, Count of Dammartin, and Ida, Countess of Boulogne. They had no surviving children. He divorced Matilda in 1253 and, in the same year, married Beatrice of Castile, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X, King of Castile, and Mayor Guillén de Guzmán.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| By Matilda II of Boulogne (c. 1202–1262; married in 1239) | |||
| By Beatrice of Castile (1242–1303; married in 1253) | |||
| Blanche | 25 February 1259 | 17 April 1321 | Lady of Las Huelgas |
| Dinis | 9 October 1261 | 7 January 1325 | Succeeded him as Denis, 6th King of Portugal. Married Infanta Elizabeth of Aragon. |
| Afonso | 8 February 1263 | 2 November 1312 | Lord of Portalegre. Married Infanta Violante Manuel (daughter of Manuel of Castile). |
| Sancha | 2 February 1264 | c. 1284[10] | |
| Maria | 1265[11] | c. 1266[11] | |
| Vicente | 1268[11] | 1268[11] | |
| Fernando | 1269[11] | 1269[11] | |
| By Madragana (Mor Afonso) (c. 1230-?) | |||
| Martim Afonso Chichorro | c. 1250 | a. 1313 | Natural son; Married Inês Lourenço de Valadares. |
| Urraca Afonso | c. 1260 | ? | Natural daughter; Married twice: 1st to D. Pedro Anes de Riba Vizela, 2nd to João Mendes de Briteiros |
| By Maria Peres de Enxara (?-?) | |||
| Afonso Dinis | c. 1260 | a. 1310 | Natural son; Married to D. Maria Pais Ribeira, Lady of the House of Sousa. |
| Other natural offspring | |||
| Leonor Afonso (nun) | ? | 1259 | Natural daughter; Nun in the Monastery of Santa Clara of Santarém. |
| Fernando Afonso | ? | ? | Natural son; Knight of the Order of the Hospital. |
| Gil Afonso | 1250 | 31 December 1346 | Natural son; Knight of the Order of the Hospital. |
| Rodrigo Afonso de Santarém | 1258 | about 12 May 1272 | Natural son; Prior of the city of Santarém. |
| Leonor Afonso | c. 1250 | 1291 | Natural daughter. Married twice: 1st to D. Estevão Anes de Sousa (without issue), 2nd to D. Gonçalo Garcia de Sousa, Count of Neiva (without issue). |
| Urraca Afonso (nun) | 1250 | 4 November 1281 | Natural daughter; Nun in the Monastery of Lorvão. |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Ennes, Antonio (1876). Historia de Portugal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ España Sagrada. Tomo XVII (in Spanish). En la Oficina de Antonio Marin. 1763. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ Dinis (King of Portugal); Ferreira, Manuel Pedro (2005). Cantus Coronatus: 7 Cantigas d'El-Rei Dom Dinis: by King Dinis of Portugal. Edition Reichenberger. ISBN 9783937734095.
- ^ Lumbreras, Joaquín (1841). Libertades de la Iglesia española vindicadas contra la alocución del beatísimo padre Gregorio XVI en el consistorio secreto de 1o de marzo de este año (in Spanish). Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero.
- ^ Catálogo histórico y bibliográfico de la Exposición Internacional de Barcelona (1929-1930) - VOLUMEN I (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. 1931. ISBN 9788496849341.
- ^ Fernando de Olaguer-Feliú Alonso (27 January 1998). Arte medieval español hasta el año 1000 (in Spanish). Encuentro. ISBN 9788474904888.
- ^ Jiménez, Manuel González (1991). Diplomatario Andaluz de Alfonso X (in Spanish). El Monte, Caja de Huelva y Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-87062-05-6.
- ^ Wheeler, Douglas L.; Opello, Jr, Walter C. (10 May 2010). Historical Dictionary of Portugal. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810870758.
- ^ Pérez-Embid, Florentino (1975). La frontera entre los reinos de Sevilla y Portugal (in Spanish). University of Michigan: Ayuntamiento, Delegación de Cultura, Sección de Publicaciones. ISBN 9788450066029.
- ^ Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas Medievais de Portugal. Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 138–148.
- ^ a b c d e f Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas Medievais de Portugal. Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 138–139.