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Alexander I of Macedon

February 15, 2024

Alexander I (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Alexandros; died 454 BC), also known as Alexander the Philhellene (Ancient Greek: φιλέλλην; lit. 'loving of Greece' or 'Hellenic patriot'),[1][2] was king[a] of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 498/497 BC until his death in 454 BC. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Perdiccas II.

Alexander I
Silver obol of Alexander I, struck c. 460–450 BC. Obv.: young male head wearing petasos; rev.: incuse square with four sections.
King of Macedon
Reignc. 498/497–454 BC
PredecessorAmyntas I
SuccessorPerdiccas II
Born?
Died454 BC
Spouseunknown
Issue
more...
DynastyArgead
FatherAmyntas I

Biography edit

 
Coin of Alexander I in the decade following the Second Persian invasion of Greece (struck in 480–470 BC).
 
Silver tetradrachm of Alexander I, struck at the end of his reign, circa 465–460 BC.

Alexander was the only son of Amyntas I and an unknown spouse,[5] whose name was perhaps Eurydice.[6] He had a sister named Gygaea (Greek: Γυγαίη).[7]

According to Herodotus, Alexander married his sister to the Persian general Bubares while a vassal of the Achaemenid Empire as a bribe to cover up his murder of a Persian embassy.[8] However, this story is widely regarded as a fiction invented by Herodotus or, at least, hearsay from his time spent in Macedonia.[9] It is more likely that Amyntas arranged the marriage himself around 510, or that Alexander handled it after his father died.[10]

Alexander came to the throne during the era of the kingdom's vassalage to Achaemenid Persia, dating back to the time of his father, Amyntas I, although Macedon retained a broad scope of autonomy.[11] In 492 BC it was made a fully subordinate part of the Persian Empire by Mardonius' campaign.[9] Alexander acted as a representative of the Persian governor Mardonius during peace negotiations after the Persian defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. In later events, Herodotus several times mentions Alexander as a man who was on Xerxes' side and followed his orders.[9]

From the time of Mardonius' conquest of Macedon, Herodotus refers to Alexander as hyparchos, meaning viceroy.[9] Despite his cooperation with Persia, Alexander frequently gave supplies and advice to the Greek city states, and warned them of Mardonius' plans before the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. For example, Alexander warned the Greeks in Tempe to leave before the arrival of Xerxes' troops, and notified them of an alternate route into Thessaly through upper Macedonia.[12] After their defeat in Plataea, the Persian army under the command of Artabazus tried to retreat all the way back to Asia Minor. Most of the 43,000 survivors were attacked and killed by the forces of Alexander at the estuary of the Strymon river.[citation needed] Alexander eventually regained Macedonian independence after the end of the Persian Wars.

 
Aristides, commander of the Athenians, informed by Alexander I that delaying the encounter with the Persians would help further diminish their already low supplies. Battle of Plataea, 479 BC.

Alexander claimed descent from Argive Greeks and Heracles.[13] After a court of Elean hellanodikai determined his claim to be true, he was permitted to participate in the Olympic Games[14][15][16] possibly in 504 BC, a right reserved only for Greeks. He modelled his court after Athens and was a patron of the poets Pindar and Bacchylides, both of whom dedicated poems to Alexander.[17] The earliest reference to an Athenian proxenos, who lived during the time of the Persian wars (c. 490 BC), is that of Alexander I.[18] It was around this point that Alexander was given the epithet "philhellene".[19][b]

Issue edit

Alexander and his unnamed spouse[5] had at least six children:[23]

Family tree edit

Modern historians disagree on a number of details concerning the genealogy of the Argead dynasty. Robin Lane Fox, for example, refutes Nicholas Hammond's claim that Ptolemy of Aloros was Amyntas II's son, arguing that Ptolemy was neither his son nor an Argead.[25] Consequently, the chart below does not account for every chronological, genealogical, and dynastic complexity. Instead, it represents one common reconstruction of the early Argeads advanced by historians such as Hammond, Elizabeth D. Carney, and Joseph Roisman.[26][27][28][5]

Family and descendants of Alexander I
Individuals with disputed parentage or Argead ancestry are italicized.


See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ While Greeks such as Demosthenes and Aristotle referred to them as such, there is no evidence that any Macedonian ruler prior to Alexander III used an official royal title (basileus).[3][4]
  2. ^ The term "Philhellene" was occasionally used in Antiquity to describe Greeks who patriotically defended their culture.[20][21][22]

References edit

  1. ^ Ferrary, Jean-Louis (2006). "Philhellenism". In Cancik, Hubert; et al. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly. Translated by Salazar, Christine F.; Gentry, Francis G. Brill Reference Online.
  2. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940) [1843]. "φιλέλλην". In Jones, Henry Stuart; McKenzie, Roderick (eds.). A Greek–English Lexicon (9th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  3. ^ Errington, R.M. (1974). "Macedonian 'Royal Style' and Its Historical Significance". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 94: 20–37. doi:10.2307/630417. JSTOR 630417. S2CID 162629292.
  4. ^ King, Carol (2010). "Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375. ISBN 9781405179362.
  5. ^ a b c Carney 2000, p. 250.
  6. ^ Leo van de Pas: Genealogics. 2003
  7. ^ Herodotus, Book 5: Terpsichore, 21
  8. ^ "Herodotus, The Histories, Book 5, chapter 21, section 2". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  9. ^ a b c d Sprawski, Sławomir (2010). "The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Blackwell. pp. 134–138. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  10. ^ Carney 2000, p. 16.
  11. ^ Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2010). "Macedonia and Persia". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Blackwell. p. 343. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  12. ^ Herodotus (1954). The Histories. Aubrey De Selincourt (trans.). Penguin Group. p. 477. ISBN 9780140449082.
  13. ^ A History of Macedonia. Τom. 2 Review: John Cole
  14. ^ Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia", University of California Press, 1993, p.4: "Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II. Then as now, political struggle created the prejudice. The orator Aeschines once even found it necessary, in order to counteract the prejudice vigorously fomented by his opponents, to defend Philip on this issue and describe him at a meeting of the Athenian Popular Assembly as being 'Entirely Greek'. Demosthenes' allegations were lent an appearance of credibility by the fact, apparent to every observer, that the life-style of the Macedonians, being determined by specific geographical and historical conditions, was different from that of a Greek city-state. This alien way of life was, however, common to western Greeks of Epiros, Akarnania and Aitolia, as well as to the Macedonians, and their fundamental Greek nationality was never doubted. Only as a consequence of the political disagreement with Macedonia was the issue raised at all."
  15. ^ Herodotus 5.22
  16. ^ Justin-7.2.14
  17. ^ Thucydides and Pindar: Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry Page 180 By Simon Hornblower ISBN 0-19-924919-9
  18. ^ Conrad Lashley; Paul Lynch; Alison J. Morrison, eds. (2006). Hospitality : a social lens (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 25. ISBN 0-08-045093-8.
  19. ^ Plato, Republic, 5.470e, Xenophon Agesilaus, 7.4 (in Greek)
  20. ^ Xenophon, Agesilaus, 7.4
  21. ^ Isocrates, To Philip, 5.22
  22. ^ Plato, Republic, 470e
  23. ^ Roisman, Joseph (2010). "Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Blackwell. pp. 134–138. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  24. ^ Carney 2000, p. 20.
  25. ^ Fox, Robin Lane (2011). "399–369 BC". In Fox, Robin Lane (ed.). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD. Boston: Brill. pp. 231–232.
  26. ^ Hammond, N. G. L.; Griffith, G. T. (1979). A History of Macedonia Volume II: 550–336 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 176.
  27. ^ Roisman, Joseph (2010). "Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Blackwell. pp. 134–138. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  28. ^ Psoma, Selene (2012). "Arepyros or A(u)re(lius) Pyros?". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 180: 202–204.

Bibliography edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Alexander I of Macedon.
Alexander I
Born:  ? Died: 454 BC
Royal titles
Preceded by King of Macedon
c. 498/497–454 BC 		Succeeded by

February 15, 2024
alexander, macedon, alexander, ancient, greek, Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized, alexandros, died, also, known, alexander, philhellene, ancient, greek, φιλέλλην, loving, greece, hellenic, patriot, king, ancient, greek, kingdom, macedonia, from, until, death, succeeded, e. Alexander I Ancient Greek Ἀle3andros romanized Alexandros died 454 BC also known as Alexander the Philhellene Ancient Greek filellhn lit loving of Greece or Hellenic patriot 1 2 was king a of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 498 497 BC until his death in 454 BC He was succeeded by his eldest son Perdiccas II Alexander ISilver obol of Alexander I struck c 460 450 BC Obv young male head wearing petasos rev incuse square with four sections King of MacedonReignc 498 497 454 BCPredecessorAmyntas ISuccessorPerdiccas IIBorn Died454 BCSpouseunknownIssuemore Perdiccas II AlcetasDynastyArgeadFatherAmyntas I Contents 1 Biography 2 Issue 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Notes 5 2 References 5 3 BibliographyBiography edit nbsp Coin of Alexander I in the decade following the Second Persian invasion of Greece struck in 480 470 BC nbsp Silver tetradrachm of Alexander I struck at the end of his reign circa 465 460 BC Alexander was the only son of Amyntas I and an unknown spouse 5 whose name was perhaps Eurydice 6 He had a sister named Gygaea Greek Gygaih 7 According to Herodotus Alexander married his sister to the Persian general Bubares while a vassal of the Achaemenid Empire as a bribe to cover up his murder of a Persian embassy 8 However this story is widely regarded as a fiction invented by Herodotus or at least hearsay from his time spent in Macedonia 9 It is more likely that Amyntas arranged the marriage himself around 510 or that Alexander handled it after his father died 10 Alexander came to the throne during the era of the kingdom s vassalage to Achaemenid Persia dating back to the time of his father Amyntas I although Macedon retained a broad scope of autonomy 11 In 492 BC it was made a fully subordinate part of the Persian Empire by Mardonius campaign 9 Alexander acted as a representative of the Persian governor Mardonius during peace negotiations after the Persian defeat at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC In later events Herodotus several times mentions Alexander as a man who was on Xerxes side and followed his orders 9 From the time of Mardonius conquest of Macedon Herodotus refers to Alexander as hyparchos meaning viceroy 9 Despite his cooperation with Persia Alexander frequently gave supplies and advice to the Greek city states and warned them of Mardonius plans before the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC For example Alexander warned the Greeks in Tempe to leave before the arrival of Xerxes troops and notified them of an alternate route into Thessaly through upper Macedonia 12 After their defeat in Plataea the Persian army under the command of Artabazus tried to retreat all the way back to Asia Minor Most of the 43 000 survivors were attacked and killed by the forces of Alexander at the estuary of the Strymon river citation needed Alexander eventually regained Macedonian independence after the end of the Persian Wars nbsp Aristides commander of the Athenians informed by Alexander I that delaying the encounter with the Persians would help further diminish their already low supplies Battle of Plataea 479 BC Alexander claimed descent from Argive Greeks and Heracles 13 After a court of Elean hellanodikai determined his claim to be true he was permitted to participate in the Olympic Games 14 15 16 possibly in 504 BC a right reserved only for Greeks He modelled his court after Athens and was a patron of the poets Pindar and Bacchylides both of whom dedicated poems to Alexander 17 The earliest reference to an Athenian proxenos who lived during the time of the Persian wars c 490 BC is that of Alexander I 18 It was around this point that Alexander was given the epithet philhellene 19 b Issue editAlexander and his unnamed spouse 5 had at least six children 23 Perdiccas II succeeded Alexander I Menelaus father of Amyntas II Philip Amyntas whose son Arrhidaeus was the father of Amyntas III Alcetas Stratonice married by her brother Perdiccas II to Seuthes II of Thrace 24 Family tree editModern historians disagree on a number of details concerning the genealogy of the Argead dynasty Robin Lane Fox for example refutes Nicholas Hammond s claim that Ptolemy of Aloros was Amyntas II s son arguing that Ptolemy was neither his son nor an Argead 25 Consequently the chart below does not account for every chronological genealogical and dynastic complexity Instead it represents one common reconstruction of the early Argeads advanced by historians such as Hammond Elizabeth D Carney and Joseph Roisman 26 27 28 5 Family and descendants of Alexander IIndividuals with disputed parentage or Argead ancestry are italicized nbsp 1 Amyntas I r c 513 498 497 BC nbsp 2 Alexander I r 498 497 454 BC nbsp 3 Perdiccas II r 454 413 2 BC nbsp 4 Archelaus r 413 2 400 399 BC nbsp 5 Orestes r 400 399 398 7 BC nbsp Argaeus II r 388 7 387 6 BC Pausanias unnamed daughter nbsp Derdas of Elimea unnamed daughter nbsp Amyntas II nbsp 6 Aeropus II r 398 7 394 3 BC nbsp 8 Pausanias r 394 3 393 2 BC unnamed son Menelaus nbsp 7 Amyntas II r 394 3 BC nbsp 11 Ptolemy of Aloros r 368 365 BC Amyntas Arrhidaeus nbsp 9 Amyntas III r 393 2 370 BC From whom Philip II and Alexander III is descended Philip Amyntas Agerrus Alcetas Alexander Agelaus Arepyros Stratonice nbsp Seuthes I Gygaea nbsp Bubares AmyntasSee also editAncient Macedonians List of ancient MacedoniansReferences editNotes edit While Greeks such as Demosthenes and Aristotle referred to them as such there is no evidence that any Macedonian ruler prior to Alexander III used an official royal title basileus 3 4 The term Philhellene was occasionally used in Antiquity to describe Greeks who patriotically defended their culture 20 21 22 References edit Ferrary Jean Louis 2006 Philhellenism In Cancik Hubert et al eds Brill s New Pauly Translated by Salazar Christine F Gentry Francis G Brill Reference Online Liddell Henry George Scott Robert 1940 1843 filellhn In Jones Henry Stuart McKenzie Roderick eds A Greek English Lexicon 9th ed Oxford Clarendon Press Errington R M 1974 Macedonian Royal Style and Its Historical Significance The Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 20 37 doi 10 2307 630417 JSTOR 630417 S2CID 162629292 King Carol 2010 Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions In Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian eds A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Wiley Blackwell p 375 ISBN 9781405179362 a b c Carney 2000 p 250 Leo van de Pas Genealogics 2003 Herodotus Book 5 Terpsichore 21 Herodotus The Histories Book 5 chapter 21 section 2 www perseus tufts edu Retrieved 2023 03 01 a b c d Sprawski Slawomir 2010 The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I In Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian eds A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Blackwell pp 134 138 Retrieved 25 July 2023 Carney 2000 p 16 Olbrycht Marek Jan 2010 Macedonia and Persia In Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian eds A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Blackwell p 343 Retrieved 25 July 2023 Herodotus 1954 The Histories Aubrey De Selincourt trans Penguin Group p 477 ISBN 9780140449082 A History of Macedonia Tom 2 Review John Cole Malcolm Errington A History of Macedonia University of California Press 1993 p 4 Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non Greeks all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II Then as now political struggle created the prejudice The orator Aeschines once even found it necessary in order to counteract the prejudice vigorously fomented by his opponents to defend Philip on this issue and describe him at a meeting of the Athenian Popular Assembly as being Entirely Greek Demosthenes allegations were lent an appearance of credibility by the fact apparent to every observer that the life style of the Macedonians being determined by specific geographical and historical conditions was different from that of a Greek city state This alien way of life was however common to western Greeks of Epiros Akarnania and Aitolia as well as to the Macedonians and their fundamental Greek nationality was never doubted Only as a consequence of the political disagreement with Macedonia was the issue raised at all Herodotus 5 22 Justin 7 2 14 Thucydides and Pindar Historical Narrative and the World of Epinikian Poetry Page 180 By Simon Hornblower ISBN 0 19 924919 9 Conrad Lashley Paul Lynch Alison J Morrison eds 2006 Hospitality a social lens 1st ed Amsterdam Elsevier p 25 ISBN 0 08 045093 8 Plato Republic 5 470e Xenophon Agesilaus 7 4 in Greek Xenophon Agesilaus 7 4 Isocrates To Philip 5 22 Plato Republic 470e Roisman Joseph 2010 Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III In Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian eds A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Blackwell pp 134 138 Retrieved 25 July 2023 Carney 2000 p 20 Fox Robin Lane 2011 399 369 BC In Fox Robin Lane ed Brill s Companion to Ancient Macedon Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon 650 BC 300 AD Boston Brill pp 231 232 Hammond N G L Griffith G T 1979 A History of Macedonia Volume II 550 336 B C Oxford Clarendon Press p 176 Roisman Joseph 2010 Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III In Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian eds A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Blackwell pp 134 138 Retrieved 25 July 2023 Psoma Selene 2012 Arepyros or A u re lius Pyros Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 180 202 204 Bibliography edit Carney Elizabeth D 2000 Women and Monarchy in Macedonia University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 9780806132129 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Alexander I of Macedon Alexander IArgead dynastyBorn Died 454 BCRoyal titlesPreceded byAmyntas I King of Macedonc 498 497 454 BC Succeeded byPerdiccas II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alexander I of Macedon amp oldid 1198943065, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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