fbpx
Wikipedia

Alexander Evert Kawilarang

January 01, 1970

Alexander Evert Kawilarang (23 February 1920 – 6 June 2000) was an Indonesian freedom fighter, military commander, and founder of Kesko TT, which would become the Indonesian special forces unit Kopassus. However, in 1958 he resigned his post as military attaché to the United States to join the separatist Permesta movement where he encountered Kopassus as his opponent. His involvement in Permesta damaged his military career, but he remained popular and active in the armed forces community.

Alex Evert Kawilarang
Alex Kawilarang, c. 1950
Born(1920-02-23)23 February 1920
Batavia, Dutch East Indies
Died6 June 2000(2000-06-06) (aged 80)
Jakarta, Indonesia
AllegianceIndonesia
Permesta
Service/branch Indonesian Army
Years of service1945–1961
RankColonel (TNI)
Commander (Permesta)
UnitKNIL (1941–1942)
T & T III Siliwangi (1946–1948 & 1951–1956)
T & T I Bukit Barisan (1948–1950)
T & T VII Wirabuana (1950–1951)
Permesta (1958–1961)
Commands heldT & T I Bukit Barisan (TNI)
T & T III Siliwangi (TNI)
T & T VII Wirabuana (TNI)
Permesta

Early life edit

Kawilarang was born in Batavia (now known as Jakarta) on 23 February 1920.[1] His father, Alexander Herman Hermanus Kawilarang, was a major in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL or Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger).[2] His mother was Nelly Betsy Mogot.[3] Both parents were from the Minahasa region in North Sulawesi.

Kawilarang enjoyed European-style education that included attending the Dutch secondary school (HBS or Hogere burgerschool) in Bandung.[4] Around 1940, he attended the Dutch military academy or Koninklijke Militaire Academie that was moved to Bandung, because of the German occupation of the Netherlands. His classmates included A. H. Nasution and T. B. Simatupang.[5] After graduating from the academy, he was stationed in Magelang as a platoon commander and assigned back to Bandung as an instructor.[6]

During the Japanese occupation, Manadonese (Minahasan), Ambonese, and Indo people were often arbitrarily arrested during raids due to their perceived closeness to the Dutch. Many were severely tortured by the Kempeitai. Kawilarang was tortured several times by the Japanese in 1943 and 1944. He survived but suffered lifelong disability in his right arm and numerous scars.[7] Kawilarang recalls: "Someone in the warung [food stall] said: 'Japan will grant the Indonesian people its freedom.' I could not ascribe any sense at all to such small talk. Impossible! That was my opinion. But I remained silent. I didn't feel much for more torture ... A newspaper wrote: 'Japan is an old friend.' Lies! I thought.[8] Kawilarang slowly developed an appreciation for the rhetoric of the charismatic Indonesian nationalist Sukarno and became strongly convinced that the time for an independent Indonesian state had arrived.

In 1944, Kawilarang's father was presumed killed while he was a POW on the Japanese cargo ship Junyo Maru (see his father's Japanese detention card on the Dutch National Archives website). The ship was carrying 3,000 Menadonese, Ambonese, Indo-European, Dutch, British, Australian, and American POWs, and over 3,500 Javanese Romusha when it was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tradewind. Kawilarang recalls being told about the tragedy: "I prayed in silence. I did not cry. The Japanese had given me enough practice in digesting pain and suffering in silence."[9]

For the remainder of the war, Kawilarang worked in several private companies in Sumatra, the last of which was as chief of a rubber factory in Tanjung Karang (now Bandar Lampung) in South Sumatra.[10][11]

Indonesian National Revolution edit

 
Kawilarang (second from left) accepting transfer of sovereignty in Tapanuli

After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Kawilarang returned to Jakarta and enlisted in the newly formed Indonesian army. In October 1945, he was assigned to the staff of the First Command of West Java or Komandemen I Jawa Barat in Purwakarta and given the rank of major.[12] In January 1946, he became Chief of Staff of the Bogor Infantry Regiment of the Second Division.[13] In August 1946, he became the commander of the Second Brigade ("Surya Kencana") of the newly formed Siliwangi Division and was promoted to lieutenant colonel.[14][15] He was in command of the brigade during Operation Product, the first Dutch military aggression against the Republic of Indonesia. He also commanded the First Brigade for a brief period when the brigade was transferred to Yogyakarta.[16]

In mid-1948, Kawilarang was included in a contingent of government and military officials to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra. The move was in anticipation of a second Dutch military aggression and to allow the formation of an Indonesian emergency government outside of Java. Kawilarang was assigned to lead the Seventh Sub-Territorial Command (or Komando Sub-Teritorial VII) for Tapanuli and the southern region of East Sumatra. One of his tasks was to stop the infighting between factions of the army in the area.[17] When the Indonesian government-in-exile was enacted because of Operation Kraai (the second Dutch military aggression against Indonesia), Kawilarang was appointed as Deputy Military Governor of the region in Sumatra with Ferdinand Lumbantobing appointed as Military Governor.[18][19]

In December 1949, Kawilarang was appointed as Territorial Commander of North Sumatra (or Komando Teritorium/Sumatra Utara, now Kodam I/Bukit Barisan) in anticipation of the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty after the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference.[20] During his career, Kawilarang was territorial commander of two other important military districts: Military Territory VII / East Indonesia ( Tentara dan Teritorium (TT) VII/Indonesia Timur, now Kodam XIV/Hasanuddin) in April 1950 and Military Territory III / West Java (Tentara dan Teritorium (TT) III/Jawa Barat, now Kodam III/Siliwangi) in November 1951.[21]

Expeditionary force to East Indonesia edit

 
Kawilarang (middle) and Suharto (right)
 
Kawilarang (left) and Slamet Rijadi discussing tactics in Ambon

Having just turned 30 and promoted to colonel, Kawilarang was given command of the first post-independence expeditionary force in April 1950.[22] He was ordered to quell a revolt by a company of former KNIL that included Andi Aziz and Dutch army soldiers or Koninklijke Leger in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The expeditionary force consisted of several brigades, including those that were led by Suharto (the future second president of Indonesia) and Joop Warouw.[23] On 8 August 1950, fighting ceased after negotiations between Kawilarang and Dutch General Scheffelaar.[24] Regarding Kawilarang's relationship with Suharto during the expedition, Kawilarang was said to have struck Suharto due to a military blunder by troops under Suharto's command. In at least one interview, with Kawilarang, he denied striking Suharto, but did state that he had to admonish him.[25]

Around the same time of the military operation in Makassar, Kawilarang also organized forces against the separatist RMS movement in the Moluccas. The fighting was more ferocious, because the opposition were well-trained Moluccan former KNIL soldiers including the Green Caps.[26] Although better trained and renowned for their fighting skills, the resistance of the Moluccan soldiers was eventually put down in November 1950. Let. Col. Slamet Riyadi who was the commander of the government forces in the Maluku sector and an important participant during the offensive was killed on the final day of the campaign.[27]

Kopassus edit

The military engagements in Maluku prompted Kawilarang to establish what would later become Indonesia's special forces, Kopassus.[28] Some acknowledge that the idea of a specialized commando unit was the brainchild of both Kawilarang and Riyadi.[29][30] On 15 April 1952, Kawilarang founded the Third Territorial Army Commando Unit or Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III (Kesko TT) when he was territorial commander of Military Territory III in Bandung.[31] He asked Moch. Idjon Djanbi, a former KNIL commando, to train the unit.[32] In 1999, a year before his death, Kawilarang became an honorary member of Kopassus and received a red beret during a ceremony commemorating the 47th anniversary of the establishment of Kopassus.[33]

Military attaché to the US edit

In August 1956, Maj. Gen. Nasution as Chief of Staff of the Army appointed Kawilarang to the post of Military Attaché to the United States.[34] It has been argued that the purpose of the appointment was to remove Kawilarang from the influential post of commander of Military Territory III / West Java and replace him with an officer who was less of a threat or even pro-Nasution.[35][36][37] A similar move by Nasution was to replace commander of the East Indonesia Military Territory from Joop Warouw to Ventje Sumual.[38][39] Just a day before the transfer ceremony, Kawilarang ordered the arrest of the Foreign Minister Ruslan Abdulgani due to his alleged corrupt activities.[40] This move was backed by Zulkifli Lubis, an opponent of Nasution.[41] Nasution rescinded Kawilarang's order and Abdulgani was released.[42] Regarding the appointment to Washington, Kawilarang himself stated that the position was offered by Nasution, because Kawilarang had wanted to obtain more military knowledge outside the country.[43]

Permesta edit

Because of continued grievances toward the central government in Java due to the lack of regional autonomy and economic development, on 2 March 1957, Ventje Sumual declared the Universal Struggle Charter or Piagam Perjuangan Semesta (Permesta).[44] The movement was centered on Manado and Minahasa in North Sulawesi where Kawilarang was from. The movement allied itself with a separate movement based in Sumatra, the "Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia" or Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI). Kawilarang had been monitoring the situation from Washington and had concluded that the central government in Java and its mismanagement was to blame for the regional crisis.[45] In March 1958, he informed the Indonesian ambassador to the US, Murkoto, that he would be leaving for North Sulawesi.[46] He left his post on 22 March 1958.[47]

Kawilarang was the only army officer who was not immediately dishonorably discharged for their participation in Permesta and PRRI.[48] He had not fully accepted the PRRI side of the movement that he thought was aligned to religious extremists, and Jakarta had thus hoped that he would change his mind.[49][50] Although he declined the position of Commander-in-chief of all PRRI-Permesta forces, he remained with Permesta and became Commander of the Permesta armed forces.[51][52]

The rebellion lasted until 1961 when government forces managed to gain an upper hand on Permesta forces. The government forces were under the command of many officers who Kawilarang had previously fought on the same side with.[53] The conflict was concluded peacefully through the efforts of F. J. Tumbelaka. Several ceremonies took place in April and May 1961 where the Indonesian government officially accepted back Permesta troops. Kawilarang participated in the ceremony on 14 April that was attended by the deputy commander of the Indonesian army, Maj. Gen. Hidayat, and also Brig. Gen. Achmad Yani both of whom Kawilarang knew well.[54] Later in his life, he reflected on the virtues of comradery between men at arms and nobility among officers. During post war reunions with his former Dutch classmates at the Bandung school for officers he concludes: "Comradery is deeply rooted in their soul. I still wonder about the comradery between our own Indonesian cadets. In times of war combat is a duty. Comradery and humanity are a whole different chapter. I am convinced our state philosophy "Pancasila" breathes the same virtue.[55]

Civilian life edit

Permesta troops including Kawilarang were given amnesty by President Sukarno on 22 June 1961.[56] However, due to his role in Permesta, he never received military distinctions like his contemporaries except for becoming an honorary member of Kopassus in 1999.[57] Kawilarang resigned from his military position, but remained influential in the retired military society called purnawirawan and the Veterans Association or Pepabri.[58] Putting his fighting years behind him, he made amends with all his former opponents and even visited The Netherlands several times for reunions with KNIL pensioners before his death in 2000.[citation needed]

Among the business activities that Kawilarang was involved in after returning to civilian life was as deputy manager of Jakarta Racing Management that maintained the racetrack at Pulo Mas in Jakarta and organized horse racing events.[59] The annual national equestrian and horse racing competition is called the AE Kawilarang Memorial Cup.[60]

Death edit

On 6 June 2000, Kawilarang died at Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital in Jakarta. He was laid in the Soedirman Room at the Siliwangi Military District Command Headquarters in Bandung that was followed by a full military ceremony led by Maj. Gen. Slamet Supriyadi, Siliwangi Military District Commander. Kawilarang was buried in the Cikutra Heroes Cemetery in Bandung.[61]

Personal life edit

Kawilarang was married twice. He married Petronella Isabella van Emden on 16 October 1952.[62] They divorced in 1958. The couple had two children, Aisabella Nelly Kawilarang and Alexander Edwin Kawilarang. Kawilarang's second wife was Henny Olga Pondaag. They had one child, Pearl Hazel Kawilarang.[63]

Kawilarang's son, Edwin, is head of the purnawirawan organization FKPPI and, as such, part of the so-called Keluarga Besar Purnawirawan (KBK), which translates to English as the 'Greater Family of Ex-military'.[citation needed] Under the New Order or Orde Baru, he was an official at Bimantara, a company owned by Suharto's son Bambang Trihatmodjo.[64] Edwin was a member of the People's Consultative Assembly from 1997 to 2004, the Regional Representative Council from 2004 to 2009, and the People's Representative Council from 2009 to 2014. In each position, he represented constituents from the province of North Sulawesi.[65]

Kawilarang's cousin, Daan Mogot, died during an attempt to disarm a Japanese army depot in Lengkong in 1946.[66]

References edit

  1. ^ Simatupang (1972), p. 126.
  2. ^ Matanasi (2011), p. 46.
  3. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 13.
  4. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 14.
  5. ^ Anderson (1972), p. 234.
  6. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), pp. 16, 17.
  7. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 25.
  8. ^ Kawilarang (1994), p. 23.
  9. ^ Kawilarang (1994), p. 28
  10. ^ Simatupang (1972), p. 126.
  11. ^ Anderson (1972), p. 425.
  12. ^ Anwar (2004), p. 253.
  13. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 61.
  14. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 93.
  15. ^ Gayantari (2007), p. 30.
  16. ^ Simatupang (1972), p. 126.
  17. ^ Abin (2016), pp. 149, 150.
  18. ^ Simatupang (1972), p. 238.
  19. ^ Suprayitno (2011), p. 96.
  20. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 176.
  21. ^ Indonesia (April 1983), pp. 114, 118
  22. ^ Conboy (2003), p. 8.
  23. ^ van Dijk (1981), p. 165.
  24. ^ Royal Institute of International Affairs (1950), p. 538.
  25. ^ Jenkins (1984), p. 200.
  26. ^ Conboy (2003), pp. 6, 9.
  27. ^ Conboy (2003), p. 10.
  28. ^ Conboy (2003), p. 16.
  29. ^ TEMPO (2002), p. 20.
  30. ^ Sebastian (2006), p. 172.
  31. ^ Kingsbury (2003), p. 94.
  32. ^ Conboy (2003), p. 19.
  33. ^ Kompas (8 June 2000).
  34. ^ Vey (April 1971), p. 161.
  35. ^ Vey (April 1971), p. 161.
  36. ^ Kahin (1995), p. 51.
  37. ^ Hill (2010), pp. 47, 49.
  38. ^ Vey (April 1971), p. 160.
  39. ^ Morrison (1999), p. 9.
  40. ^ van der Kroef (April 1957), p. 49.
  41. ^ Hill (2010), p. 47.
  42. ^ Vey (April 1971), p. 162.
  43. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 285.
  44. ^ Harvey (2009), p. 15.
  45. ^ Harvey (2009), p. 103
  46. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 292.
  47. ^ van der Kroef (May 1958), p. 77.
  48. ^ Lev (1966), pp. 54-55.
  49. ^ Conboy (2003), pp. 50-51.
  50. ^ Harvey (2009), p. 123
  51. ^ Asnan et al. (2006), p. 140.
  52. ^ Johnson (2015), p. 206.
  53. ^ Conboy (2003), p. 51.
  54. ^ Palohoon (May 2017).
  55. ^ Kawilarang (1994), p. 70.
  56. ^ Indonesian Ministry of Home Affairs (2011), p. 21.
  57. ^ Jenkins (1984), p. 292.
  58. ^ Jenkins (1984), p. 120.
  59. ^ Ramadhan KH (1992), p. 254.
  60. ^ Bramantoro (January 2017).
  61. ^ Jakarta Post (June 2000).
  62. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 272.
  63. ^ Gayantari (2007), p. 32.
  64. ^ Kartasasmita (2013), p. 66.
  65. ^ Penerbit Buku Kompas (2010), p. 185.
  66. ^ Ramadhan KH (1988), p. 65.

Bibliography edit

  • Abin, Dewi A. Rais (2016). Hidayat: Father, Friend, and a Gentleman. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-602-433-060-6.
  • Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. (1972). Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0687-0.
  • Anwar, Rosihan (2004). Sejarah Kecil "Petite Histoire" Indonesia, Jilid 1 [Short History "Petite Histoire" of Indonesia, Volume 1] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas. ISBN 979-709-141-4.
  • Asnan, Gusti; Henley, David; Pasande, Diks; Raben, Remco; Velthoen, Esther (2006). "Nation, Region and the Ambiguities of Modernity in Indonesia in the 1950s". In Nordholt, Henk Schulte; Hoogenboom, Ireen (eds.). Indonesian Transitions. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. pp. 115–162. ISBN 979-245-844-1.
  • Bramantoro, Tony (23 January 2017). "Ketat dan Semarak di Pacuan AE Kawilarang Memorial 2017, Hingga Hujanpun tak Dihiraukan" [Close and Vibrant at the racetrack for the 2017 AE Kawilarang Memorial Cup, Even the Rain was ignored]. Tribun News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  • Conboy, Kenneth J. (2003). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9-7995-8988-6.
  • van Dijk, Cornelius (1981). Rebellion Under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-902-476-172-2.
  • Gayantari, Sri Indra; Alfian, Magdalia (2007). Sejarah Pemikiran Indonesia: 1945-1966 [The History of Thought Process of Indonesia: 1945-1966] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata.
  • Harvey, Barbara (2009). Permesta: Half a Rebellion. Equinox Publishing.
  • Hill, David T. (2010). Journalism and Politics in Indonesia: A Critical Biography of Mochtar Lubis (1922-2004) as Editor and Author. London: RoutledgeCourzon. ISBN 978-041-566-684-8.
  • "Indonesian Army Territorial Commanders 1950 -- March 1983". Indonesia. 35 (35): 109–124. April 1983. doi:10.2307/3350868. hdl:1813/53760. JSTOR 3350868.
  • "Col. Kawilarang Buried in Bandung". Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 9 June 2000.
  • Jenkins, David (1984). Suharto and His Generals: Indonesia's Military Politics, 1975-1983. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University. ISBN 978-087-763-030-2.
  • Johnson, John J. (2015). Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries. Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library. ISBN 978-069-162-327-6.
  • Kahin, Audrey; Kahin, George McTurnan (1995). Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: The New Press. ISBN 1-5658-4244-8.
  • Kartasasmita, Ginandjar (2013). Managing Indonesia's Transformation: An Oral History. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-981-440-538-6.
  • Kawilarang, A.E., Officier in dienst van de Republiek Indonesië., [Original publication: Ramadhan K.H., A.E. Kawilarang untuk Sang Merah Putih: Pengalaman 1942–1961 (Publisher: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta, 1988)], (Publisher: Warung Bambu, Breda, 1994) P.28 ISBN 9-0801-1924-5
  • Kingsbury, Damien (2003). Power Politics and the Indonesian Military. London: RoutledgeCourzon. ISBN 978-041-529-729-5.
  • "AE Kawilarang Dimakamkan di Bandung" [AE Kawilarang Buried in Bandung]. Kompas. Jakarta. 8 June 2000.
  • van der Kroef, Justus M. (April 1957). "Instability in Indonesia". Far Eastern Survey. 26 (4): 49–62. doi:10.2307/3024060. JSTOR 3024060.
  • van der Kroef, Justus M. (May 1958). "Disunited Indonesia (II)". Far Eastern Survey. 27 (5): 73–80. doi:10.2307/3024286. JSTOR 3024286.
  • Lev, Daniel S. (1966). The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957-1959. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.
  • Matanasi, Petrik (2011). Pribumi Jadi Letnan KNIL [A Native Becomes a KNIL Lieutenant] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Trompet.
  • Daftar Peraturan Presiden, Keputusan Presiden, dan Instrucksi Presiden [List of Presidential Rules, Decisions, and Orders] (PDF) (Report). Indonesian Ministry of Home Affairs. 2011.
  • Morrison, James (1999). Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957-1958. Naval Institute Press.
  • Palohoon, Jerry (12 May 2017). "12 Mei 1961: Puncak Prosesi Perdamaian "Pusat" dan Permesta" [12 May 1961: The Peak of the Peace Procession between the Central Government and Permesta]. Berita Manado (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  • Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja (1988). A.E. Kawilarang: Untuk Sang Merah Putih [A.E. Kawilarang: For the Red-and-White] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
  • Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja (1992). Memoar Ali Sadikin: Gubernur Jakarta Raya, 1966-1977 [Memoir of Ali Sadikin: Former Governor of the Special District of Jakarta, 1966-1977] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
  • Royal Institute of International Affairs (2–16 August 1950). "Chronology, 2 August 1950 - 16 August 1950". Chronology of International Events and Documents. 6 (16): 521–554.
  • Sebastian, Leonard (2006). Realpolitik Ideology: Indonesia's Use of Military Force. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-981-230-311-0.
  • Simatupang, Tahi Bonar (1972). Report from Banaran: Experiences During the People's War. Translated by Anderson, Benedict; Graves, Elizabeth. Ithaca: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.
  • Suprayitno (2011). "Jalan Keluar yang Buntu: Federasi Sumatera Sebagai Gagasan Kaum Terpojok". In van Bemmelen, Sita; Rabe, Remco (eds.). Antara Daerah dan Negara: Indonesia Tahun 1950-an [Between the Region and the Nation: Indonesia in the 1950s]. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. pp. 64–105. ISBN 978-979-461-772-4.
  • "From Brown to Red". TEMPO. Jakarta: Arsa Raya Perdana. 16 April 2002.
  • Vey, Ruth (April 1971). "The Post-Revolutionary Transformation of the Indonesian Army". Indonesia. 11 (11): 131–176. doi:10.2307/3350748. hdl:1813/53507. JSTOR 3350748.
  • Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009-2014: Latar Belakang Pendidikan dan Karier [Directory of members of the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) and Regional Representatives Council (DPD), elected for the period of 2009-2014] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas. 2010.

January 01, 1970
alexander, evert, kawilarang, february, 1920, june, 2000, indonesian, freedom, fighter, military, commander, founder, kesko, which, would, become, indonesian, special, forces, unit, kopassus, however, 1958, resigned, post, military, attaché, united, states, jo. Alexander Evert Kawilarang 23 February 1920 6 June 2000 was an Indonesian freedom fighter military commander and founder of Kesko TT which would become the Indonesian special forces unit Kopassus However in 1958 he resigned his post as military attache to the United States to join the separatist Permesta movement where he encountered Kopassus as his opponent His involvement in Permesta damaged his military career but he remained popular and active in the armed forces community Alex Evert KawilarangAlex Kawilarang c 1950Born 1920 02 23 23 February 1920Batavia Dutch East IndiesDied6 June 2000 2000 06 06 aged 80 Jakarta IndonesiaAllegianceIndonesiaPermestaService wbr branchIndonesian ArmyYears of service1945 1961RankColonel TNI Commander Permesta UnitKNIL 1941 1942 T amp T III Siliwangi 1946 1948 amp 1951 1956 T amp T I Bukit Barisan 1948 1950 T amp T VII Wirabuana 1950 1951 Permesta 1958 1961 Commands heldT amp T I Bukit Barisan TNI T amp T III Siliwangi TNI T amp T VII Wirabuana TNI Permesta Contents 1 Early life 2 Indonesian National Revolution 3 Expeditionary force to East Indonesia 4 Kopassus 5 Military attache to the US 6 Permesta 7 Civilian life 8 Death 9 Personal life 10 References 11 BibliographyEarly life editKawilarang was born in Batavia now known as Jakarta on 23 February 1920 1 His father Alexander Herman Hermanus Kawilarang was a major in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army KNIL or Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger 2 His mother was Nelly Betsy Mogot 3 Both parents were from the Minahasa region in North Sulawesi Kawilarang enjoyed European style education that included attending the Dutch secondary school HBS or Hogere burgerschool in Bandung 4 Around 1940 he attended the Dutch military academy or Koninklijke Militaire Academie that was moved to Bandung because of the German occupation of the Netherlands His classmates included A H Nasution and T B Simatupang 5 After graduating from the academy he was stationed in Magelang as a platoon commander and assigned back to Bandung as an instructor 6 During the Japanese occupation Manadonese Minahasan Ambonese and Indo people were often arbitrarily arrested during raids due to their perceived closeness to the Dutch Many were severely tortured by the Kempeitai Kawilarang was tortured several times by the Japanese in 1943 and 1944 He survived but suffered lifelong disability in his right arm and numerous scars 7 Kawilarang recalls Someone in the warung food stall said Japan will grant the Indonesian people its freedom I could not ascribe any sense at all to such small talk Impossible That was my opinion But I remained silent I didn t feel much for more torture A newspaper wrote Japan is an old friend Lies I thought 8 Kawilarang slowly developed an appreciation for the rhetoric of the charismatic Indonesian nationalist Sukarno and became strongly convinced that the time for an independent Indonesian state had arrived In 1944 Kawilarang s father was presumed killed while he was a POW on the Japanese cargo ship Junyo Maru see his father s Japanese detention card on the Dutch National Archives website The ship was carrying 3 000 Menadonese Ambonese Indo European Dutch British Australian and American POWs and over 3 500 Javanese Romusha when it was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tradewind Kawilarang recalls being told about the tragedy I prayed in silence I did not cry The Japanese had given me enough practice in digesting pain and suffering in silence 9 For the remainder of the war Kawilarang worked in several private companies in Sumatra the last of which was as chief of a rubber factory in Tanjung Karang now Bandar Lampung in South Sumatra 10 11 Indonesian National Revolution edit nbsp Kawilarang second from left accepting transfer of sovereignty in Tapanuli After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Kawilarang returned to Jakarta and enlisted in the newly formed Indonesian army In October 1945 he was assigned to the staff of the First Command of West Java or Komandemen I Jawa Barat in Purwakarta and given the rank of major 12 In January 1946 he became Chief of Staff of the Bogor Infantry Regiment of the Second Division 13 In August 1946 he became the commander of the Second Brigade Surya Kencana of the newly formed Siliwangi Division and was promoted to lieutenant colonel 14 15 He was in command of the brigade during Operation Product the first Dutch military aggression against the Republic of Indonesia He also commanded the First Brigade for a brief period when the brigade was transferred to Yogyakarta 16 In mid 1948 Kawilarang was included in a contingent of government and military officials to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra The move was in anticipation of a second Dutch military aggression and to allow the formation of an Indonesian emergency government outside of Java Kawilarang was assigned to lead the Seventh Sub Territorial Command or Komando Sub Teritorial VII for Tapanuli and the southern region of East Sumatra One of his tasks was to stop the infighting between factions of the army in the area 17 When the Indonesian government in exile was enacted because of Operation Kraai the second Dutch military aggression against Indonesia Kawilarang was appointed as Deputy Military Governor of the region in Sumatra with Ferdinand Lumbantobing appointed as Military Governor 18 19 In December 1949 Kawilarang was appointed as Territorial Commander of North Sumatra or Komando Teritorium Sumatra Utara now Kodam I Bukit Barisan in anticipation of the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty after the Dutch Indonesian Round Table Conference 20 During his career Kawilarang was territorial commander of two other important military districts Military Territory VII East Indonesia Tentara dan Teritorium TT VII Indonesia Timur now Kodam XIV Hasanuddin in April 1950 and Military Territory III West Java Tentara dan Teritorium TT III Jawa Barat now Kodam III Siliwangi in November 1951 21 Expeditionary force to East Indonesia edit nbsp Kawilarang middle and Suharto right nbsp Kawilarang left and Slamet Rijadi discussing tactics in Ambon Having just turned 30 and promoted to colonel Kawilarang was given command of the first post independence expeditionary force in April 1950 22 He was ordered to quell a revolt by a company of former KNIL that included Andi Aziz and Dutch army soldiers or Koninklijke Leger in Makassar South Sulawesi The expeditionary force consisted of several brigades including those that were led by Suharto the future second president of Indonesia and Joop Warouw 23 On 8 August 1950 fighting ceased after negotiations between Kawilarang and Dutch General Scheffelaar 24 Regarding Kawilarang s relationship with Suharto during the expedition Kawilarang was said to have struck Suharto due to a military blunder by troops under Suharto s command In at least one interview with Kawilarang he denied striking Suharto but did state that he had to admonish him 25 Around the same time of the military operation in Makassar Kawilarang also organized forces against the separatist RMS movement in the Moluccas The fighting was more ferocious because the opposition were well trained Moluccan former KNIL soldiers including the Green Caps 26 Although better trained and renowned for their fighting skills the resistance of the Moluccan soldiers was eventually put down in November 1950 Let Col Slamet Riyadi who was the commander of the government forces in the Maluku sector and an important participant during the offensive was killed on the final day of the campaign 27 Kopassus editThe military engagements in Maluku prompted Kawilarang to establish what would later become Indonesia s special forces Kopassus 28 Some acknowledge that the idea of a specialized commando unit was the brainchild of both Kawilarang and Riyadi 29 30 On 15 April 1952 Kawilarang founded the Third Territorial Army Commando Unit or Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III Kesko TT when he was territorial commander of Military Territory III in Bandung 31 He asked Moch Idjon Djanbi a former KNIL commando to train the unit 32 In 1999 a year before his death Kawilarang became an honorary member of Kopassus and received a red beret during a ceremony commemorating the 47th anniversary of the establishment of Kopassus 33 Military attache to the US editIn August 1956 Maj Gen Nasution as Chief of Staff of the Army appointed Kawilarang to the post of Military Attache to the United States 34 It has been argued that the purpose of the appointment was to remove Kawilarang from the influential post of commander of Military Territory III West Java and replace him with an officer who was less of a threat or even pro Nasution 35 36 37 A similar move by Nasution was to replace commander of the East Indonesia Military Territory from Joop Warouw to Ventje Sumual 38 39 Just a day before the transfer ceremony Kawilarang ordered the arrest of the Foreign Minister Ruslan Abdulgani due to his alleged corrupt activities 40 This move was backed by Zulkifli Lubis an opponent of Nasution 41 Nasution rescinded Kawilarang s order and Abdulgani was released 42 Regarding the appointment to Washington Kawilarang himself stated that the position was offered by Nasution because Kawilarang had wanted to obtain more military knowledge outside the country 43 Permesta editBecause of continued grievances toward the central government in Java due to the lack of regional autonomy and economic development on 2 March 1957 Ventje Sumual declared the Universal Struggle Charter or Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Permesta 44 The movement was centered on Manado and Minahasa in North Sulawesi where Kawilarang was from The movement allied itself with a separate movement based in Sumatra the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia or Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia PRRI Kawilarang had been monitoring the situation from Washington and had concluded that the central government in Java and its mismanagement was to blame for the regional crisis 45 In March 1958 he informed the Indonesian ambassador to the US Murkoto that he would be leaving for North Sulawesi 46 He left his post on 22 March 1958 47 Kawilarang was the only army officer who was not immediately dishonorably discharged for their participation in Permesta and PRRI 48 He had not fully accepted the PRRI side of the movement that he thought was aligned to religious extremists and Jakarta had thus hoped that he would change his mind 49 50 Although he declined the position of Commander in chief of all PRRI Permesta forces he remained with Permesta and became Commander of the Permesta armed forces 51 52 The rebellion lasted until 1961 when government forces managed to gain an upper hand on Permesta forces The government forces were under the command of many officers who Kawilarang had previously fought on the same side with 53 The conflict was concluded peacefully through the efforts of F J Tumbelaka Several ceremonies took place in April and May 1961 where the Indonesian government officially accepted back Permesta troops Kawilarang participated in the ceremony on 14 April that was attended by the deputy commander of the Indonesian army Maj Gen Hidayat and also Brig Gen Achmad Yani both of whom Kawilarang knew well 54 Later in his life he reflected on the virtues of comradery between men at arms and nobility among officers During post war reunions with his former Dutch classmates at the Bandung school for officers he concludes Comradery is deeply rooted in their soul I still wonder about the comradery between our own Indonesian cadets In times of war combat is a duty Comradery and humanity are a whole different chapter I am convinced our state philosophy Pancasila breathes the same virtue 55 Civilian life editPermesta troops including Kawilarang were given amnesty by President Sukarno on 22 June 1961 56 However due to his role in Permesta he never received military distinctions like his contemporaries except for becoming an honorary member of Kopassus in 1999 57 Kawilarang resigned from his military position but remained influential in the retired military society called purnawirawan and the Veterans Association or Pepabri 58 Putting his fighting years behind him he made amends with all his former opponents and even visited The Netherlands several times for reunions with KNIL pensioners before his death in 2000 citation needed Among the business activities that Kawilarang was involved in after returning to civilian life was as deputy manager of Jakarta Racing Management that maintained the racetrack at Pulo Mas in Jakarta and organized horse racing events 59 The annual national equestrian and horse racing competition is called the AE Kawilarang Memorial Cup 60 Death editOn 6 June 2000 Kawilarang died at Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital in Jakarta He was laid in the Soedirman Room at the Siliwangi Military District Command Headquarters in Bandung that was followed by a full military ceremony led by Maj Gen Slamet Supriyadi Siliwangi Military District Commander Kawilarang was buried in the Cikutra Heroes Cemetery in Bandung 61 Personal life editKawilarang was married twice He married Petronella Isabella van Emden on 16 October 1952 62 They divorced in 1958 The couple had two children Aisabella Nelly Kawilarang and Alexander Edwin Kawilarang Kawilarang s second wife was Henny Olga Pondaag They had one child Pearl Hazel Kawilarang 63 Kawilarang s son Edwin is head of the purnawirawan organization FKPPI and as such part of the so called Keluarga Besar Purnawirawan KBK which translates to English as the Greater Family of Ex military citation needed Under the New Order or Orde Baru he was an official at Bimantara a company owned by Suharto s son Bambang Trihatmodjo 64 Edwin was a member of the People s Consultative Assembly from 1997 to 2004 the Regional Representative Council from 2004 to 2009 and the People s Representative Council from 2009 to 2014 In each position he represented constituents from the province of North Sulawesi 65 Kawilarang s cousin Daan Mogot died during an attempt to disarm a Japanese army depot in Lengkong in 1946 66 References edit Simatupang 1972 p 126 Matanasi 2011 p 46 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 13 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 14 Anderson 1972 p 234 Ramadhan KH 1988 pp 16 17 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 25 Kawilarang 1994 p 23 Kawilarang 1994 p 28 Simatupang 1972 p 126 Anderson 1972 p 425 Anwar 2004 p 253 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 61 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 93 Gayantari 2007 p 30 Simatupang 1972 p 126 Abin 2016 pp 149 150 Simatupang 1972 p 238 Suprayitno 2011 p 96 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 176 Indonesia April 1983 pp 114 118 Conboy 2003 p 8 van Dijk 1981 p 165 Royal Institute of International Affairs 1950 p 538 Jenkins 1984 p 200 Conboy 2003 pp 6 9 Conboy 2003 p 10 Conboy 2003 p 16 TEMPO 2002 p 20 Sebastian 2006 p 172 Kingsbury 2003 p 94 Conboy 2003 p 19 Kompas 8 June 2000 Vey April 1971 p 161 Vey April 1971 p 161 Kahin 1995 p 51 Hill 2010 pp 47 49 Vey April 1971 p 160 Morrison 1999 p 9 van der Kroef April 1957 p 49 Hill 2010 p 47 Vey April 1971 p 162 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 285 Harvey 2009 p 15 Harvey 2009 p 103 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 292 van der Kroef May 1958 p 77 Lev 1966 pp 54 55 Conboy 2003 pp 50 51 Harvey 2009 p 123 Asnan et al 2006 p 140 Johnson 2015 p 206 Conboy 2003 p 51 Palohoon May 2017 Kawilarang 1994 p 70 Indonesian Ministry of Home Affairs 2011 p 21 Jenkins 1984 p 292 Jenkins 1984 p 120 Ramadhan KH 1992 p 254 Bramantoro January 2017 Jakarta Post June 2000 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 272 Gayantari 2007 p 32 Kartasasmita 2013 p 66 Penerbit Buku Kompas 2010 p 185 Ramadhan KH 1988 p 65 Bibliography editAbin Dewi A Rais 2016 Hidayat Father Friend and a Gentleman Jakarta Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia ISBN 978 602 433 060 6 Anderson Benedict R O G 1972 Java in a Time of Revolution Occupation and Resistance 1944 1946 Ithaca Cornell University Press ISBN 0 8014 0687 0 Anwar Rosihan 2004 Sejarah Kecil Petite Histoire Indonesia Jilid 1 Short History Petite Histoire of Indonesia Volume 1 in Indonesian Jakarta Penerbit Buku Kompas ISBN 979 709 141 4 Asnan Gusti Henley David Pasande Diks Raben Remco Velthoen Esther 2006 Nation Region and the Ambiguities of Modernity in Indonesia in the 1950s In Nordholt Henk Schulte Hoogenboom Ireen eds Indonesian Transitions Yogyakarta Pustaka Pelajar pp 115 162 ISBN 979 245 844 1 Bramantoro Tony 23 January 2017 Ketat dan Semarak di Pacuan AE Kawilarang Memorial 2017 Hingga Hujanpun tak Dihiraukan Close and Vibrant at the racetrack for the 2017 AE Kawilarang Memorial Cup Even the Rain was ignored Tribun News in Indonesian Retrieved 27 December 2017 Conboy Kenneth J 2003 Kopassus Inside Indonesia s Special Forces Jakarta Equinox Publishing ISBN 9 7995 8988 6 van Dijk Cornelius 1981 Rebellion Under the Banner of Islam The Darul Islam in Indonesia The Hague Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 978 902 476 172 2 Gayantari Sri Indra Alfian Magdalia 2007 Sejarah Pemikiran Indonesia 1945 1966 The History of Thought Process of Indonesia 1945 1966 in Indonesian Jakarta Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Harvey Barbara 2009 Permesta Half a Rebellion Equinox Publishing Hill David T 2010 Journalism and Politics in Indonesia A Critical Biography of Mochtar Lubis 1922 2004 as Editor and Author London RoutledgeCourzon ISBN 978 041 566 684 8 Indonesian Army Territorial Commanders 1950 March 1983 Indonesia 35 35 109 124 April 1983 doi 10 2307 3350868 hdl 1813 53760 JSTOR 3350868 Col Kawilarang Buried in Bandung Jakarta Post Jakarta 9 June 2000 Jenkins David 1984 Suharto and His Generals Indonesia s Military Politics 1975 1983 Ithaca Modern Indonesia Project Cornell University ISBN 978 087 763 030 2 Johnson John J 2015 Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries Princeton Princeton Legacy Library ISBN 978 069 162 327 6 Kahin Audrey Kahin George McTurnan 1995 Subversion as Foreign Policy The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia New York The New Press ISBN 1 5658 4244 8 Kartasasmita Ginandjar 2013 Managing Indonesia s Transformation An Oral History Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd ISBN 978 981 440 538 6 Kawilarang A E Officier in dienst van de Republiek Indonesie Original publication Ramadhan K H A E Kawilarang untuk Sang Merah Putih Pengalaman 1942 1961 Publisher Pustaka Sinar Harapan Jakarta 1988 Publisher Warung Bambu Breda 1994 P 28 ISBN 9 0801 1924 5 Kingsbury Damien 2003 Power Politics and the Indonesian Military London RoutledgeCourzon ISBN 978 041 529 729 5 AE Kawilarang Dimakamkan di Bandung AE Kawilarang Buried in Bandung Kompas Jakarta 8 June 2000 van der Kroef Justus M April 1957 Instability in Indonesia Far Eastern Survey 26 4 49 62 doi 10 2307 3024060 JSTOR 3024060 van der Kroef Justus M May 1958 Disunited Indonesia II Far Eastern Survey 27 5 73 80 doi 10 2307 3024286 JSTOR 3024286 Lev Daniel S 1966 The Transition to Guided Democracy Indonesian Politics 1957 1959 Ithaca Modern Indonesia Project Cornell University Matanasi Petrik 2011 Pribumi Jadi Letnan KNIL A Native Becomes a KNIL Lieutenant in Indonesian Yogyakarta Trompet Daftar Peraturan Presiden Keputusan Presiden dan Instrucksi Presiden List of Presidential Rules Decisions and Orders PDF Report Indonesian Ministry of Home Affairs 2011 Morrison James 1999 Feet to the Fire CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia 1957 1958 Naval Institute Press Palohoon Jerry 12 May 2017 12 Mei 1961 Puncak Prosesi Perdamaian Pusat dan Permesta 12 May 1961 The Peak of the Peace Procession between the Central Government and Permesta Berita Manado in Indonesian Retrieved 18 November 2017 Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja 1988 A E Kawilarang Untuk Sang Merah Putih A E Kawilarang For the Red and White in Indonesian Jakarta Pustaka Sinar Harapan Ramadhan Karta Hadimadja 1992 Memoar Ali Sadikin Gubernur Jakarta Raya 1966 1977 Memoir of Ali Sadikin Former Governor of the Special District of Jakarta 1966 1977 in Indonesian Jakarta Pustaka Sinar Harapan Royal Institute of International Affairs 2 16 August 1950 Chronology 2 August 1950 16 August 1950 Chronology of International Events and Documents 6 16 521 554 Sebastian Leonard 2006 Realpolitik Ideology Indonesia s Use of Military Force Singapore ISEAS ISBN 978 981 230 311 0 Simatupang Tahi Bonar 1972 Report from Banaran Experiences During the People s War Translated by Anderson Benedict Graves Elizabeth Ithaca Modern Indonesia Project Cornell University Suprayitno 2011 Jalan Keluar yang Buntu Federasi Sumatera Sebagai Gagasan Kaum Terpojok In van Bemmelen Sita Rabe Remco eds Antara Daerah dan Negara Indonesia Tahun 1950 an Between the Region and the Nation Indonesia in the 1950s Jakarta Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia pp 64 105 ISBN 978 979 461 772 4 From Brown to Red TEMPO Jakarta Arsa Raya Perdana 16 April 2002 Vey Ruth April 1971 The Post Revolutionary Transformation of the Indonesian Army Indonesia 11 11 131 176 doi 10 2307 3350748 hdl 1813 53507 JSTOR 3350748 Wajah DPR dan DPD 2009 2014 Latar Belakang Pendidikan dan Karier Directory of members of the Indonesian House of Representatives DPR and Regional Representatives Council DPD elected for the period of 2009 2014 in Indonesian Jakarta Penerbit Buku Kompas 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alexander Evert Kawilarang amp oldid 1215594916, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.