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Ahmed Sofa

December 16, 2023

Ahmed Sofa (Bengali: আহমদ ছফা, pronounced [aɦmɔd sɔfa]; 30 June 1943 – 28 July 2001) was a Bangladeshi writer, thinker, novelist, poet, philosopher and public intellectual.[1] Sofa is considered by many, including National Professor Abdur Razzaq and Salimullah Khan, to be the most important Bengali Muslim writer after Mir Mosharraf Hossain and Kazi Nazrul Islam.[1][2][3][4][5] A writer by occupation, Sofa wrote 18 non-fiction books, 8 novels, 4 collections of poems, 2 collections of short stories, and several books in other genres.

Ahmed Sofa
Sofa in 1995
Native name
আহমদ ছফা
Born(1943-06-30)30 June 1943
Gachbaria, Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British India
Died28 July 2001(2001-07-28) (aged 58)
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Resting placeMartyred Intellectuals' Graveyard
OccupationWriter
NationalityBangladeshi
Alma materUniversity of Dhaka
Period1967–2001
GenreFiction, non-fiction, short stories, poetry

Sofa's Bangali Musalmaner Man (The Mind of the Bengali Muslims, 1981) is a highly acclaimed critical survey of the formation of Bengali Muslims' identity, causes of their backwardness, their development as a community, and their intellectual progress.[6][7][8] Anisuzzaman and many others consider Sofa's Bangali Musalmaner Man one of the greatest non-fiction books written in the Bengali language.[9][10][11] In Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas (A New Mode of Intellectualism, 1972), Sofa mapped the intellectual landscape of Bangladesh, delineating general opportunistic tendencies of Bangladeshi intellectuals, their collaboration with the Establishment, and their failure to bring any real material change in postcolonial Bangladesh.[12][13]

Characterized by “a freshness of language”,[14] and "constant experimentation, and novelty" of subject matter and narration, his fictions portrayed Bangladesh with all its social, spiritual and political nuances.[15][16] Critics acclaimed his intricate characterization depicting psychological and sociocultural subtleties with realism.[17] Abul Fazal, and many others[18] considered Sofa's Omkar (The Om, 1975) the best literary expression of the liberation movement of Bangladesh.[19][20] Gabhi Bittanta (A Tale of a Cow, 1995), a novel satirizing university teachers involved in party politics and corruption is among the best satires in Bengali literature.[21][22][23] Pushpa Briksa ebang Bihanga Puran (Tales of Flowers, Trees, and Birds, 1996) recounts Sofa's spiritual attachments with birds, plants and trees reflecting his profound biophilia and ecoconsciousness.[22][24][25] Some of his long poems include Ekti Prabeen Bater Kache Prarthana (Prayer to an Ancient Banayan Tree, 1977), and Basti Ujar (The Eviction of the Shanti Town Dwellers), etc.[26][27]

Sofa and his works guided, inspired, influenced, and continue to inspire and influence many writers, filmmakers, painters, artists, and intellectuals including Humayun Ahmed,[28] Muhammed Zafar Iqbal,[29][30] Tareque Masud,[31][32] Farhad Mazhar, Salimullah Khan,[33] etc.[34][35] He remains one of the most powerful intellectual influences in Bangladesh through his works and legacy.[19][36] For a bohemian lifestyle, and outspoken nature, Sofa was a controversial figure during his lifetime.[37] He was called rebel, mad, insolent, devoid of respect for authority, and an overly uncompromising figure among the intellectuals.[38] Never to be co-opted by the establishment,[15][19][24] Sofa rejected Lekhak Shibir Award in 1975, and Sa'dat Ali Akanda Award offered by Bangla Academy in 1993.[14][39] He was awarded Ekushe Padak posthumously by the Government of Bangladesh in 2002.[1]

Biography edit

Ahmed Sofa was born into a family of farmers at Gachbaria in the district of Chattogram.[40] His father was Hedayet Ali, and his mother, Asiya Khatun.[41] He was supported by his elder brother, Abdus Sobi, to carry on his work in literature. He received his secondary and higher secondary education in Chattogram. He moved to Dhaka in 1962[27] and were admitted to the Department of Bangla in the University of Dhaka. At the University of Dhaka, he stopped attending classes after getting rebuked by Ahmed Sharif once. In 1967, he earned a bachelor's degree as a private candidate from Brahmanbaria College. In 1970, he earned his master's in political science from the University of Dhaka.[6] In 1970, he was granted a fellowship by Bangla Academy to do his PhD, under the supervision of Abdur Razzaq, on "The Growth of Middle Class in Bengal as it influenced its literature, Society and Economics from 1800 to 1858."[42] This led to his lifelong friendship with Abdur Razzaq though Sofa did not finish his PhD program.[43] He began his writing career in the 1960s.[6] From 1969 till his death, Sofa served many newspapers, weekly and monthly magazines as chief editor, literary editor or advisory editor.[39] Sofa died of cardiac arrest on 28 July 2001 in a hospital in Dhaka.[44] He was buried in the close to the Mirpur Martyred Intellectual Graveyard.

Though Sofa never married, he had relationships with several women; among them, his relationships with Shamim Sikder and Suraya Khanam are notable.[45] These relationships were the basis of Sofa's novel, Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishvari (Half Women Half Goddess, 1995).[45]

Writing career edit

Non-fictions edit

Marked by "a rare brilliance of genius" and revealing insight,[14] Sofa's non-fiction writings deals with history, sociological issues, contemporary politics, literary and cultural critiques, etc. Sofa's Bangali Musalmaner Man (The Mind of the Bengali Muslims, 1981) contains nine essays written over twelve years from 1969 to 1980. "Rabindranather Sanskriti-Sadhana" was first published in Kanthaswar in 1969 and "Banglar Chitra Oitihya: Sultaner Sadhana" was first published in Mulabhumi in 1980. In the eponymous essay "Bangali Musalmaner Man" first published in Monthly Samakal in 1976, Sofa explored the historical formation of Bengali Muslims' identity across the millennium.[7][8] The essay considerably changed the academic perception of Bengali Muslims' identity and the subsequent scholarship about the issue.[46] Upon publication, it polarized critics' opinion, some welcoming and others condemning the work.[46] Sofa attributed the causes of the backwardness of Bengali Muslims to the detachment of the ruling class from the mass people.

In another essay titled "On the Issue of Bangladesh's Upper Class and a Social Revolution" (1992), Sofa made a similar point in the present context that the nexus of urban elites had zero ties with the large swathes of poor and struggling people across the country.[8] They feign to feel more foreign here than foreigners themselves. They aspire to identify with a western cultural existence which has no roots in the realities of the millions in this country.”[8] Sofa attributed the causes of the religious/secular dichotomies to the absence of a concerted effort for dialogue from the elites. Sofa opined that people in general are not fanatic at all, but the elites' growing distance from the mass people and the continued economic and political deprivation of the majority of Bengali Muslims created a treacherous situation muddled by angst and desperation which may be easily co-opted by international extremist institutions.[8]

In Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas (A New Mode of Intellectualism, 1972), Sofa mapped the intellectual landscape of Bangladesh delineating general opportunistic tendencies of the intellectuals, and their collaboration with the Establishment before and after the liberation of the country. Sofa condemned "the intellectuals who live by their wits, play the intellectuals, and do everything for pure selfish reasons."[47] Sofa reminded the intellectuals of their true responsibility in the newly independent country and warned about the grim future of fascism unless they performed their responsibility properly.[12][13] Though today Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas is highly acclaimed for its prophetic insight into the future political and cultural prospect of Bangladesh,[13] Badruddin Umar commented that Sofa left the question of class unexplored.[12] Jagrata Bangladesh (Watchful Bangladesh, 1971), Bangladesher Rajnoitik Jatilata (Political Complications in Bangladesh, 1977) explore political crises before and after the liberation of Bangladesh.[14][48]

Fictions edit

As a pioneering novelist of Bangladesh, Sofa brought fresh air both in forms and contents.[15][19][20] Sofa's novels and stories were often based on his personal experience and observation.[6] Critics appreciated his portrayal of a society yet to overcome feudal and colonial residual in its social and political matrix, a society where common people's lives are crippled with class struggle and limited opportunities of empowerment.[15][17] Akhtaruzzaman Elias commented that Sofa mastered the craft of story-telling in his early youth.[17]

Surya Tumi Sathi (Sun, You Are My Companion, 1967) was Sofa's first novel and first book as well. He wrote it at the age of 24.[40][49] The novel has been called "a heart-warming tale of communal harmony" in a country ridden by communal conflicts and violence.[19] The central conflict of the plot pivots around Hashim whose father got converted into Islam from Hinduism. Hashim's grandmother rises above the orthodox rituals and thoughts of her society by taking responsibility for Hashim's newly born baby.

Omkar (The Om, 1975) recounts the transformation of a mute girl, and how she gets to speak in parallel with the transformation of a community into a nation.[17][50] The novel delineates the sociopolitical condition of the society as well as the sociofamilial environment very minutely.

In Ekjan Ali Kenaner Utthan Patan (The Rise and Fall of an Ali Kenan, 1988), Sofa created an existentialist character Ali Kenan in a backdrop of Mazar culture in Bangladesh. The political scenes, from Ayub Khan to Sheikh Mujib, are explored from the viewpoint of the people living on the fringe of the society.[17] Salimullah Khan viewed Ali Kenan as a metaphor for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[20]

Maranbilash (Death-Wish, 1989) portrays a minister at his deathbed.[51] The minister opens up his mind and makes a confession of his misdeeds to his attendant Moula Box.[51] The tragicomic confession of the minister brings out the dirty secrets of his past involving fratricide, adultery, communal conflicts, etc.

Alat Chakra (A Circle of Fire, 1993) a highly acclaimed novel, tells the love story of Daniel and Tayeba among the war refugees in Kolkata during the liberation war of Bangladesh.[17] The story portrays the refugee intellectuals, and their self-seeking activities in a different light.

Gabhi Bittana (A Tale of a Cow, 1995) satirizes teachers' politics surrounding senate members' election and vice-chancellor selection at the University of Dhaka.[52][53] Sofa placed the supreme institution of Bangladesh, Dhaka University, in a satirical milieu in Gabhi Bittano.[54] People at Dhaka University were appalled by Sofa's portrayal of them in this novel.[55]

Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishvari (Half Woman and Half Goddess, 1996), a semi-autobiographical novel, pivots around the protagonists romantic relations with two women.[22] Sofa planned the novel to be a monument of his love.[56]

Pushpa Briksha ebang Bihanga Puran (Tales of Flowers, Trees and Birds, 1996) reflects Sofa's eco-consciousness and biophilia. In this autobiographical novel, Sofa "describes humanism in its most intimate form, an existential reality where we are inextricably connected with the environment that sustains us through our bonds with animals and plants."[24] Upon publication, some critics were reluctant to categorize it as a novel.[36]

Poetry and others edit

Written in "a distinctive poetic style",[6] Sofa's Ekti Prabin Bater Kachhe Prarthana (Prayer to an Ancient Banyan Tree, 1977) envisions a Bangladesh free from poverty, exploitation and injustice.

Sofa's translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust was published in 1986.[57] Jadyapi Amar Guru (He Is Still My Teacher, 1998) is his "outstanding memoir" of his friendship with his mentor Professor Abdur Razzaq.[19]


List of Works edit

Poetry edit

1. Jollad Shomoy (1975) —'জল্লাদ সময়'(১৯৭৫)

2. Dukkher Diner Duha (1975) —'দুঃখের দিনের দোহা' (১৯৭৫)

3. Ekti Probin Boter kache Prarthona (1977)—'একটি প্রবীন বটের কাছে প্রার্থনা'(১৯৭৭)

4. Go-Hakim (1997) — 'গো-হাকিম' (১৯৯৭)

5. Lenin Ghumobe Ebar (1999) — 'লেনিন ঘুমোবে এবার' (১৯৯৯)

6. Ohitagni (2001) — 'অহিতাগ্নি' (২০০১)

Social and political activism edit

A good organiser, Sofa played an important role in mobilising writers along with Ahmed Sharif to established the Bangladesh Lekhak Shibir.[6] In his early youth, Sofa was involved with the communist party for a short time. He also opened several free school for the children of slum-dwellers in Dhaka.[58] He also organized Sampradayik Dangar Biruddhe Sampreeti Committee (1992–94), Taranga (1993–96), Nagarik Shakti (1995), etc.[59]

Legacy and influence edit

Today, Sofa is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the Bengali language.[1][2][3][4][60] He was described as a public intellectual "against opportunism", a "dissenting" writer fearless to speak the truth, and a "champion of idealism and progressive culture".[6] "A veritable powerhouse of infinite passion and creative energy", Sofa "cultivated with ease almost all the fields of literary landscape of Bangladesh and produced valuable harvests, both in terms of quality and quantity."[19] National Professor Abdur Razzaq stated that Sofa's works "constitute a treasure trove for Bengali literature"[61] and "they create their own worlds where one can easily forget himself"/herself.[62] Muhammad Zafar Iqbal called Sofa a 100% writer-litterateur from head to toe and wrote "It is our great fortune that a genius like him [Sofa] was born" in Bangladesh.[30] In Farhad Mazhar's opinion, Ahmed Sofa examined and surveyed Bengali Muslim society and the birth of Bangladesh so closely and intimately that nobody would make any progress in any field in Bangladesh, be it Bangladeshi politics, literature, or culture unless one studies and understands Sofa's works properly.[36] Syed Abul Maksud stated that Ahmed Sofa is the biggest patriot he ever saw after 1967[63] and the biggest enemy of religious fundamentalism.[64] During his lifetime, Sofa was "the ever uncompromising conscience of the nation, always upholding the truth and justice."[19] Ahmed Sharif opined that Sofa was the bravest among Bangladeshi intellectuals.[65] Sharif also said that if Bangladesh had few more Sofas, the country would be on the right track to a progressive society. Salimullah Khan hailed Sofa as a visionary thinker[66] and one of the world's greatest story-tellers[20] and considered him a successor to Kazi Nazrul Islam's legacy.[67] In Aktharuzzaman Elias's opinion, readers accompany Sofa in his journey to feel intimately the human in history and history in the human.[17] Humayun Ahmed called Sofa an incredibly powerful writer[68] and mentioned Sofa as his "mentor."[28]

"Ahmed Sofa Rastroshobha" along with Centre for Asian Art and Culture organize the Ahmed Sofa Memorial Lecture at the University of Dhaka every year.[40][69] In Chittagong, Ahmed Sofa Centers founded by a teacher at Chittagong University commemorates his work through its activity.

Sofa's novels and stories are frequently adapted into plays, films, etc.[51][70][71] Kaler Nayak (The Hero of the Age, 2014) written by Gazi Tanzia is a novel based on Ahmed Sofa's life.[72][73]

Controversy and criticism edit

For a bohemian lifestyle, and outspoken nature, Sofa was a controversial figure during his lifetime.[37] He was called rebel, devoid of regards for authority, and unnecessarily uncompromising harming his personal good.[38] Rahat Khan once called him mad.[74] His disagreements with Humayun Azad, Taslima Nasreen, and few others and subsequent denunciation of one another through write-ups were very much discussed and are still discussed by peers and new generation of writers.[42][75] A professional writer, Sofa endured financial hardship though he was also known for his prodigality helping many in their need. Many speculate that early in Sofa's life, he used to frequent Abdur Razzaq's residence to seek financial help. German embassy in Dhaka financed Sofa's translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust. Sofa helped publish Muammar Gaddafi's The Green Book in Bengali. Many were critical of his connection with Libyan and German embassies.[76]

Sofa wanted to immolate himself with a tinful of kerosene in 1972 to protest an attempted eviction of Humayun Ahmed's family from a house (allotted by government for the martyrs' family); Sikandar Abu Zafar stopped him from self-immolation by assuring and ensuring the prevention of the eviction. Humayun Ahmed reminisced about the event many times in his different memoirs.[77]

Selected bibliography edit

Sofa published 18 non-fiction books, 8 novels, 4 collections of poems, 1 collection of short stories, and several books in other genres.[78][79] His writings were initially published in journals, newspapers, weekly and monthly magazines, then reprinted in standard book formats.

Essays
  • Jagrata Bangladesh (Watchful Bangladesh, 1971)
  • Buddhibrttir Natun Binyas (A New Mode of Intellectualism, 1972)
  • Banglabhasha: Rajnitir Aloke (The Bengali Language: In the Light of Politics, 1975)
  • Bangladesher Rajnoitik Jatilata (Political Complications in Bangladesh, 1977)
  • Sipahi Yuddher Itihas (History of the Sepoy Movement, 1979)
  • Bangali Musalmaner Man (The Mind of the Bengali Muslims, 1981)
  • Sheikh Mjibur Rahman O Anyanya Prabantdha (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Other Essays, 1989)
  • Rajnitir Lekha (Political Writings, 1993)
  • Anupurbik Taslima O Anyanya Sparshakatara Prasanga (Taslima from Beginning to End and Other Sensitive Issues, 1994)
  • Samprathik Bibechana: Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas (Reconsideration: A New Mode of Intellectualism, 1997)
  • Shantichukti O Nirabachita Prabandha (Peace Treaty and Selected Essays, 1998)
  • Yadyapi Amar Guru (He is Still My Teacher, 1998)
Novels
  • Surjo Tumi Sathi (Sun, You are My Companion, 1967)
  • Omkar (The Om, 1975)
  • Ekjan Ali Kenaner Utthan Patan (The Rise and Fall of an Ali Kenan, 1989)
  • Maranbilas (Death-Wish, 1989)
  • Alatachakra (A Circle of Fire, 1990)
  • Gabhi Bittanta (A Tale of a Cow, 1994)
  • Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishvari (Half Woman and Half Goddess, 1996)
  • Puspa Briksa ebang Bihanga Puran (Tales of Flowers, Trees and Birds, 1996)
Short stories
  • Nihata Nakshatra (Slain Star, 1969)
Poems
  • Jallad Samay (Time, the Hangman, 1975)
  • Ekti Prabin Bater Kachhe Prarthana (Prayer to an Ancient Banayan Tree, 1977)
  • Lenin Ghumobe Ebar (Lenin Will Sleep Now, 1999)
Juvenile stories
  • Dolo Amar Kanakchapa (Let's Rock, My Kanakchapa, 1968)
Nursery rhymes
  • Go-Hakim (Bovine Justice, 1977)

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Khan, Salimullah (2013) [First published 2010]. "Name Ase Name Jay" নামে আসে নামে যায় [Name Matters]. Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহমদ ছফা সঞ্জীবনী [Ahmed Sofa Elixir] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. p. 21. ISBN 978-984-04-1585-4.
  2. ^ a b Anwar, Nurul (2010). "Bhumika" ভূমিকা [Introduction]. Sofamrita ছফামৃত [Sofa Ambrosia] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Khan Brothers and Company. p. 1. ISBN 978-984-408-171-0.
  3. ^ a b Amin, Dr. Mohammad (17 March 2017). [Ahmed Sofa: The Impeccable Pioneer of Bengali Literature]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). Dhaka: Bangladesh Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. বাংলা সাহিত্যে এ পর্যন্ত যত প্রাবন্ধিক, লেখক এবং সাহিত্যিক জন্মগ্রহণ করেছেন তন্মধ্যে আহমদ ছফাই সবচেয়ে সাহসী, বুদ্ধিমান, স্বতঃস্ফূর্ত, নির্লোভ, ঋদ্ধ, কুশলী, বহুমুখী, সাধারণ এবং তেজময়। [So far among all writers and intellectuals born in Bengali, Sofa is the most brilliant, brave, spontaneous, selfless, multidimensional, extraordinary and energetic..]... তাঁর প্রবন্ধে গবেষণার ঐকান্তিকতা, ইতিহাসের নিবিড়তা, কাব্যের প্রাণবন্ততা, উপন্যাসের বিমূর্ততা আর নাটকের পরিণতি ত্রিকালদর্শীর মতো চিরন্তন, সতত বর্তমান এবং সংগতকারণে সর্বজনীন।
  4. ^ a b Anam, Mahfuz, ed. (28 July 2015). . The Daily Star. Dhaka: Transcom Group. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. Among the contemporary fiction writers in Bangladesh, Sofa ranked first for his thought-provoking and contemplative writings.
  5. ^ Khan, Salimullah (28 July 2012). "Ahmed Sofa Bishaye Salimullah Khan, Sathrang" আহমদ ছফা বিষয়ে সলিমুল্লাহ খান, সাতরং [Salimullah Khan on Ahmed Sofa in Seven Colors ATN Bangla TV program]. ATN Bangla (in Bengali). Dhaka. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2018. Ahmed Sofa, I think, is the greatest thinker of our country. [at 2:33] Ahmed Sofa is the greatest Bengali Muslim writer after Mir Mosharraf Hossain and Kazi Nazrul Islam. [at 4:00] -[Salimullah Khan]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Kabir, Ahmad (2012). "Sofa, Ahmed". In Islam, Sirajul (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (2nd ed.). Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  7. ^ a b Khan, Alamgir (16 December 2014). . The Daily Observer. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e Ibrahim, Ahmad (29 April 2017). . The Daily Star. Dhaka: Transcom Group. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  9. ^ Rahman, Muhammad Habibur (2016) [First published 1985; Revised 2008]. Gangaridai Theke Bangladesh গঙ্গাঋদ্ধি থেকে বাংলাদেশ [From Gangaridai to Bangladesh] (in Bengali) (Revised ed.). Dhaka: Bangla Academy. p. 220. ISBN 978-984-07-5479-3.
  10. ^ Ekbal, Nikhat (2009). "Ahmed Sofa". Great Muslims of Undivided India. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 266. ISBN 978-81-7835-756-0. Retrieved 2 April 2018. His Bangali Musalmaner Man is one of the most thought-provoking and much hailed books in Bangladesh.
  11. ^ Khan, Salimullah (December 2013). "Ahmed Sofar Sadhana" আহমদ ছফার সাধনা [Ahmed Sofa's Efforts]. Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহমেদ ছফা সঞ্জীবনী [Ahmed Sofa Elixir] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. p. 39. ISBN 978-984-04-1585-4.
  12. ^ a b c Umar, Badruddin (2011) [1972]. "Bhumika" ভূমিকা [Introduction]. Sampratik Bibechana: Buddhibrittir Natun Bynyas সাম্প্রতিক বিবেচনা: বুদ্ধিবৃত্তির নতুন বিন্যাস [Reconsideration: A New Mode of Intellectualism] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Khan Brothers and Company. p. 46. ISBN 978-984-408-137-6.
  13. ^ a b c Talukdar, Zakir (15 August 2013). [When Ahmed Sofa Desires a New Mode of Intellectual]. Sampratik Deshkal (in Bengali). Dhaka. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d Selina Hossain, Nurul Islam and Mobarak Hossain, ed. (2000). Bangla Academy Dictionary of Writers. Dhaka: Bangla Academy. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-984-07-4052-9.
  15. ^ a b c d Ekbal, Nikhat (2009). "Ahmed Sofa". Great Muslims of Undivided India. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. pp. 265–269. ISBN 978-81-7835-756-0. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  16. ^ Hannan, Sudipta (2017). Ahmed Sofar Upanyas: Bangladesher Udbhab ebang Bikasher Byakaran আহমদ ছফার উপন্যাস : বাংলাদেশের উদ্ভব এবং বিকাশের ব্যাকরণ [Ahmed Sofa's Novels: The Grammar of Bangladesh's Emergence and Development] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Puthinilay Prakashani. pp. 9–20. ISBN 978-984-921243-0.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Elias, Akhtaruzzaman (2013) [Composed 1995]. "Ahmed Sofar Upanyas" আহমদ ছফার উপন্যাস [Ahmed Sofa's Novels]. In Elias, Khalekuzzaman (ed.). Akhtaruzzaman Elias Rachanasamgra আখতারুজ্জামান ইলিয়াস রচনাসমগ্র ৩ [Collected Writings of Akhtaruzzaman Elias] (in Bengali). Vol. 3. Dhaka: Mowla Brothers. pp. 411–416. ISBN 978-984-410-363-4.
  18. ^ Khorshed, Alam (10 August 2001). . Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018. In fiction he has penned such immortal story as 'Ongkaar', which till today remains the best literary expression of our great language movement.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Roy, Rajib Kanti (23 July 2015). . Daily Sun. Dhaka: East West Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  20. ^ a b c d Khan, Salimullah (December 2013). "Paribar Goshthi Rastra" পরিবার গোষ্ঠী রাষ্ট্র [Family Community State]. Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহমেদ ছফা সঞ্জীবনী [Ahmed Sofa Elixir] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. pp. 157–163. ISBN 978-984-04-1585-4.
  21. ^ "Gabhi Bittranto: Timely Review of a Satire". New Age. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  22. ^ a b c Das, Subrata Kumar. [Ahmed Sofa in the Light of His Novels]. Bangladeshi Novels (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  23. ^ "Ahmed Sofa's 'Gabhi Bittanto' : A Timeless Political Allegory". Daily Sun. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  24. ^ a b c Karim, Lamia (28 July 2017). "A humanist for all seasons". New Age. Dhaka. from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  25. ^ Khan, Salimullah (2013). Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহমেদ ছফা সঞ্জীবনী [Ahmed Sofa Elixir]. Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. pp. 284–302. ISBN 978-984-04-1585-4.
  26. ^ Sofa, Ahmed (July 2013). Anwar, Nurul (ed.). Ahmed Sofa Rachanabali আহমদ ছফা রচনাবলি [Collected Writings of Ahmed Sofa] (in Bengali). Vol. 6. Dhaka: Khan Brothers and Company. ISBN 978-984-408-128-4.
  27. ^ a b Khan, Salimullah (31 July 2017). . The Daily Star. Dhaka: Transcom Group. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  28. ^ a b Ahmed, Humayun (2009). Ballpoint বলপয়েন্ট. Dhaka: Anyaprokash. p. 29. ISBN 978-984-8685-16-7. ছফা ভাই ছিলেন আমার Mentor। এই ইংরেজি শব্দটির সঠিক বাংলা নেই। Mentor এমন গুরু যার প্রধান চেষ্টা শিষ্যকে পথ দেখিয়ে উঁচুতে তোলা। ছফা ভাই শুধু যে একা আমার মেন্টর ছিলেন তা না, অনেকেরই ছিলেন। [Sofa bhai was my mentor. Mentor has no Bengali equivalent. Mentors are those gurus who try their best to show their disciples the path to the pinnacle. Sofa bhai was not only my mentors but also many others' as well]
  29. ^ Khan, Siddikur Rahman (27 June 2014). [Ahmed Sofa: The Soul of the University]. The Daily Ittefaq. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  30. ^ a b Iqbal, Muhammad Zafar (2008) [First published 2003]. "Ahmed Sofa ebang Bangla Academy Puraskar" আহমদ ছফা এবং বাংলা একাডেমী পুরস্কার. Kolamsamogra 1 কলাম সমগ্র ১ [Collected Columns] (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Dhaka: Ananya Prokashoni. pp. 538, 543. ISBN 978-984-412-301-4.
  31. ^ Masud, Catherine (6 December 2017). [Tareque Has Fallen in Love with You]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Dhaka: Transcom Group. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ছফা ভাই ছিলেন তারেকের 'গুরু'। ছফা ভাই তাকে বলেছিলেন, 'আমেরিকা থেকে একটা মেয়ে আসছে, দেখো, সে হয়তো তোমাকে সাহায্য করতে পারে।'
  32. ^ Nasirullah, Sharif (10 August 2017). [A Film Buff Director]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Dhaka: Transcom Group. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ১৯৮৭ সালের দিক। আহমদ ছফায় বুঁদ তরুণেরা। ছফা সেই সময়ের বোহেমিয়ান তরুণ শিল্পী-সাহিত্যিকদের নিয়ে আড্ডা দেন। বাংলাদেশে গবেষণা করতে আসা ক্যাথরিনও জড়িয়ে যান সে আড্ডায়। সেখানে পরিচয় তারেকের সঙ্গে।...তারেকের প্রথম ছবির সাবজেক্ট যেমন আহমদ ছফার আবিষ্কার, তেমনি ছবির সংসারের এই মানুষটিও ছফার আবিষ্কার। আহমদ ছফা তারেককে বলতেন, 'তোমাকে আমি ক্যাথরিন দিয়েছিলাম।'
  33. ^ Khan, Salimullah (15 August 2011). [My Teacher Tareque Masud]. arts.bdnews24.com (in Bengali). Dhaka. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. যৌবনের প্রারম্ভে আমরা দুইজনেই আহমদ ছফার পদতলে বসিয়া প্রজ্ঞা ভিক্ষা করিয়াছি।
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December 16, 2023
ahmed, sofa, bengali, আহমদ, ছফ, pronounced, aɦmɔd, sɔfa, june, 1943, july, 2001, bangladeshi, writer, thinker, novelist, poet, philosopher, public, intellectual, sofa, considered, many, including, national, professor, abdur, razzaq, salimullah, khan, most, imp. Ahmed Sofa Bengali আহমদ ছফ pronounced aɦmɔd sɔfa 30 June 1943 28 July 2001 was a Bangladeshi writer thinker novelist poet philosopher and public intellectual 1 Sofa is considered by many including National Professor Abdur Razzaq and Salimullah Khan to be the most important Bengali Muslim writer after Mir Mosharraf Hossain and Kazi Nazrul Islam 1 2 3 4 5 A writer by occupation Sofa wrote 18 non fiction books 8 novels 4 collections of poems 2 collections of short stories and several books in other genres Ahmed SofaSofa in 1995Native nameআহমদ ছফ Born 1943 06 30 30 June 1943Gachbaria Chittagong Bengal Presidency British IndiaDied28 July 2001 2001 07 28 aged 58 Dhaka BangladeshResting placeMartyred Intellectuals GraveyardOccupationWriterNationalityBangladeshiAlma materUniversity of DhakaPeriod1967 2001GenreFiction non fiction short stories poetrySofa s Bangali Musalmaner Man The Mind of the Bengali Muslims 1981 is a highly acclaimed critical survey of the formation of Bengali Muslims identity causes of their backwardness their development as a community and their intellectual progress 6 7 8 Anisuzzaman and many others consider Sofa s Bangali Musalmaner Man one of the greatest non fiction books written in the Bengali language 9 10 11 In Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas A New Mode of Intellectualism 1972 Sofa mapped the intellectual landscape of Bangladesh delineating general opportunistic tendencies of Bangladeshi intellectuals their collaboration with the Establishment and their failure to bring any real material change in postcolonial Bangladesh 12 13 Characterized by a freshness of language 14 and constant experimentation and novelty of subject matter and narration his fictions portrayed Bangladesh with all its social spiritual and political nuances 15 16 Critics acclaimed his intricate characterization depicting psychological and sociocultural subtleties with realism 17 Abul Fazal and many others 18 considered Sofa s Omkar The Om 1975 the best literary expression of the liberation movement of Bangladesh 19 20 Gabhi Bittanta A Tale of a Cow 1995 a novel satirizing university teachers involved in party politics and corruption is among the best satires in Bengali literature 21 22 23 Pushpa Briksa ebang Bihanga Puran Tales of Flowers Trees and Birds 1996 recounts Sofa s spiritual attachments with birds plants and trees reflecting his profound biophilia and ecoconsciousness 22 24 25 Some of his long poems include Ekti Prabeen Bater Kache Prarthana Prayer to an Ancient Banayan Tree 1977 and Basti Ujar The Eviction of the Shanti Town Dwellers etc 26 27 Sofa and his works guided inspired influenced and continue to inspire and influence many writers filmmakers painters artists and intellectuals including Humayun Ahmed 28 Muhammed Zafar Iqbal 29 30 Tareque Masud 31 32 Farhad Mazhar Salimullah Khan 33 etc 34 35 He remains one of the most powerful intellectual influences in Bangladesh through his works and legacy 19 36 For a bohemian lifestyle and outspoken nature Sofa was a controversial figure during his lifetime 37 He was called rebel mad insolent devoid of respect for authority and an overly uncompromising figure among the intellectuals 38 Never to be co opted by the establishment 15 19 24 Sofa rejected Lekhak Shibir Award in 1975 and Sa dat Ali Akanda Award offered by Bangla Academy in 1993 14 39 He was awarded Ekushe Padak posthumously by the Government of Bangladesh in 2002 1 Contents 1 Biography 2 Writing career 2 1 Non fictions 2 2 Fictions 2 3 Poetry and others 3 List of Works 3 1 Poetry 4 Social and political activism 5 Legacy and influence 6 Controversy and criticism 7 Selected bibliography 8 ReferencesBiography editAhmed Sofa was born into a family of farmers at Gachbaria in the district of Chattogram 40 His father was Hedayet Ali and his mother Asiya Khatun 41 He was supported by his elder brother Abdus Sobi to carry on his work in literature He received his secondary and higher secondary education in Chattogram He moved to Dhaka in 1962 27 and were admitted to the Department of Bangla in the University of Dhaka At the University of Dhaka he stopped attending classes after getting rebuked by Ahmed Sharif once In 1967 he earned a bachelor s degree as a private candidate from Brahmanbaria College In 1970 he earned his master s in political science from the University of Dhaka 6 In 1970 he was granted a fellowship by Bangla Academy to do his PhD under the supervision of Abdur Razzaq on The Growth of Middle Class in Bengal as it influenced its literature Society and Economics from 1800 to 1858 42 This led to his lifelong friendship with Abdur Razzaq though Sofa did not finish his PhD program 43 He began his writing career in the 1960s 6 From 1969 till his death Sofa served many newspapers weekly and monthly magazines as chief editor literary editor or advisory editor 39 Sofa died of cardiac arrest on 28 July 2001 in a hospital in Dhaka 44 He was buried in the close to the Mirpur Martyred Intellectual Graveyard Though Sofa never married he had relationships with several women among them his relationships with Shamim Sikder and Suraya Khanam are notable 45 These relationships were the basis of Sofa s novel Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishvari Half Women Half Goddess 1995 45 Writing career editNon fictions edit Marked by a rare brilliance of genius and revealing insight 14 Sofa s non fiction writings deals with history sociological issues contemporary politics literary and cultural critiques etc Sofa s Bangali Musalmaner Man The Mind of the Bengali Muslims 1981 contains nine essays written over twelve years from 1969 to 1980 Rabindranather Sanskriti Sadhana was first published in Kanthaswar in 1969 and Banglar Chitra Oitihya Sultaner Sadhana was first published in Mulabhumi in 1980 In the eponymous essay Bangali Musalmaner Man first published in Monthly Samakal in 1976 Sofa explored the historical formation of Bengali Muslims identity across the millennium 7 8 The essay considerably changed the academic perception of Bengali Muslims identity and the subsequent scholarship about the issue 46 Upon publication it polarized critics opinion some welcoming and others condemning the work 46 Sofa attributed the causes of the backwardness of Bengali Muslims to the detachment of the ruling class from the mass people In another essay titled On the Issue of Bangladesh s Upper Class and a Social Revolution 1992 Sofa made a similar point in the present context that the nexus of urban elites had zero ties with the large swathes of poor and struggling people across the country 8 They feign to feel more foreign here than foreigners themselves They aspire to identify with a western cultural existence which has no roots in the realities of the millions in this country 8 Sofa attributed the causes of the religious secular dichotomies to the absence of a concerted effort for dialogue from the elites Sofa opined that people in general are not fanatic at all but the elites growing distance from the mass people and the continued economic and political deprivation of the majority of Bengali Muslims created a treacherous situation muddled by angst and desperation which may be easily co opted by international extremist institutions 8 In Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas A New Mode of Intellectualism 1972 Sofa mapped the intellectual landscape of Bangladesh delineating general opportunistic tendencies of the intellectuals and their collaboration with the Establishment before and after the liberation of the country Sofa condemned the intellectuals who live by their wits play the intellectuals and do everything for pure selfish reasons 47 Sofa reminded the intellectuals of their true responsibility in the newly independent country and warned about the grim future of fascism unless they performed their responsibility properly 12 13 Though today Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas is highly acclaimed for its prophetic insight into the future political and cultural prospect of Bangladesh 13 Badruddin Umar commented that Sofa left the question of class unexplored 12 Jagrata Bangladesh Watchful Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesher Rajnoitik Jatilata Political Complications in Bangladesh 1977 explore political crises before and after the liberation of Bangladesh 14 48 Fictions edit As a pioneering novelist of Bangladesh Sofa brought fresh air both in forms and contents 15 19 20 Sofa s novels and stories were often based on his personal experience and observation 6 Critics appreciated his portrayal of a society yet to overcome feudal and colonial residual in its social and political matrix a society where common people s lives are crippled with class struggle and limited opportunities of empowerment 15 17 Akhtaruzzaman Elias commented that Sofa mastered the craft of story telling in his early youth 17 Surya Tumi Sathi Sun You Are My Companion 1967 was Sofa s first novel and first book as well He wrote it at the age of 24 40 49 The novel has been called a heart warming tale of communal harmony in a country ridden by communal conflicts and violence 19 The central conflict of the plot pivots around Hashim whose father got converted into Islam from Hinduism Hashim s grandmother rises above the orthodox rituals and thoughts of her society by taking responsibility for Hashim s newly born baby Omkar The Om 1975 recounts the transformation of a mute girl and how she gets to speak in parallel with the transformation of a community into a nation 17 50 The novel delineates the sociopolitical condition of the society as well as the sociofamilial environment very minutely In Ekjan Ali Kenaner Utthan Patan The Rise and Fall of an Ali Kenan 1988 Sofa created an existentialist character Ali Kenan in a backdrop of Mazar culture in Bangladesh The political scenes from Ayub Khan to Sheikh Mujib are explored from the viewpoint of the people living on the fringe of the society 17 Salimullah Khan viewed Ali Kenan as a metaphor for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 20 Maranbilash Death Wish 1989 portrays a minister at his deathbed 51 The minister opens up his mind and makes a confession of his misdeeds to his attendant Moula Box 51 The tragicomic confession of the minister brings out the dirty secrets of his past involving fratricide adultery communal conflicts etc Alat Chakra A Circle of Fire 1993 a highly acclaimed novel tells the love story of Daniel and Tayeba among the war refugees in Kolkata during the liberation war of Bangladesh 17 The story portrays the refugee intellectuals and their self seeking activities in a different light Gabhi Bittana A Tale of a Cow 1995 satirizes teachers politics surrounding senate members election and vice chancellor selection at the University of Dhaka 52 53 Sofa placed the supreme institution of Bangladesh Dhaka University in a satirical milieu in Gabhi Bittano 54 People at Dhaka University were appalled by Sofa s portrayal of them in this novel 55 Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishvari Half Woman and Half Goddess 1996 a semi autobiographical novel pivots around the protagonists romantic relations with two women 22 Sofa planned the novel to be a monument of his love 56 Pushpa Briksha ebang Bihanga Puran Tales of Flowers Trees and Birds 1996 reflects Sofa s eco consciousness and biophilia In this autobiographical novel Sofa describes humanism in its most intimate form an existential reality where we are inextricably connected with the environment that sustains us through our bonds with animals and plants 24 Upon publication some critics were reluctant to categorize it as a novel 36 Poetry and others edit Written in a distinctive poetic style 6 Sofa s Ekti Prabin Bater Kachhe Prarthana Prayer to an Ancient Banyan Tree 1977 envisions a Bangladesh free from poverty exploitation and injustice Sofa s translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe s Faust was published in 1986 57 Jadyapi Amar Guru He Is Still My Teacher 1998 is his outstanding memoir of his friendship with his mentor Professor Abdur Razzaq 19 List of Works editPoetry edit 1 Jollad Shomoy 1975 জল ল দ সময ১৯৭৫ 2 Dukkher Diner Duha 1975 দ খ র দ ন র দ হ ১৯৭৫ 3 Ekti Probin Boter kache Prarthona 1977 একট প রব ন বট র ক ছ প র র থন ১৯৭৭ 4 Go Hakim 1997 গ হ ক ম ১৯৯৭ 5 Lenin Ghumobe Ebar 1999 ল ন ন ঘ ম ব এব র ১৯৯৯ 6 Ohitagni 2001 অহ ত গ ন ২০০১ Social and political activism editA good organiser Sofa played an important role in mobilising writers along with Ahmed Sharif to established the Bangladesh Lekhak Shibir 6 In his early youth Sofa was involved with the communist party for a short time He also opened several free school for the children of slum dwellers in Dhaka 58 He also organized Sampradayik Dangar Biruddhe Sampreeti Committee 1992 94 Taranga 1993 96 Nagarik Shakti 1995 etc 59 Legacy and influence editToday Sofa is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the Bengali language 1 2 3 4 60 He was described as a public intellectual against opportunism a dissenting writer fearless to speak the truth and a champion of idealism and progressive culture 6 A veritable powerhouse of infinite passion and creative energy Sofa cultivated with ease almost all the fields of literary landscape of Bangladesh and produced valuable harvests both in terms of quality and quantity 19 National Professor Abdur Razzaq stated that Sofa s works constitute a treasure trove for Bengali literature 61 and they create their own worlds where one can easily forget himself herself 62 Muhammad Zafar Iqbal called Sofa a 100 writer litterateur from head to toe and wrote It is our great fortune that a genius like him Sofa was born in Bangladesh 30 In Farhad Mazhar s opinion Ahmed Sofa examined and surveyed Bengali Muslim society and the birth of Bangladesh so closely and intimately that nobody would make any progress in any field in Bangladesh be it Bangladeshi politics literature or culture unless one studies and understands Sofa s works properly 36 Syed Abul Maksud stated that Ahmed Sofa is the biggest patriot he ever saw after 1967 63 and the biggest enemy of religious fundamentalism 64 During his lifetime Sofa was the ever uncompromising conscience of the nation always upholding the truth and justice 19 Ahmed Sharif opined that Sofa was the bravest among Bangladeshi intellectuals 65 Sharif also said that if Bangladesh had few more Sofas the country would be on the right track to a progressive society Salimullah Khan hailed Sofa as a visionary thinker 66 and one of the world s greatest story tellers 20 and considered him a successor to Kazi Nazrul Islam s legacy 67 In Aktharuzzaman Elias s opinion readers accompany Sofa in his journey to feel intimately the human in history and history in the human 17 Humayun Ahmed called Sofa an incredibly powerful writer 68 and mentioned Sofa as his mentor 28 Ahmed Sofa Rastroshobha along with Centre for Asian Art and Culture organize the Ahmed Sofa Memorial Lecture at the University of Dhaka every year 40 69 In Chittagong Ahmed Sofa Centers founded by a teacher at Chittagong University commemorates his work through its activity Sofa s novels and stories are frequently adapted into plays films etc 51 70 71 Kaler Nayak The Hero of the Age 2014 written by Gazi Tanzia is a novel based on Ahmed Sofa s life 72 73 Controversy and criticism editFor a bohemian lifestyle and outspoken nature Sofa was a controversial figure during his lifetime 37 He was called rebel devoid of regards for authority and unnecessarily uncompromising harming his personal good 38 Rahat Khan once called him mad 74 His disagreements with Humayun Azad Taslima Nasreen and few others and subsequent denunciation of one another through write ups were very much discussed and are still discussed by peers and new generation of writers 42 75 A professional writer Sofa endured financial hardship though he was also known for his prodigality helping many in their need Many speculate that early in Sofa s life he used to frequent Abdur Razzaq s residence to seek financial help German embassy in Dhaka financed Sofa s translation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe s Faust Sofa helped publish Muammar Gaddafi s The Green Book in Bengali Many were critical of his connection with Libyan and German embassies 76 Sofa wanted to immolate himself with a tinful of kerosene in 1972 to protest an attempted eviction of Humayun Ahmed s family from a house allotted by government for the martyrs family Sikandar Abu Zafar stopped him from self immolation by assuring and ensuring the prevention of the eviction Humayun Ahmed reminisced about the event many times in his different memoirs 77 Selected bibliography editSofa published 18 non fiction books 8 novels 4 collections of poems 1 collection of short stories and several books in other genres 78 79 His writings were initially published in journals newspapers weekly and monthly magazines then reprinted in standard book formats EssaysJagrata Bangladesh Watchful Bangladesh 1971 Buddhibrttir Natun Binyas A New Mode of Intellectualism 1972 Banglabhasha Rajnitir Aloke The Bengali Language In the Light of Politics 1975 Bangladesher Rajnoitik Jatilata Political Complications in Bangladesh 1977 Sipahi Yuddher Itihas History of the Sepoy Movement 1979 Bangali Musalmaner Man The Mind of the Bengali Muslims 1981 Sheikh Mjibur Rahman O Anyanya Prabantdha Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Other Essays 1989 Rajnitir Lekha Political Writings 1993 Anupurbik Taslima O Anyanya Sparshakatara Prasanga Taslima from Beginning to End and Other Sensitive Issues 1994 Samprathik Bibechana Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas Reconsideration A New Mode of Intellectualism 1997 Shantichukti O Nirabachita Prabandha Peace Treaty and Selected Essays 1998 Yadyapi Amar Guru He is Still My Teacher 1998 NovelsSurjo Tumi Sathi Sun You are My Companion 1967 Omkar The Om 1975 Ekjan Ali Kenaner Utthan Patan The Rise and Fall of an Ali Kenan 1989 Maranbilas Death Wish 1989 Alatachakra A Circle of Fire 1990 Gabhi Bittanta A Tale of a Cow 1994 Ardhek Nari Ardhek Ishvari Half Woman and Half Goddess 1996 Puspa Briksa ebang Bihanga Puran Tales of Flowers Trees and Birds 1996 Short storiesNihata Nakshatra Slain Star 1969 PoemsJallad Samay Time the Hangman 1975 Ekti Prabin Bater Kachhe Prarthana Prayer to an Ancient Banayan Tree 1977 Lenin Ghumobe Ebar Lenin Will Sleep Now 1999 Juvenile storiesDolo Amar Kanakchapa Let s Rock My Kanakchapa 1968 Nursery rhymesGo Hakim Bovine Justice 1977 References edit a b c d Khan Salimullah 2013 First published 2010 Name Ase Name Jay ন ম আস ন ম য য Name Matters Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহমদ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir in Bengali Dhaka Agamee Prakashani p 21 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 a b Anwar Nurul 2010 Bhumika ভ ম ক Introduction Sofamrita ছফ ম ত Sofa Ambrosia in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company p 1 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 a b Amin Dr Mohammad 17 March 2017 Ahmed Sofa Bangla Sahityer Anabadya Rupakar আহমদ ছফ ব ল স হ ত য র অনবদ য র পক র Ahmed Sofa The Impeccable Pioneer of Bengali Literature The Daily Sangram in Bengali Dhaka Bangladesh Publications Ltd Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 ব ল স হ ত য এ পর যন ত যত প র বন ধ ক ল খক এব স হ ত য ক জন মগ রহণ কর ছ ন তন মধ য আহমদ ছফ ই সবচ য স হস ব দ ধ ম ন স বত স ফ র ত ন র ল ভ ঋদ ধ ক শল বহ ম খ স ধ রণ এব ত জময So far among all writers and intellectuals born in Bengali Sofa is the most brilliant brave spontaneous selfless multidimensional extraordinary and energetic ত র প রবন ধ গব ষণ র ঐক ন ত কত ইত হ স র ন ব ড ত ক ব য র প র ণবন তত উপন য স র ব ম র তত আর ন টক র পর ণত ত র ক লদর শ র মত চ রন তন সতত বর তম ন এব স গতক রণ সর বজন ন a b Anam Mahfuz ed 28 July 2015 The voice of the deprived The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 Among the contemporary fiction writers in Bangladesh Sofa ranked first for his thought provoking and contemplative writings Khan Salimullah 28 July 2012 Ahmed Sofa Bishaye Salimullah Khan Sathrang আহমদ ছফ ব ষয সল ম ল ল হ খ ন স তর Salimullah Khan on Ahmed Sofa in Seven Colors ATN Bangla TV program ATN Bangla in Bengali Dhaka Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 Retrieved 1 April 2018 Ahmed Sofa I think is the greatest thinker of our country at 2 33 Ahmed Sofa is the greatest Bengali Muslim writer after Mir Mosharraf Hossain and Kazi Nazrul Islam at 4 00 Salimullah Khan a b c d e f g Kabir Ahmad 2012 Sofa Ahmed In Islam Sirajul ed Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh 2nd ed Dhaka Asiatic Society of Bangladesh a b Khan Alamgir 16 December 2014 Sofa s critique of Bangali Mussalmans The Daily Observer Dhaka Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b c d e Ibrahim Ahmad 29 April 2017 Ahmed Sofa In Posterity Muslim Anxiety In A Muslim World The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 4 April 2018 Retrieved 4 April 2018 Rahman Muhammad Habibur 2016 First published 1985 Revised 2008 Gangaridai Theke Bangladesh গঙ গ ঋদ ধ থ ক ব ল দ শ From Gangaridai to Bangladesh in Bengali Revised ed Dhaka Bangla Academy p 220 ISBN 978 984 07 5479 3 Ekbal Nikhat 2009 Ahmed Sofa Great Muslims of Undivided India Delhi Kalpaz Publications p 266 ISBN 978 81 7835 756 0 Retrieved 2 April 2018 His Bangali Musalmaner Man is one of the most thought provoking and much hailed books in Bangladesh Khan Salimullah December 2013 Ahmed Sofar Sadhana আহমদ ছফ র স ধন Ahmed Sofa s Efforts Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহম দ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir in Bengali Dhaka Agamee Prakashani p 39 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 a b c Umar Badruddin 2011 1972 Bhumika ভ ম ক Introduction Sampratik Bibechana Buddhibrittir Natun Bynyas স ম প রত ক ব ব চন ব দ ধ ব ত ত র নত ন ব ন য স Reconsideration A New Mode of Intellectualism in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company p 46 ISBN 978 984 408 137 6 a b c Talukdar Zakir 15 August 2013 Ahmed Sofa Jakhan Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas Kamana Karen আহমদ ছফ যখন ব দ ধ ব ত ত র নত ন ব ন য স ক মন কর ন When Ahmed Sofa Desires a New Mode of Intellectual Sampratik Deshkal in Bengali Dhaka Archived from the original on 2 April 2018 Retrieved 2 April 2018 a b c d Selina Hossain Nurul Islam and Mobarak Hossain ed 2000 Bangla Academy Dictionary of Writers Dhaka Bangla Academy pp 22 23 ISBN 978 984 07 4052 9 a b c d Ekbal Nikhat 2009 Ahmed Sofa Great Muslims of Undivided India Delhi Kalpaz Publications pp 265 269 ISBN 978 81 7835 756 0 Retrieved 2 April 2018 Hannan Sudipta 2017 Ahmed Sofar Upanyas Bangladesher Udbhab ebang Bikasher Byakaran আহমদ ছফ র উপন য স ব ল দ শ র উদ ভব এব ব ক শ র ব য করণ Ahmed Sofa s Novels The Grammar of Bangladesh s Emergence and Development in Bengali Dhaka Puthinilay Prakashani pp 9 20 ISBN 978 984 921243 0 a b c d e f g Elias Akhtaruzzaman 2013 Composed 1995 Ahmed Sofar Upanyas আহমদ ছফ র উপন য স Ahmed Sofa s Novels In Elias Khalekuzzaman ed Akhtaruzzaman Elias Rachanasamgra আখত র জ জ ম ন ইল য স রচন সমগ র ৩ Collected Writings of Akhtaruzzaman Elias in Bengali Vol 3 Dhaka Mowla Brothers pp 411 416 ISBN 978 984 410 363 4 Khorshed Alam 10 August 2001 Ahmed Sofa The death of an iconoclast Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 In fiction he has penned such immortal story as Ongkaar which till today remains the best literary expression of our great language movement a b c d e f g h Roy Rajib Kanti 23 July 2015 Ahmed Sofa An Outstanding Intellectual Daily Sun Dhaka East West Media Group Limited Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 Retrieved 2 May 2018 a b c d Khan Salimullah December 2013 Paribar Goshthi Rastra পর ব র গ ষ ঠ র ষ ট র Family Community State Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহম দ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir in Bengali Dhaka Agamee Prakashani pp 157 163 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 Gabhi Bittranto Timely Review of a Satire New Age Retrieved 19 October 2018 a b c Das Subrata Kumar Ahmed Sofa Kayekti Upanyaser Aloke আহমদ ছফ কয কট উপন য স র আল ক Ahmed Sofa in the Light of His Novels Bangladeshi Novels in Bengali Archived from the original on 2 April 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 Ahmed Sofa s Gabhi Bittanto A Timeless Political Allegory Daily Sun Retrieved 19 October 2018 a b c Karim Lamia 28 July 2017 A humanist for all seasons New Age Dhaka Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 Retrieved 1 May 2018 Khan Salimullah 2013 Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহম দ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir Dhaka Agamee Prakashani pp 284 302 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 Sofa Ahmed July 2013 Anwar Nurul ed Ahmed Sofa Rachanabali আহমদ ছফ রচন বল Collected Writings of Ahmed Sofa in Bengali Vol 6 Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company ISBN 978 984 408 128 4 a b Khan Salimullah 31 July 2017 Bloodless genocide The allegorical gaze of Ahmed Sofa The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 Retrieved 23 November 2017 a b Ahmed Humayun 2009 Ballpoint বলপয ন ট Dhaka Anyaprokash p 29 ISBN 978 984 8685 16 7 ছফ ভ ই ছ ল ন আম র Mentor এই ই র জ শব দট র সঠ ক ব ল ন ই Mentor এমন গ র য র প রধ ন চ ষ ট শ ষ যক পথ দ খ য উ চ ত ত ল ছফ ভ ই শ ধ য এক আম র ম ন টর ছ ল ন ত ন অন ক রই ছ ল ন Sofa bhai was my mentor Mentor has no Bengali equivalent Mentors are those gurus who try their best to show their disciples the path to the pinnacle Sofa bhai was not only my mentors but also many others as well Khan Siddikur Rahman 27 June 2014 Ahmed Sofa Bishwabidyalyer Atma আহমদ ছফ র ব শ বব দ য লয র আত ম Ahmed Sofa The Soul of the University The Daily Ittefaq Dhaka Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 a b Iqbal Muhammad Zafar 2008 First published 2003 Ahmed Sofa ebang Bangla Academy Puraskar আহমদ ছফ এব ব ল এক ড ম প রস ক র Kolamsamogra 1 কল ম সমগ র ১ Collected Columns in Bengali Vol 1 Dhaka Ananya Prokashoni pp 538 543 ISBN 978 984 412 301 4 Masud Catherine 6 December 2017 Tareque To Tomar Preme Parheche ত র ক ত ত ম র প র ম পড ছ Tareque Has Fallen in Love with You Prothom Alo in Bengali Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 6 May 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 ছফ ভ ই ছ ল ন ত র ক র গ র ছফ ভ ই ত ক বল ছ ল ন আম র ক থ ক একট ম য আসছ দ খ স হয ত ত ম ক স হ য য করত প র Nasirullah Sharif 10 August 2017 Chalachchitra Pran Ek Parichalak চলচ চ ত র প র ণ এক পর চ লক A Film Buff Director Prothom Alo in Bengali Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 6 May 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 ১৯৮৭ স ল র দ ক আহমদ ছফ য ব দ তর ণ র ছফ স ই সময র ব হ ম য ন তর ণ শ ল প স হ ত য কদ র ন য আড ড দ ন ব ল দ শ গব ষণ করত আস ক য থর নও জড য য ন স আড ড য স খ ন পর চয ত র ক র সঙ গ ত র ক র প রথম ছব র স বজ ক ট য মন আহমদ ছফ র আব ষ ক র ত মন ছব র স স র র এই ম ন ষট ও ছফ র আব ষ ক র আহমদ ছফ ত র কক বলত ন ত ম ক আম ক য থর ন দ য ছ ল ম Khan Salimullah 15 August 2011 Amar Shikshak Tareque Masud আম র শ ক ষক ত র ক ম স দ My Teacher Tareque Masud arts bdnews24 com in Bengali Dhaka Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 য বন র প র রম ভ আমর দ ইজন ই আহমদ ছফ র পদতল বস য প রজ ঞ ভ ক ষ কর য ছ Ahmad Reaz 28 July 2012 Sofa s inspiration The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 Retrieved 23 November 2017 Azam Mohammad 15 September 2017 Ahmed Sofar Prashna O Anusandhan আহমদ ছফ র প রশ ন ও অন সন ধ ন Ahmed Sofa s Inquiries and Investigations Prothom Alo in Bengali Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 a b c Mazhar Farhad 1 July 2010 First Published 2007 in Samakal s weekly special Kaler Kheya Ahmed Sofa ebang Byaktir Muktitattwa আহমদ ছফ এব ব যক ত র ম ক ত তত ত ব Ahmed Sofa and the Theory of Individual Emancipation Chintaa চ ন ত Thoughts in Bengali Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 Retrieved 1 April 2018 স ছফ গ ছব ড য গ র ম থ ক আস অত স ধ রণ একট গ র ম র ছ ল ক ন ত স হ ত য স স ক ত চ ন ত ও র জন ত র জগত স য উথ লপ থ ল ধ ক ক দ য গ ল ত র ফল ব ল দ শ র স হ ত য বল স স ক ত বল র জন ত বল ব প লব ক কর মক ন ড বল ত র সঙ গ খ দ একট ব ঝ পড ন কর ক ন ক ষ ত র ই অগ রসর হওয য ব ন a b Anwar Nurul 2010 Sofamrita ছফ ম ত Sofa Ambrosia in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company p 183 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 a b Jahangir Kamruzzaman 29 July 2011 Manush Ahmed Sofa ম ন ষ আহমদ ছফ Ahmed Sofa as a Human Kaler Kantho in Bengali Dhaka East West Media Group Limited Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 a b Haseen Shakina 2013 Parishista Ahmed Sofar Jibanpunji পর শ ষ ট আহমদ ছফ জ বনপঞ জ Appendices Important Events of Ahmed Sofa s Life In Anwar Nurul ed Ahmed Sofa Rachanabali আহমদ ছফ রচন বল Ahmed Sofa s Collected Writings in Bengali Vol 8 Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company pp 483 492 ISBN 978 984 408 126 0 a b c Hossain Takir Anam Mahfuz ed Ahmed Sofa The voice of the deprived The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 Retrieved 23 November 2017 Bangla Academy Bangla Sahityakosh ব ল এক দ ম ব ল স হ ত যক ষ প রথম খণ ড Bangla Academy s Encyclopedia of Bengali Literature Vol 1 Dhaka Bangla Academy 2001 p 327 ISBN 978 984 07 4200 4 a b Chowdhury Zafrullah 4 September 2018 আহমদ ছফ Ahmed Sofa Bonik Barta Archived from the original on 5 May 2018 Retrieved 5 May 2018 Talukdar Zakir 30 June 2015 অস বস ত কর আহমদ ছফ NTV Online Archived from the original on 5 May 2018 Retrieved 5 May 2018 The voice of the deprived video The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group 28 July 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2018 a b Anwar Nurul 2010 Sofamrita ছফ ম ত Sofa Ambrosia in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company pp 92 93 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 a b Anwar Nurul 2010 Sofamrita ছফ ম ত Sofa Ambrosia in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company pp 112 115 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 Askari Dr Rashid 18 January 2015 Intellectuals in Bangladesh The Daily Observer Archived from the original on 15 October 2017 Retrieved 3 May 2018 Khan Salimullah 2013 First published 2009 Prarthana প র র থন Prayer In Khan Salimullah ed Behat Biplab 1971 ব হ ত ব প লব ১৯৭১ The Lost Revolution 1971 in Bengali 2nd ed Dhaka Agamee Prakashani pp 18 27 ISBN 978 984 04 1586 1 Mohan Abdullah Al 11 November 2017 Ahmed Sofa Buddhibrittir Duhsahasi Nayak আহমদ ছফ ব দ ধ ব ত ত র দ স হস ন য ক Ahmed Sofa The Intrepid Intellectual Dainik Janata in Bengali Dhaka Romax Ltd Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 Reza Mahbub 16 December 2015 Amader Upanyase Muktijuddha আম দ র উপন য স ম ক ত য দ ধ Our Liberation War in Novels News Bangladesh in Bengali Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 a b c Rayhan Nasir 9 December 2017 Ahmed Sofa s Moron Bilash to go on stage Dhaka Tribune Dhaka 2A Media Limited Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 Moron Bilash the political novel by Ahmed Sofa revolves around a wrecked politician named Fazle Elahi The ex home minister narrates his political career to Mawla Box lying on his sickbed The witty and humorous confession of the politician in fact turns out to be a reflective commentary of the contemporary society and regional politics and brings out the dirty secrets of the sub continental politics and politicians while scrutinising history economics religion sexuality polygamy in the light of the sub continental politics Sarwar Fahim Ibne 27 August 2015 আহমদ ছফ র গ ভ ব ত ত ন ত NTV Online in Bengali Dhaka NTV Bangladesh Retrieved 6 April 2018 Rashid Amin Al 8 November 2017 গ ভ ব ত ত ন ত Bangla Tribune in Bengali Dhaka Gemcon Group Retrieved 6 April 2018 ব ক র ভ ও গ ভ ব ত ত ন ত Campus Times in Bengali Dhaka 2 July 2017 Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 Islam Syed Manzoorul 2003 Death in the Afternoon The Passing Away of Ahmed Sofa Ahmed Sofa Smarakgrantha আহমদ ছফ স ম রকগ রন থ Writings in Memory of Ahmed Sofa Dhaka cited in Khan Salimullah 2013 The chapter was first published in 2009 Basanar Naribhab ব সন র ন র ভ ব Feminine State of Desire Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহম দ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir in Bengali Dhaka Agamee Prakashani p 274 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 Khan Salimullah 2013 2010 Purush o Prakriti প র ষ ও প রক ত Masculinity and Nature Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহম দ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir in Bengali Dhaka Agamee Prakashani p 304 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 Anwar Nurul 2010 ছফ ম ত Sofamrita in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company p 201 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 Khan Siddikur Rahman 26 July 2013 আহমদ ছফ ও ব হঙ গ প র ণ Ahmed Sofa and the Story of Birds The Daily Ittefaq in Bengali Dhaka Retrieved 2 April 2018 Anwar Nurul 2010 ছফ ম ত Sofamrita in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company p 204 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 Milan Imdadul Haq ed 7 October 2012 Ahmed Sofa আহমদ ছফ Kaler Kantho in Bengali Dhaka East West Media Group Limited Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 ব ল ভ ষ র অন যতম শ র ষ ঠ ল খক আহমদ ছফ প রত ব দ আর প রগত ত অনন য ছ ল ন ম ধ ব এই ল খক প রবন ধ গল প উপন য স সম ল চন কব ত সহ স হ ত য র ন ন শ খ য অস ধ রণ প রত ভ র স ব ক ষর র খ ছ ন আহমদ ছফ ত র মত ব যক ত ত বব ধসম পন ন ল খক ব ল য খ ব কমই জন ম ছ ন AHMED SOFA IN WEIMAR A Bangali tribute to Goethe The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group 28 July 2018 Archived from the original on 2 May 2018 Retrieved 1 May 2018 Abdur Razzaq 2013 Preface to Ahmed Sofa s German Perspective Ahmed Sofa Rachanabali 8 Khan Brothers and Company p 197 ISBN 978 984 408 126 0 Khan Salimullah December 2013 Amader Kaler Nayak আম দ র ক ল র ন য ক The Hero of Our Time Ahmed Sofa Sonjiboni আহম দ ছফ সঞ জ বন Ahmed Sofa Elixir Dhaka Agamee Prakashani p 59 ISBN 978 984 04 1585 4 Maksud Syed Abul 28 July 2016 Ahmed Sofa Memorial Lecture 12 Syed Abul Moksud s speech Speech Ahmed Sofa Smiriti Boktrita 12 Ahmed Sofa Memorial Lecture 12 Dhaka University Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2018 Amin Mohammad 2017 Ahmed Sofar Chokhe Bangladesher Buddhijibi Dhaka Kalikalam Prakashana ISBN 9789849187893 Khan Salimullah 30 June 2016 Ahmed Sofa Drasta আহমদ ছফ দ রষ ট Ahmed Sofa The Visionary Bangladesh Pratidin in Bengali Dhaka East West Media Group Ltd Archived from the original on 29 April 2018 Retrieved 25 April 2018 Ahmed Sofar Janmadine আহমদ ছফ র জন মদ ন On Ahmed Sofa s Birth Anniversary Prothom Alo in Bengali Transcom Group 20 June 2015 Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 Ahmed Humayun February 2013 The chapter was first published in Prothom Alo on 10 August 2001 Ahmed Sofa Parbe Na Tar Payer Chinha আহমদ ছফ পড ব ন ত র প য র চ হ ন Ahmed Sofa His footsteps Will Not Be Set Again Basanta Bilap বসন ত ব ল প Spring Wailings in Bengali Dhaka Prothoma p 67 ISBN 978 984 90192 4 4 Ahmed Sofa wrote for underprivileged The Daily Star Dhaka Transcom Group 1 November 2014 Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 Retrieved 23 November 2017 Ongkare Bhabna ও ক র এ ভ বন Bhabna in Omkar Prothom Alo in Bengali Dhaka Transcom Group 13 January 2016 Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 Rahman Mokhlesur 18 January 2016 Ahmed Sofar Parul Charitre Bhabna আহমদ ছফ র প র ল চর ত র ভ বন Bhabna to Play Ahmed Sofa s Parul Risingbd com in Bengali Dhaka Archived from the original on 6 April 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2018 Ahmed Sofake Niye Gazi Tanziar Upanyas আহমদ ছফ ক ন য গ জ ত নজ য র উপন য স Gazi Tanzia s Novel Based on Ahmed Sofa s Life BanglaNews24 com in Bengali Dhaka An EWMGL Company 24 June 2014 Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 Retrieved 26 April 2018 Tanzia Gazi 2014 Kaler Nayak ক ল র ন য ক The Hero of the Age in Bengali Dhaka Adorn Publishers p 269 ISBN 978 984 20 0382 0 Retrieved 26 April 2018 Khan Salimullah 3 January 2018 প গল ম র ইত হ স ও সভ যত র ধ রণ সল ম ল ল হ খ ন স ম ন র দ ব ত য দ ন পর ব ১ ব ধ চ ত ত History of Madness and the Idea of Civilization by Salimullah Khan Seminar 2nd Day Part 1 Bodhichitta Dhaka Bodhichitta Jahangirnagar University archived from the original on 19 December 2021 retrieved 6 April 2018 Talukdar Zakir 12 August 2015 ব তর ক জড ন আহমদ ছফ হ ম য ন আজ দ অন য ল খক Ahmed Sofa Humayun Azad and other writers in disagreement NTV in Bengali Dhaka ITC Ltd Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 আহমদ ছফ ছ ল ন জ ত র স র ব ক ম ক ত ন য আগ রহ একজন ম ন ষ শ ধ ল খ নয বক ত ত দ ওয নয ম ছ ল হ ট ম ন ষ ব ঝ ই য চ ছ ল দ জন র ব তর কট হব অসম এর পর আজ দ র এক র পর এক গ রন থ র অস রত অগভ রত ম ন ষক চ খ আঙ ল দ য দ খ ন র ক জট কর গ ছ ন আহমদ ছফ Mazhar Ahmad 30 June 2010 আম র ছফ আব ষ ক র bdnews24 com in Bengali Dhaka Bangladesh News 24 Hours Ltd Retrieved 6 April 2018 Ahmed Humayun February 2013 The chapter was first published in Prothom Alo on 10 August 2001 Ahmed Sofa Parbe Na Tar Payer Chinha আহমদ ছফ পড ব ন ত র প য র চ হ ন Ahmed Sofa His footsteps Will Not Be Set Again Basanta Bilap বসন ত ব ল প Spring Wailings in Bengali Dhaka Prothoma pp 64 67 ISBN 978 984 90192 4 4 Anwar Nurul ed 2013 Parishishtha Ek Najare Ahmed Sofa Granthapunji Appendices Ahmed Sofa Bibliography Ahmed Sofa Rachanabali 8 আহমদ ছফ রচন বল ৮ Collected Writings of Ahmed Sofa in Bengali Vol 8 Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company pp 494 496 ISBN 978 984 408 126 0 Anwar Nurul 2010 Ahmed Sofa Granthapanji আহমদ ছফ গ রন থপঞ জ Ahmed Sofa Bibliography Sofamrita ছফ ম ত Sofa Ambrosia in Bengali Dhaka Khan Brothers and Company pp 201 203 ISBN 978 984 408 171 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ahmed Sofa amp oldid 1189545123, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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