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Spathodea

May 04, 2024

Spathodea is a genus in the plant family Bignoniaceae. The single species it contains, Spathodea campanulata, is commonly known as the African tulip tree.[2] The tree grows between 7–25 m (23–82 ft) tall and is native to tropical dry forests of Africa. It has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders.[3]

Spathodea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Clade: Crescentiina
Clade: Paleotropical clade
Genus: Spathodea
P.Beauv.
Species:
S. campanulata
Binomial name
Spathodea campanulata

This tree is planted extensively as an ornamental tree throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish-orange or crimson (rarely yellow), campanulate flowers. The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek words σπαθη (spathe) and οιδα (oida),[4] referring to the spathe-like calyx.[5] It was identified by Europeans in 1787 on the Gold Coast of Africa.[6]

Description edit

 
Nandi flame tree in Kerio Valley

The flower bud is ampule-shaped and contains water. People sometimes play with these buds because of their ability to squirt water.[7] The sap sometimes stains yellow on fingers and clothes. The open flowers are cup-shaped and hold rain and dew, making them attractive to many species of birds.

Flower anatomy edit

The African tulip tree flower produces large flamboyant reddish-orange flowers that have approximately five petals and are 8-15 cm long. The flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic. These are displayed in a terminal corymb-like raceme inflorescence. Its pedicel is approximately 6 cm long. This flower also has a yellow margin and throat. The pistil can be found at center of four stamens that is inserted on the corolla tube. This flower has a slender ovary that is superior and is two celled. The seeds of this tree are flat, thin, and broadly winged.

Species associations edit

In Neotropical gardens and parks, their nectar is popular with many hummingbirds, such as the black-throated mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis), the black jacobin (Florisuga fusca), or the gilded hummingbird (Hylocharis chrysura).[8] The wood of the tree is soft and is used for nesting by many hole-building birds such as barbets. [9] Unfortunately the flowers have a natural defence killing bees, and it is thought various other species who harvest its pollen.

Geographic distribution edit

It has become an invasive species in many tropical areas, such as Hawaii, Queensland (Australia), Fiji, Papua New Guinea, South Africa[11] and the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka.[12]

Spathodea campanulata is a declared class 3 pest species in Queensland, Australia, under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002.[13] It is known to be toxic to Australian native stingless bees, such as Lipotriches (Austronomia) flavoviridis.[14]

Pests and diseases edit

In Uganda, two lepidopteran species, two termite species, and one bark beetle attack S. campanulata. In Puerto Rico nine insect species in the orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera have been reported as feeding on various parts of S. campanulata. The species is quite susceptible to butt and heart rot; wood of the tree rots quickly when in contact with the ground.

Use edit

Its wood is too weak for construction use but ideal enough for boxes and toothpicks. Fijian children sometimes use its flower buds as water pistols.[15]

Common names edit

  • Afrikaans: fakkelboom, Afrika-vlamboom[16]
  • Bangla: rudrapalash (রুদ্রপলাশ)
  • English: African tulip tree, fountain tree, Nandi flame, Nile flame, squirt tree, tulip tree, Uganda flame, Flame Tree of Thika
  • Fijian: pasiu, pisipisi[15]
  • French: tulipier de Gabon[17]
  • Hindi: rugtoora (रुग्तूरा)
  • Indonesian: Kiacret[18]
  • Kannada: Neerukayi mara, Jeerkolavi mara (ನೀರುಕಾಯಿ ಮರ, ಜೀರ್ಕೊೞವಿ ಮರ, ಜೀರ್ಕೊಳವಿ ಮರ)
  • Luganda: kifabakazi
  • Luhya: muzurio
  • Malay: panchut-panchut
  • Malayalam: African Poomaram (ആഫ്രിക്കൻ പൂമരം)
  • Sinhala: kudaella gaha, kudulu
  • Spanish: amapola, espatodea, mampolo, tulipán africano, in Puerto Rico meaíto, in Guatemala llama del bosque.[19]
  • Swahili: kibobakasi, kifabakazi
  • Telugu: Neeti Budda (నీటి బుడ్డ), Gonuganta (గోనుగంట)
  • Tamil: pasadi (பாசடி)

Nandi: Septet (singular),Septonok (plural)

  • Trade name: Nandi flame

Gallery edit

  •  
    Flower
  •  
    Fruit
  •  
    Bark
  •  
    Habitus
  •  
    Buds
  •  
    Seed
  •  
    Yellow cultivar
  •  
    Buds
  •  
    Fruits
  •  
    Fruits
  •  
    Phyllotaxy
  •  
    Leaves

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Rivers, M.C. & Mark, J. (2017). "Spathodea campanulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T49196213A49196223. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Spathodea campanulata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  3. ^ "GISD".
  4. ^ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  5. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 4 R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2526. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
  6. ^ African Tulip Tropical Tree
  7. ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 2. ISBN 9780910690027.
  8. ^ Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)
  9. ^ de QUEIROZ, A. C. M., VENTURIERI, G., VENTURIERI, G., & de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, M. C. M. (2012). Effect of toxicity of nectar and pollen of african tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) on Melipona fasciculata and M. seminigra (Apidae, Meliponini). In Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Resumo em anais de congresso (ALICE). In: ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS, 10., 2012, Ribeirão Preto. Anais... Ribeirão Preto: FUNPEC, 2012
  10. ^ "ফুটেছে রুদ্রপলাশ | প্রথম আলো". 18 April 2018.
  11. ^ "African tulip tree – Invasive Species South Africa". Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  12. ^ Invasive Species Compendium and Lalith Gunasekera, Invasive Plants: A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka, Colombo 2009, pp. 70–71.
  13. ^ Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route) Regulation 2003 (Qld) - Schedule 2
  14. ^ O'Flaherty, Antonia (2021-02-17). "Brisbane beekeeper creates editable map to track African tulip trees killing native stingless bees". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  15. ^ a b Keppel, Gunnar; Ghazanfar, Shahina A. (2011). Trees of Fiji: A Guide to 100 Rainforest Trees (third, revised ed.). Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. pp. 58–9.
  16. ^ "African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  17. ^ "African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  18. ^ "African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  19. ^ "African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2024-04-02.

References edit

  • Baza Mendonça, Luciana & dos Anjos, Luiz (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51–59. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007 PDF fulltext
  • http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=75

External links edit

  •   Data related to Spathodea campanulata at Wikispecies
  •   Media related to Spathodea at Wikimedia Commons

May 04, 2024
spathodea, genus, plant, family, bignoniaceae, single, species, contains, campanulata, commonly, known, african, tulip, tree, tree, grows, between, tall, native, tropical, forests, africa, been, nominated, among, world, worst, invaders, conservation, status, l. Spathodea is a genus in the plant family Bignoniaceae The single species it contains Spathodea campanulata is commonly known as the African tulip tree 2 The tree grows between 7 25 m 23 82 ft tall and is native to tropical dry forests of Africa It has been nominated as among 100 of the World s Worst invaders 3 Spathodea Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Lamiales Family Bignoniaceae Clade Crescentiina Clade Paleotropical clade Genus SpathodeaP Beauv Species S campanulata Binomial name Spathodea campanulataP Beauv This tree is planted extensively as an ornamental tree throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish orange or crimson rarely yellow campanulate flowers The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek words spa8h spathe and oida oida 4 referring to the spathe like calyx 5 It was identified by Europeans in 1787 on the Gold Coast of Africa 6 Contents 1 Description 2 Flower anatomy 3 Species associations 4 Geographic distribution 5 Pests and diseases 6 Use 7 Common names 8 Gallery 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External linksDescription edit nbsp Nandi flame tree in Kerio Valley The flower bud is ampule shaped and contains water People sometimes play with these buds because of their ability to squirt water 7 The sap sometimes stains yellow on fingers and clothes The open flowers are cup shaped and hold rain and dew making them attractive to many species of birds Flower anatomy editThe African tulip tree flower produces large flamboyant reddish orange flowers that have approximately five petals and are 8 15 cm long The flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic These are displayed in a terminal corymb like raceme inflorescence Its pedicel is approximately 6 cm long This flower also has a yellow margin and throat The pistil can be found at center of four stamens that is inserted on the corolla tube This flower has a slender ovary that is superior and is two celled The seeds of this tree are flat thin and broadly winged Species associations editIn Neotropical gardens and parks their nectar is popular with many hummingbirds such as the black throated mango Anthracothorax nigricollis the black jacobin Florisuga fusca or the gilded hummingbird Hylocharis chrysura 8 The wood of the tree is soft and is used for nesting by many hole building birds such as barbets 9 Unfortunately the flowers have a natural defence killing bees and it is thought various other species who harvest its pollen Geographic distribution editNative to Angola Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Exotic in Australia Bangladesh 10 Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Fiji Hawaii India Jamaica Mauritius Mexico Papua New Guinea Puerto Rico Sri Lanka Zanzibar PhilippinesIt has become an invasive species in many tropical areas such as Hawaii Queensland Australia Fiji Papua New Guinea South Africa 11 and the wet and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka 12 Spathodea campanulata is a declared class 3 pest species in Queensland Australia under the Land Protection Pest and Stock Route Management Act 2002 13 It is known to be toxic to Australian native stingless bees such as Lipotriches Austronomia flavoviridis 14 Pests and diseases editIn Uganda two lepidopteran species two termite species and one bark beetle attack S campanulata In Puerto Rico nine insect species in the orders Hemiptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera have been reported as feeding on various parts of S campanulata The species is quite susceptible to butt and heart rot wood of the tree rots quickly when in contact with the ground Use editIts wood is too weak for construction use but ideal enough for boxes and toothpicks Fijian children sometimes use its flower buds as water pistols 15 Common names editAfrikaans fakkelboom Afrika vlamboom 16 Bangla rudrapalash র দ রপল শ English African tulip tree fountain tree Nandi flame Nile flame squirt tree tulip tree Uganda flame Flame Tree of Thika Fijian pasiu pisipisi 15 French tulipier de Gabon 17 Hindi rugtoora र ग त र Indonesian Kiacret 18 Kannada Neerukayi mara Jeerkolavi mara ನ ರ ಕ ಯ ಮರ ಜ ರ ಕ ೞವ ಮರ ಜ ರ ಕ ಳವ ಮರ Luganda kifabakazi Luhya muzurio Malay panchut panchut Malayalam African Poomaram ആഫ ര ക കൻ പ മര Sinhala kudaella gaha kudulu Spanish amapola espatodea mampolo tulipan africano in Puerto Rico meaito in Guatemala llama del bosque 19 Swahili kibobakasi kifabakazi Telugu Neeti Budda న ట బ డ డ Gonuganta గ న గ ట Tamil pasadi ப சட Nandi Septet singular Septonok plural Trade name Nandi flameGallery edit nbsp Flower nbsp Fruit nbsp Bark nbsp Habitus nbsp Buds nbsp Seed nbsp Yellow cultivar nbsp Buds nbsp Fruits nbsp Fruits nbsp Phyllotaxy nbsp LeavesFootnotes edit Rivers M C amp Mark J 2017 Spathodea campanulata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T49196213A49196223 Retrieved 13 November 2023 USDA NRCS n d Spathodea campanulata The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 24 November 2015 GISD Gledhill D 2008 The Names of Plants 4 ed Cambridge University Press p 357 ISBN 978 0 521 86645 3 Quattrocchi Umberto 2000 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names Vol 4 R Z Taylor amp Francis US p 2526 ISBN 978 0 8493 2678 3 African Tulip Tropical Tree Hargreaves Dorothy Hargreaves Bob 1964 Tropical Trees of Hawaii Kailua Hawaii Hargreaves p 2 ISBN 9780910690027 Baza Mendonca amp dos Anjos 2005 de QUEIROZ A C M VENTURIERI G VENTURIERI G amp de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR M C M 2012 Effect of toxicity of nectar and pollen of african tulip tree Spathodea campanulata on Melipona fasciculata and M seminigra Apidae Meliponini In Embrapa Amazonia Oriental Resumo em anais de congresso ALICE In ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS 10 2012 Ribeirao Preto Anais Ribeirao Preto FUNPEC 2012 ফ ট ছ র দ রপল শ প রথম আল 18 April 2018 African tulip tree Invasive Species South Africa Retrieved 2022 02 17 Invasive Species Compendium and Lalith Gunasekera Invasive Plants A guide to the identification of the most invasive plants of Sri Lanka Colombo 2009 pp 70 71 Land Protection Pest and Stock Route Regulation 2003 Qld Schedule 2 O Flaherty Antonia 2021 02 17 Brisbane beekeeper creates editable map to track African tulip trees killing native stingless bees ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 2021 02 18 a b Keppel Gunnar Ghazanfar Shahina A 2011 Trees of Fiji A Guide to 100 Rainforest Trees third revised ed Secretariat of the Pacific Community amp Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit pp 58 9 African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata iNaturalist Retrieved 2024 04 02 African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata iNaturalist Retrieved 2024 04 02 African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata iNaturalist Retrieved 2024 04 02 African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata iNaturalist Retrieved 2024 04 02 References editBaza Mendonca Luciana amp dos Anjos Luiz 2005 Beija flores Aves Trochilidae e seus recursos florais em uma area urbana do Sul do Brasil Hummingbirds Aves Trochilidae and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil Portuguese with English abstract Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 1 51 59 doi 10 1590 S0101 81752005000100007 PDF fulltext http www issg org database species ecology asp si 75External links edit nbsp Data related to Spathodea campanulata at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Spathodea at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spathodea amp oldid 1216854439, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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