fbpx
Wikipedia

Afro-Arabs

May 08, 2024

"African Arabs" and "African Arab people" redirect here. For Arabs living in North Africa, see North African Arabs.
"Afro-Arab" redirects here. Not to be confused with the Africa-Arabian Peninsula relations of the African Union.

Afro-Arabs, African Arabs, or Black Arabs are Arabs of full or partial indigenous African descent. These include primarily minority groups in the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain, as well as Iraq and Levant: Syria, Palestine, and Jordan. The term may also refer to various Arab groups in certain African regions.[2]

Afro-Arabs
عرب أفارقة
Regions with significant populations
Gulf States, Levant, Yemen, East Africa, Swahili Coast, Sahel
 Saudi Arabia1,880,000 (around 5%; listed as Afro-Asian)[1]
Languages
Arabic, Teda, Hausa, Fula, Swahili, Coptic, Comorian
Religion
Majority Islam
Related ethnic groups
Afro-Saudis, Afro-Palestinians, Afro-Jordanians, Al-Akhdam, Afro-Iraqis, Afro-Syrians, Afro-Omanis, Afro-Emiratis

Overview edit

 
Afro-Arab man of the Congo (ca. 1942).

Southern Arabian and African civilizations have been in contact since the obsidian-exchange networks of the seventh millennium BC. These networks were strengthened by the rise of the Egyptian dynasties of the fourth millennium BC. Researchers have indicated the possible settlement of people from Arabia in the Horn of Africa as early as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC.[3]

The Afro-Arabian Tihama culture, which may have originated in Africa, began in the second millennium BC. This cultural complex is found in Africa, in countries such as Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, as well as in neighbouring Yemen and the Saudi coastal plains.[3]

In the first millennium BC, Southern Arabians gained control of the Red Sea trade-routes and established the first kingdom of Yemen, Saba, in around 800 BC. As a result of Saba's influence, Eritrea and the north of Ethiopia were gradually incorporated into an area of Arabian influence. By 600 BC, the formation of the state of Daamat arose in Eritrea and in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Many inscriptions in the Sabaean script have been found.

Although the script is clearly identical to that in southern Arabia, most of the inscriptions reveal few elements, in language and its key features, or in custom, that were known in the origin area. Evidence of a pre-Sabaean Semitic language or a group of languages in Ethiopia during this period is apparent from lexical and morphological peculiarities found in its Sabaic inscriptions. These are not present in ancient inscriptions from southern Arabia. Despite initial interpretations suggesting a colonization of the highlands of Tigray and Eritrea by Sabaeans from the western side of the Red Sea, due to similarities in script, language, pantheon, and monuments with the South Arabian civilization, there is no factual indication of domination. There is no mention of control, dependency, or outposts identified on either side. The idea was dismissed in the 1950s and 1960s by some scholars who proposed that Sabaean presence was limited to the settlement of small groups, particularly stonemasons, as monumental inscriptions primarily mention stonework. The local features revealed in the inscriptions imply either an adaptation to local traditions or some form of influence. It appears that, if the Sabaeans did move to Ethiopia, they were integrated by the local population in the 8th century BC, and likely even earlier,[4].

After several centuries of isolation, the Kingdom of Aksum arose in 100 AD. This kingdom existed for 800 years and occupied southern Arabia for part of this period. Utilitarian Aksumite pottery has been found in large quantities in deposits from the 5th and 6th centuries in the Hadhramaut region of Yemen. This suggests that there may have been substantial immigration during that period.[citation needed]

Southern Arabia was a client state of the Aksumite kingdom throughout the sixth century. Himyarite inscriptions document an invasion of Mecca by an ambitious Aksumite general named Abraha (Tigrinya: አብርሃ) in the year 570 AD.[5] An early incident in Islamic Afro-Arab relations, known as the First Hijrah, (Arabic: الهجرة إلى الحبشة, al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša), was part of the early history of Islam. The first companions of the Prophet Muhammad (the Sahabah) fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They sought refuge in the Christian Kingdom of Aksum, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia (formerly referred to as Habesha land/Abyssinia, an ancient name whose origin is debated),[6] In 613 or 615 AD, the Aksumite monarch who received them is referred to as Ashama ibn Abjar or the Negus (Arabic: نجاشي, najāšī). Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham.[7]

Some of the companions later returned to Mecca and made the hijra to Medina with Muhammad, while others remained in Habesha land until they came to Medina in 628. The mosque they established is called the "Masjid aṣ-Ṣaḥābah". Located in the Eritrean city of Massawa, and dating to the early 7th century AD, it is believed to be the first mosque on the African continent.[8] Many companions settled there after Islam became established in the Arabian peninsula and the descendants of these companions still reside in the region.[citation needed]

From the 7th century onward Muslim communities were established along the coast of Eritrea and Somalia, subsequently spreading inland. The Arab slave trade, which began in pre-Islamic times but reached its height between 650 AD and 1900 AD, transported millions of African people from the Nile Valley, the Horn of Africa, and the eastern African coast across the Red Sea to Arabia. Millions more were taken from sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara as part of the trans-Saharan slave trade.[9]

By around the first millennium AD, Persian traders established trading towns on what is now called the Swahili Coast,[10][11] which, between the tenth and twelfth centuries, became more Arabized.[12]

The Portuguese conquered these trading centers after the discovery of the Cape Road. From the 1700s to the early 1800s, Muslim forces of the Omani empire re-seized these market towns, mainly on the islands of Pemba and Zanzibar. In these territories, Arabs from Yemen and Oman settled alongside the local "African" populations, thereby spreading Islam and establishing Afro-Arab communities.[13] The Niger-Congo Swahili language and culture largely evolved through these contacts between Arabs and the native Bantu population.[14]

In North Africa, Arabs historically had close connections to native continental Africans.

In the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, descendants of people from the Swahili Coast perform traditional Liwa and Fann at-Tanbura music and dance,[15] and the mizmar is also played by Afro-Arabs in the Tihamah and Hejaz.[citation needed]

In addition, Stambali of Tunisia[16] and Gnawa music of Morocco[17] are both ritual music and dances that in part trace their origins to West African musical styles.

Notable Afro-Arabs edit

See also edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "Saudi Arabia - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  2. ^ "The multiple roots of Emiratiness: the cosmopolitan history of Emirati society". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2020-08-18.
  3. ^ a b Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; Macaulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (April 2003). "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (4): 1058–1064. doi:10.1086/374384. PMC 1180338. PMID 12629598.
  4. ^ Dugast, Fabienne; Gajda, Iwona (2012-10-29). "Reconsidering contacts between southern Arabia and the highlands of Tigrai in the 1st millennium BC according to epigraphic data". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Iwona Gajda: Le royaume de Ḥimyar à l’époque monothéiste. L’histoire de l’Arabie ancienne de la fin du ive siècle de l’ère chrétienne jusqu’à l’avènement de l’Islam. Paris 2009, pp. 142–146.
  6. ^ E. A. Wallis Budge (Aug 1, 2014). A History of Ethiopia: Volume I: Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. pp. vii.
  7. ^ M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. UNESCO. p. 560.
  8. ^ "Liste des premières mosquées au monde prophètique, rashidun et omeyyade selon les écris historique et les traces archéologiques". Histoire Islamique (in French). 2014-06-15. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  9. ^ Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; Macaulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (April 2003). "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (4): 1058–1064. doi:10.1086/374384. PMC 1180338. PMID 12629598.
  10. ^ Brielle, Esther; et al. (2023). "Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast". Nature. 615 (7954): 866–873. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..866B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w. PMC 10060156. PMID 36991187. A key finding of this study is genetic evidence of admixture at roughly 1000 CE between people of African and people of Persian ancestry. This admixture is consistent with one strand of the history recorded by the Swahili themselves, the Kilwa Chronicle, which describes the arrival of seven Shirazi (Persian) princes on the Swahili coast. At Kilwa, coin evidence has dated a ruler linked to that Shirazi dynasty, Ali bin al-Hasan, to the mid-11th century. Whether or not this history has a basis in an actual voyage, ancient DNA provides direct evidence for Persian-associated ancestry deriving overwhelmingly from males and arriving on the eastern African coast by about 1000 CE. This timing corresponds with archaeological evidence for a substantial cultural transformation along the coast, including the widespread adoption of Islam.
  11. ^ Rothman, Norman (2002). "Indian Ocean Trading Links: The Swahili Experience". Comparative Civilizations Review. 46 (46).
  12. ^ Spear, Thomas (2000). "Early Swahili History Reconsidered". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 33 (2): 257–290. doi:10.2307/220649. JSTOR 220649.
  13. ^ Hinde 1897, p. 2.
  14. ^ Tarikh, Volumes 1-2. Longman. 1966. p. 68. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  15. ^ Olsen, Poul Rovsing (1967). "La Musique Africaine dans le Golfe Persique" [African Music in the Persian Gulf]. Journal of the International Folk Music Council (in French). 19: 28–36. doi:10.2307/942182. JSTOR 942182.
  16. ^ Jankowsky, Richard C. (Fall 2006). "Black Spirits, White Saints: Music, Spirit Possession, and Sub-Saharans in Tunisia". Ethnomusicology. 50 (3). The University of Illinois Press/Ethnomusicology: 373–410. doi:10.2307/20174467. JSTOR 20174467. S2CID 191924116.
  17. ^ "Gnawa Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO. …ceremonies combining ancestral African practices, Arab-Muslim influences and native Berber cultural performances.

Bibliography edit

  • Hinde, Sidney Langford (1897). The Fall of the Congo Arabs. London: Methuen & Co.
  • Mazrui, Alamin M.; Mutunga, Willy, eds. (2004). Debating the African Condition: Race, gender, and culture conflict (illustrated ed.). Africa World Press. ISBN 9781592211456.
  • Mazrui, Ali A. (2014). The Politics of Gender and the Culture of Sexuality: Western, Islamic, and African Perspectives. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761864035.

External links edit

  • Afo-Arab relations and the Arab Slave Trade
  • "Black Africans in (Arab) West Asia" - a cited ColorQ.org essay
  • Prof. Helmi Sharawy, Arab Culture and African Culture: ambiguous relations 2021-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, paper extracted from the book The Dialogue between the Arab culture and other cultures', Arab League, Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), Tunis, 1999.
  • of The Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, 23, February 23–28, 1987.
  • , Addis Ababa: 10–12 May 2005.
  • Maho M. Sebiane, « Le statut socio-économique de la pratique musicale aux Émirats arabes unis : la tradition du leiwah à Dubai », Chroniques yéménites, 14, 2007.[1][permanent dead link].
  • Afro-Arabian origins of the Early Yemenites and their Conquest and Settlement of Spain

May 08, 2024
afro, arabs, african, arabs, african, arab, people, redirect, here, arabs, living, north, africa, north, african, arabs, afro, arab, redirects, here, confused, with, africa, arabian, peninsula, relations, african, union, neutrality, this, article, disputed, re. African Arabs and African Arab people redirect here For Arabs living in North Africa see North African Arabs Afro Arab redirects here Not to be confused with the Africa Arabian Peninsula relations of the African Union The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message Afro Arabs African Arabs or Black Arabs are Arabs of full or partial indigenous African descent These include primarily minority groups in the United Arab Emirates Yemen Saudi Arabia Oman Kuwait Qatar and Bahrain as well as Iraq and Levant Syria Palestine and Jordan The term may also refer to various Arab groups in certain African regions 2 Afro Arabsعرب أفارقةRegions with significant populationsGulf States Levant Yemen East Africa Swahili Coast Sahel Saudi Arabia1 880 000 around 5 listed as Afro Asian 1 LanguagesArabic Teda Hausa Fula Swahili Coptic ComorianReligionMajority IslamRelated ethnic groupsAfro Saudis Afro Palestinians Afro Jordanians Al Akhdam Afro Iraqis Afro Syrians Afro Omanis Afro Emiratis Contents 1 Overview 2 Notable Afro Arabs 3 See also 4 Citations 5 Bibliography 6 External linksOverview edit nbsp Afro Arab man of the Congo ca 1942 Southern Arabian and African civilizations have been in contact since the obsidian exchange networks of the seventh millennium BC These networks were strengthened by the rise of the Egyptian dynasties of the fourth millennium BC Researchers have indicated the possible settlement of people from Arabia in the Horn of Africa as early as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC 3 The Afro Arabian Tihama culture which may have originated in Africa began in the second millennium BC This cultural complex is found in Africa in countries such as Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia and Sudan as well as in neighbouring Yemen and the Saudi coastal plains 3 In the first millennium BC Southern Arabians gained control of the Red Sea trade routes and established the first kingdom of Yemen Saba in around 800 BC As a result of Saba s influence Eritrea and the north of Ethiopia were gradually incorporated into an area of Arabian influence By 600 BC the formation of the state of Daamat arose in Eritrea and in the Tigray region of Ethiopia Many inscriptions in the Sabaean script have been found Although the script is clearly identical to that in southern Arabia most of the inscriptions reveal few elements in language and its key features or in custom that were known in the origin area Evidence of a pre Sabaean Semitic language or a group of languages in Ethiopia during this period is apparent from lexical and morphological peculiarities found in its Sabaic inscriptions These are not present in ancient inscriptions from southern Arabia Despite initial interpretations suggesting a colonization of the highlands of Tigray and Eritrea by Sabaeans from the western side of the Red Sea due to similarities in script language pantheon and monuments with the South Arabian civilization there is no factual indication of domination There is no mention of control dependency or outposts identified on either side The idea was dismissed in the 1950s and 1960s by some scholars who proposed that Sabaean presence was limited to the settlement of small groups particularly stonemasons as monumental inscriptions primarily mention stonework The local features revealed in the inscriptions imply either an adaptation to local traditions or some form of influence It appears that if the Sabaeans did move to Ethiopia they were integrated by the local population in the 8th century BC and likely even earlier 4 After several centuries of isolation the Kingdom of Aksum arose in 100 AD This kingdom existed for 800 years and occupied southern Arabia for part of this period Utilitarian Aksumite pottery has been found in large quantities in deposits from the 5th and 6th centuries in the Hadhramaut region of Yemen This suggests that there may have been substantial immigration during that period citation needed Southern Arabia was a client state of the Aksumite kingdom throughout the sixth century Himyarite inscriptions document an invasion of Mecca by an ambitious Aksumite general named Abraha Tigrinya አብርሃ in the year 570 AD 5 An early incident in Islamic Afro Arab relations known as the First Hijrah Arabic الهجرة إلى الحبشة al hijra ʾila al habasa was part of the early history of Islam The first companions of the Prophet Muhammad the Sahabah fled from the persecution of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca They sought refuge in the Christian Kingdom of Aksum in present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia formerly referred to as Habesha land Abyssinia an ancient name whose origin is debated 6 In 613 or 615 AD the Aksumite monarch who received them is referred to as Ashama ibn Abjar or the Negus Arabic نجاشي najasi Modern historians have alternatively identified him with King Armah and Ella Tsaham 7 Some of the companions later returned to Mecca and made the hijra to Medina with Muhammad while others remained in Habesha land until they came to Medina in 628 The mosque they established is called the Masjid aṣ Ṣaḥabah Located in the Eritrean city of Massawa and dating to the early 7th century AD it is believed to be the first mosque on the African continent 8 Many companions settled there after Islam became established in the Arabian peninsula and the descendants of these companions still reside in the region citation needed From the 7th century onward Muslim communities were established along the coast of Eritrea and Somalia subsequently spreading inland The Arab slave trade which began in pre Islamic times but reached its height between 650 AD and 1900 AD transported millions of African people from the Nile Valley the Horn of Africa and the eastern African coast across the Red Sea to Arabia Millions more were taken from sub Saharan Africa across the Sahara as part of the trans Saharan slave trade 9 By around the first millennium AD Persian traders established trading towns on what is now called the Swahili Coast 10 11 which between the tenth and twelfth centuries became more Arabized 12 The Portuguese conquered these trading centers after the discovery of the Cape Road From the 1700s to the early 1800s Muslim forces of the Omani empire re seized these market towns mainly on the islands of Pemba and Zanzibar In these territories Arabs from Yemen and Oman settled alongside the local African populations thereby spreading Islam and establishing Afro Arab communities 13 The Niger Congo Swahili language and culture largely evolved through these contacts between Arabs and the native Bantu population 14 In North Africa Arabs historically had close connections to native continental Africans In the Arab states of the Persian Gulf descendants of people from the Swahili Coast perform traditional Liwa and Fann at Tanbura music and dance 15 and the mizmar is also played by Afro Arabs in the Tihamah and Hejaz citation needed In addition Stambali of Tunisia 16 and Gnawa music of Morocco 17 are both ritual music and dances that in part trace their origins to West African musical styles Notable Afro Arabs editBilal ibn Rabah early Muslim and Companion of Muhammad Umm Ayman early Muslim and Companion of Muhammad Ayman ibn Ubayd early Muslim and Companion of Muhammad Usama ibn Zayd early Muslim and Companion of Muhammad Sumayyah bint Khabbat early Muslim and Companion of Muhammad Wahshi ibn Harb early Muslim and Companion of Muhammad Rasad concubine of al Zahir li I zaz Din Allah al Mustansir Billah Fatimid caliph Turki bin Said Sultan of Oman Faisal bin Turki Sultan of Muscat and Oman Sultan of Oman Taimur bin Feisal Sultan of Oman Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar Sultan of Zanzibar Ali bin Said of Zanzibar Sultan of Zanzibar Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar Sultan of Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar last Sultan of Zanzibar Colette Dalal Tchantcho Kuwaiti Cameroonian actor Tippu Tip Afro Omani trader and explorer Sefu bin Hamid Zanzibari slave trader Saad Al Salim Al Sabah Emir of Kuwait Bandar bin Sultan Saudi Prince Reema bint Bandar Al Saud Saudi Princess Faisal bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud Saudi Prince Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud born 1977 Saudi Prince Baraka Al Yamaniyah concubine of King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Saudi Prince Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi Saudi Businessman Etab Saudi singer Anwar Sadat Egyptian politician Ali Al Habsi Omani footballer Mohamed Al Deayea Saudi footballer Shikabala Egyptian footballer Khalid Eisa Emirati footballer Chahine van Bohemen Dutch Moroccan footballer Fahad Al Abdulrahman Qatari footballerSee also edit nbsp Africa portal Al Akhdam Afro Iranians Afro Turks Arab slave trade Black Guard Gnawa Haratin Shirazi people Swahili people ZanjCitations edit Saudi Arabia The World Factbook www cia gov Retrieved 2021 07 17 The multiple roots of Emiratiness the cosmopolitan history of Emirati society openDemocracy Retrieved 2020 08 18 a b Richards Martin Rengo Chiara Cruciani Fulvio Gratrix Fiona Wilson James F Scozzari Rosaria Macaulay Vincent Torroni Antonio April 2003 Extensive Female Mediated Gene Flow from Sub Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 4 1058 1064 doi 10 1086 374384 PMC 1180338 PMID 12629598 Dugast Fabienne Gajda Iwona 2012 10 29 Reconsidering contacts between southern Arabia and the highlands of Tigrai in the 1st millennium BC according to epigraphic data a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Iwona Gajda Le royaume de Ḥimyar a l epoque monotheiste L histoire de l Arabie ancienne de la fin du ive siecle de l ere chretienne jusqu a l avenement de l Islam Paris 2009 pp 142 146 E A Wallis Budge Aug 1 2014 A History of Ethiopia Volume I Nubia and Abyssinia Routledge pp vii M Elfasi Ivan Hrbek 1988 Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century UNESCO p 560 Liste des premieres mosquees au monde prophetique rashidun et omeyyade selon les ecris historique et les traces archeologiques Histoire Islamique in French 2014 06 15 Retrieved 2017 09 24 Richards Martin Rengo Chiara Cruciani Fulvio Gratrix Fiona Wilson James F Scozzari Rosaria Macaulay Vincent Torroni Antonio April 2003 Extensive Female Mediated Gene Flow from Sub Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 4 1058 1064 doi 10 1086 374384 PMC 1180338 PMID 12629598 Brielle Esther et al 2023 Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast Nature 615 7954 866 873 Bibcode 2023Natur 615 866B doi 10 1038 s41586 023 05754 w PMC 10060156 PMID 36991187 A key finding of this study is genetic evidence of admixture at roughly 1000 CE between people of African and people of Persian ancestry This admixture is consistent with one strand of the history recorded by the Swahili themselves the Kilwa Chronicle which describes the arrival of seven Shirazi Persian princes on the Swahili coast At Kilwa coin evidence has dated a ruler linked to that Shirazi dynasty Ali bin al Hasan to the mid 11th century Whether or not this history has a basis in an actual voyage ancient DNA provides direct evidence for Persian associated ancestry deriving overwhelmingly from males and arriving on the eastern African coast by about 1000 CE This timing corresponds with archaeological evidence for a substantial cultural transformation along the coast including the widespread adoption of Islam Rothman Norman 2002 Indian Ocean Trading Links The Swahili Experience Comparative Civilizations Review 46 46 Spear Thomas 2000 Early Swahili History Reconsidered The International Journal of African Historical Studies 33 2 257 290 doi 10 2307 220649 JSTOR 220649 Hinde 1897 p 2 Tarikh Volumes 1 2 Longman 1966 p 68 Retrieved 6 December 2016 Olsen Poul Rovsing 1967 La Musique Africaine dans le Golfe Persique African Music in the Persian Gulf Journal of the International Folk Music Council in French 19 28 36 doi 10 2307 942182 JSTOR 942182 Jankowsky Richard C Fall 2006 Black Spirits White Saints Music Spirit Possession and Sub Saharans in Tunisia Ethnomusicology 50 3 The University of Illinois Press Ethnomusicology 373 410 doi 10 2307 20174467 JSTOR 20174467 S2CID 191924116 Gnawa Intangible Cultural Heritage UNESCO ceremonies combining ancestral African practices Arab Muslim influences and native Berber cultural performances Bibliography editHinde Sidney Langford 1897 The Fall of the Congo Arabs London Methuen amp Co Mazrui Alamin M Mutunga Willy eds 2004 Debating the African Condition Race gender and culture conflict illustrated ed Africa World Press ISBN 9781592211456 Mazrui Ali A 2014 The Politics of Gender and the Culture of Sexuality Western Islamic and African Perspectives University Press of America ISBN 9780761864035 External links editArab Slave Trade Afo Arab relations and the Arab Slave Trade Black Africans in Arab West Asia a cited ColorQ org essay Prof Helmi Sharawy Arab Culture and African Culture ambiguous relations Archived 2021 07 24 at the Wayback Machine paper extracted from the book The Dialogue between the Arab culture and other cultures Arab League Educational Cultural and Scientific Organisation ALECSO Tunis 1999 Resolution on Afro arab Co operation of The Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity 23 February 23 28 1987 African Union league of Arab States Inter secretariat Consultative Meeting On Afro arab Cooperation Addis Ababa 10 12 May 2005 Maho M Sebiane Le statut socio economique de la pratique musicale aux Emirats arabes unis la tradition du leiwah a Dubai Chroniques yemenites 14 2007 1 permanent dead link Afro Arabian origins of the Early Yemenites and their Conquest and Settlement of Spain Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Afro Arabs amp oldid 1219698757, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.