Web banner

A web banner or banner ad is a form of advertising on the World Wide Web delivered by an ad server. This form of online advertising entails embedding an advertisement into a web page. It is intended to attract traffic to a website by linking to the website of the advertiser. In many cases, banners are delivered by a central ad server. This payback system is often how the content provider is able to pay for the Internet access to supply the content in the first place. Usually though, advertisers use ad networks to serve their advertisements, resulting in a revshare system and higher quality ad placement.

A website showing several banner ads

Web banners function the same way as traditional advertisements are intended to function: notifying consumers of the product or service and presenting reasons why the consumer should choose the product in question, a fact first documented on HotWired in 1996 by researchers Rex Briggs and Nigel Hollis.^[1] Web banners differ in that the results for advertisement campaigns may be monitored real-time and may be targeted to the viewer's interests.

Behavior is often tracked through the use of a click tag.

Many web surfers regard web advertisements as annoying because they distract from a web page's actual content or waste bandwidth. In some cases, web banners cover screen content that the user wishes to see. Newer web browsers often include software "adblocker" options to disable pop-ups or block images from selected websites. Another way of avoiding banners is to use a proxy server that blocks them, such as Privoxy. Web browsers may also have extensions available that block banners, for example Adblock Plus for Mozilla Firefox, or AdThwart for Google Chrome and ie7pro for Internet Explorer.

History

The banner ad played a significant role in enabling the rapid development of paid advertising on the Internet.^[2]

The pioneer of online advertising was Prodigy, a company owned by IBM and Sears at the time. Prodigy used online advertising first to promote Sears products in the 1980s, and then other advertisers, including AOL, one of Prodigy's direct competitors. Prodigy was unable to capitalize on any of its first mover advantage in online advertising. The first clickable web ad (which later came to be known by the term "banner ad") was sold by Global Network Navigator (GNN) in 1993 to Heller, Ehrman, White, & McAuliffe, a now defunct law firm with a Silicon Valley office.^[3][4] GNN was the first commercially supported web publication and one of the first commercial websites.^[5]

For many years, HotWired was regarded as the inventor of the digital banner ad,^[6][7] and the first web site to sell banner ads in large quantities to a wide range of major corporate advertisers. Andrew Anker was HotWired's first CEO. Rick Boyce, a former media buyer with San Francisco advertising agency Hal Riney & Partners, spearheaded the sales effort for the company.^[8] HotWired coined the term "banner ad" and was the first company to provide click through rate reports to its customers. The first web banner sold by HotWired was paid for by AT&T Corp. and was put online on October 27, 1994.^[9] Another source also credits HotWired and October 1994, but has Coors' "Zima" campaign as the first web banner.^[10] In May 1994, Ken McCarthy mentored Boyce in his transition from traditional to online advertising and first introduced the concept of a clickable/trackable ad. He stated that he believed that only a direct response model—in which the return on investment of individual ads was measured—would prove sustainable over the long run for online advertising. In spite of this prediction, banner ads were valued and sold based on the number of impressions they generated.

However, Time Warner's Pathfinder (website), which launched on October 24, 1994,^[11] the same week as HotWired, but three days earlier included banner ads.^[12] Walter Isaacson, then President of Time Inc. New Media,^[12] and the Columbia Journalism Review,^[13] both credit Bruce Judson, then General Manager of Time Inc. New Media, with inventing the concept of the banner ad. In an interview for Harvard's Shorenstein Center for Media, Politics and Public Policy, on the history of the Internet, Isaacson discussed Judson's contribution, saying, "It really transformed everything. Immediately, Madison Avenue decided, 'Oh my God, we’ve got to understand this. We have to hire a lot of young people.' They would send us money. It was almost like you could look out of the Time-Life Building to Madison Avenue, and watch people walking with bags of money, to dump it on our desk, or Bruce Judson’s desk, to buy banner ads."^[12]

The first central ad server was released in July 1995 by Focalink Communications,^[14] which enabled the management, targeting, and tracking of online ads. A local ad server quickly followed from NetGravity in January 1996.^[15] The technology innovation of the ad server, together with the sale of online ads on an impression basis, fueled a dramatic rise in the proliferation of web advertising and provided the economic foundation for the web industry from the period of 1994 to 2000. The new online advertising model that emerged in the early years of the 21st century, introduced by GoTo.com (later Overture, then Yahoo! and mass marketed by Google's AdWords program), relies heavily on tracking ad response rather than impressions.

Standard sizes

 

IAB standard ad sizes. This illustration has been reduced in size. See actual sizes.

Ad sizes have been standardized to some extent by the IAB. Prior to the IAB standardization, banner ads appeared in over 250 different sizes.^[16] However, some websites and advertising networks (outside the Eurosphere or North America) may not use any or all of the IAB base ad sizes. The IAB ad sizes as of 2007 are :^[17]

Standard web banner sizes, highlighted entries are part of the IAB's original Universal Ad Package.^[18] entries with a dagger suffix† were delisted after the update in 2011^[19]

Name	Width / px	Height / px	Aspect ratio
Rectangles and Pop-Ups^[a]
Medium Rectangle	300	250	6∶5
Square Pop-Up†	250	250	1∶1
Vertical Rectangle†	240	400	3∶5
Large Rectangle†	336	280	6∶5
Rectangle	180	150	6∶5
3:1 Rectangle†^[b]	300	100	3∶1
Pop-Under†^[b]	720	300	2.35∶1
Banners and Buttons
Full banner†	468	60	39∶5
Half banner†	234	60	39∶10
Micro button	88	31	88∶31
Button 1†	120	90	4∶3
Button 2	120	60	2∶1
Vertical banner†	120	240	1∶2
Square button†	125	125	1∶1
Leaderboard^[c]	728	90	364∶45
Skyscrapers^[a]
Wide skyscraper	160	600	4∶15
Skyscraper†	120	600	1∶5
Half page ad^[d]	300	600	1∶2

Notes

1. This group was added around the beginning of 2000.
2. Added in 2007 update.^[17]
3. Added in 2003 update.^[20][21]
4. Added in 2004 update.^[21][22]

In 2015, IAB announced advertising creative guidelines for display & mobile, considering HTML5.^[23]

In 2017, IAB also introduced the new guidelines, featuring adjustable ad formats, as well as the guidelines for new digital content experiences such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), social media, mobile video, emoji ad messaging, and 360-degree video ads.^[24][25][26]

Fixed size ad specification^[27]

Ad Unit Name		Size (px)			Aspect ratio	Pixels
Billboard		970	×	250	97:25	242,500
Smartphone Banner		300	×	50	6∶1	15,000
Smartphone Banner		320	×	50	32:5	16,000
Leaderboard		728	×	90	364∶45	65,520
Super Leaderboard/Pushdown		970	×	90	97:9	87,300
Portrait	3:	300	×	1050	2:7	315,000
Skyscraper		160	×	600	4:15	96,000
Medium Rectangle		300	×	250	6∶5	75,000
—		120	×	160	3:4	19,200
Mobile Phone Interstitial	S:	640	×	1136	≈9:16	727,040
Mobile Phone Interstitial	M:	750	×	1334	9:16	1,000,500
Mobile Phone Interstitial	L:	1080	×	1920	9:16	2,073,600
Feature Phone Small Banner		120	×	20	6∶1	2,400
Feature Phone Medium Banner		168	×	28	6∶1	4,704
Feature Phone Large Banner		216	×	36	6∶1	7,776

Standard web banners included into the IAB's Universal Package and Ad Units Guidelines ^[28] are supported by major ad serving companies.^[29] This is particularly relevant for IAB members such as Adform, AppNexus, Chitika, Conversant, Epom, HIRO, Mixpo, SpotXchange, ZEDO, and many others.^[30] Additionally, ad serving providers may offer other, non-standard banner sizes and technologies, as well as the support of different online advertising formats (e.g. native ads).

However, standard banner ad sizes are constantly evolving due to consumer creative fatigue and banner blindness. Ad companies consistently test performance of ad units to ensure maximum performance for their clients. IAB has updated its guideline bi-annually. Some publishers that are known for their unique, custom executions include BuzzFeed, CraveOnline, Quartz (publication), Thought Catalog, Elite Daily, Vice Media, Inc., Mic (media company), and many others. According to media research firm eMarketer, such types of custom executions through publisher direct buys are on the rise, with Native advertising spending to hit over $4.3 Billion by the end of 2015.^[31]

Other types

 

Banner on Wikivoyage

The use of web banners is not restricted to online advertising. Website designs often use non-advertising banners, also known as "hero images" or "hero headers"^[32] for aesthetic reasons. Hero images are represented by large photos, graphics, or videos that are placed in the prominent sections of a website.^[33][34]

A "live banner" is a banner ad which is created dynamically at the time of display, instead of being pre-programmed with fixed content. Live banners usually employ animation together with text, images, graphics, sounds and video to catch the viewer's attention. Depending on the banner design, any of these multimedia elements may be defined as dynamic and therefore variable. Formerly, they were built using technologies such as Adobe Flash, Java, or Microsoft Silverlight.

See also

• Advertising network
• Cost per impression
• Digital display advertising
• Hover ad
• Digital marketing
• Pay-per-click
• Pop-up ad
• View-through rate
• Web analytics
• Web badge

References

1. Briggs, Rex; Hollis, Nigel, Advertising on the Web: Is there Response Before Clickthrough? Journal of Advertising Research, March–April 1997, pg 33-45
2. Khattab, Lina; Mahrous, Abeer A. (2016-11-01). "Revisiting online banner advertising recall: An experimental study of the factors affecting banner recall in an Arab context". Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research. 9 (2): 237–249. doi:10.1386/jammr.9.2.237_1.
3. O'Reilly, Tim (Nov 26, 2001). . O'Reilly Media. Archived from the original on 2001-12-22.
4. Abate, Tom; Ross, Andrew S. (26 September 2008). "Heller Ehrman law firm to dissolve Friday". SFGate. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07.
5. Erwin, Brian (19 Aug 1993). . NewJour. Georgetown University Library. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
6. Singel, Ryan (27 October 2010). . Wired. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022. 1994: Wired.com, then known as HotWired, invents the web banner ad. Go ahead, blame us ... the first HotWired banner ad was from AT&T, prophetically asking 'Have you ever clicked your mouse right here? You will.'
7. LaFrance, Adrienne (20 April 2017). "The First-Ever Banner Ad on the Web: It was an advertisement for AT&T in 1994, and people clicked on it like crazy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 8 April 2022. The banner ad that's widely described as the first ever was a little rectangle purchased by AT&T on HotWired.com in 1994. About 44 percent of the people who saw it actually clicked on it.
8. Reid, Robert H. (1997). Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days that Built the Future of Business. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter Seven: 'Hotwired - Publishing on the Web' (pp 300-308) ISBN 0-471-17187-5
9. "Happy Birthday, Digital Advertising! - Advertising Age - DigitalNext". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-01-19. Happy Birthday, Digital Advertising!
10. Chapman, Merrill R., In search of stupidity: over 20 years of high-tech marketing disasters (2nd Edition), Apress, ISBN 1-59059-721-4
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22. "Ad Unit Guidelines". Interactive Advertising Bureau. from the original on 2004-07-15. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
23. "INTERACTIVE ADVERTISING BUREAU – DISPLAY & MOBILE ADVERTISING CREATIVE FORMAT GUIDELINES: 2015 ADVERTISING CREATIVE GUIDELINES FOR DISPLAY & MOBILE – UPDATED FOR HTML5" (PDF). IAB. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
24. "IAB New Ad Portfolio". IAB. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
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26. "IAB New Standard Ad Unit Portfolio Transition Guide July 2017" (PDF). IAB. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
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29. "IAB Rolls Out 'Universal Ad Package'". clickz.com. 11 December 2002. from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
30. "IAB General Members". from the original on 2015-07-27.
31. "Marketers Expect Healthy Native Ad Spend Growth". eMarketer. from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
32. "Optimization Glossary: Hero image". Optimizely. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
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34. "12 Outdated Web Features That Need to Disappear in 2014". mashable.com. 14 January 2014. from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014.