The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a phylum of all[4]gram-positive bacteria. They can be terrestrial or aquatic.[5] They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soil systems. In soil they help to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants. While this role is also played by fungi, Actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche. In this role the colonies often grow extensive mycelia, like a fungus would, and the name of an important order of the phylum, Actinomycetales (the actinomycetes), reflects that they were long believed to be fungi. Some soil actinomycetota (such as Frankia) live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil, fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant's saccharides. Other species, such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium, are important pathogens.
Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role, much is yet to be learned about them. Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in fresh waters.[6]Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces.[7]Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils.[8] They are also the source of many antibiotics.
The Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium is the most common bacteria in the microbiome of human infants.[9] Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria, intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharide in the intestine.[10]
Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.[11]
Some Siberian or AntarcticActinomycetota is said to be the oldest living organism on Earth, frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago.[12][13] The symptoms of life were detected by CO2 release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger. [14]
Most Actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class Actinomycetia, and belong to the order Actinomycetales. While many of these cause disease in humans, Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics.[citation needed]
Of those Actinomycetota not in the Actinomycetales, Gardnerella is one of the most researched. Classification of Gardnerella is controversial, and MeSH catalogues it as both a Gram-positive and Gram-negative organism.[15]
Actinomycetota, especially Streptomyces spp., are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine, such as antibacterials,[16] antifungals,[17] antivirals, antithrombotics, immunomodifiers, antitumor drugs, and enzyme inhibitors; and in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and growth-promoting substances for plants and animals.[18][19]Actinomycetota-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines, etc.[citation needed]Actinomycetota have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA.[20] The G+C content of Actinomycetota can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content.[21]
Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinomycetota.[22]
^Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
^Goodfellow M (2012). "Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov.". In Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 33–34.
^Pióro M (July 2022). "Genus-Specific Interactions of Bacterial Chromosome Segregation Machinery Are Critical for Their Function". Front. Microbiol. 25 (13): 928139. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.928139. PMC9298525. PMID 35875543.
^Servin JA, Herbold CW, Skophammer RG, Lake JA (January 2008). "Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm249. PMID 18003601.
^Ghai R, Rodriguez-Valera F, McMahon KD, et al. (2011). Lopez-Garcia P (ed.). "Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23785. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623785G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023785. PMC3158796. PMID 21915244.
^C.Michael Hogan.. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
^Ningthoujam, Debananda S.; Sanasam, Suchitra; Tamreihao, K; Nimaichand, Salam (November 2009). "Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens". African Journal of Microbiology Research. 3 (11): 737–742.
^Turroni F, Peano C, Pass DA, Foroni E, Severgnini M, Claesson MJ, Kerr C, Hourihane J, Murray D, Fuligni F, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, De Bellis G, O'Toole PW, van Sinderen D, Marchesi JR, Ventura M (2012-05-11). "Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36957. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736957T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036957. PMC3350489. PMID 22606315.
^Pinzone MR, Celesia BM, Di Rosa M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". International Journal of Microbiology. 2012: 694629. doi:10.1155/2012/694629. PMC3405644. PMID 22848224.
^Ghai R, Mizuno CM, Picazo A, Camacho A, Rodriguez-Valera F (2013). "Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria". Scientific Reports. 3: 2471. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E2471G. doi:10.1038/srep02471. PMC3747508. PMID 23959135.
^. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
^Johnson, S. S.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Christensen, T. R.; Mastepanov, M.; Nielsen, R.; Munch, K.; Brand, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Zuber, M. T.; Bunce, M.; Ronn, R.; Gilichinsky, D.; Froese, D.; Willerslev, E. (2007). "Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (36): 14401–14405. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10414401J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706787104. PMC1958816. PMID 17728401.
^Bressan, W (2003). "Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes". Biocontrol. 48 (2): 233–240. doi:10.1023/a:1022673226324. S2CID 29320215.
^Atta, M.A (2009). "Antimycin-A Antibiotic Biosynthesis Produced by Streptomyces Sp. AZ-AR-262: Taxonomy, Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities". Austral. J. Basic and Appl. Sci. 3: 126–135.
^Ventura, M.; Canchaya, C.; Tauch, A.; Chandra, G.; Fitzgerald, G. F.; Chater, K. F.; van Sinderen, D. (5 September 2007). "Genomics of Actinobacteria: Tracing the Evolutionary History of an Ancient Phylum". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 71 (3): 495–548. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00005-07. hdl:11381/1721088. PMC2168647. PMID 17804669.
^Ghai R, McMahon KD, Rodriguez-Valera F (2012). "Breaking a paradigm: Cosmopolitan and abundant freshwater actinobacteria are low GC". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 4 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00274.x. PMID 23757226.
^Hayward D, van Helden PD, Wiid IJ (2009). "Glutamine synthetase sequence evolution in the mycobacteria and their use as molecular markers for Actinomycetota speciation". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 48. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-48. PMC2667176. PMID 19245690.
^Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Markus Göker M (2018). "Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Front. Microbiol. 9: 2007. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. PMC6113628. PMID 30186281.
Baltz, R.H. (2005). "Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall?". SIM News. 55: 186–196.
Baltz, R.H. (2007). . Microbe. 2 (3): 125–131. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31.
Pandey, B.; Ghimire, P.; Agrawal, V.P. (January 12–15, 2004). (PDF). International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation. Kathmandu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-10.
External links
Actinomycetes genome database
Wikispecies has information related to Actinomycetota.
January 31, 2023
actinomycetota, actinobacteria, phylum, gram, positive, bacteria, they, terrestrial, aquatic, they, great, economic, importance, humans, because, agriculture, forests, depend, their, contributions, soil, systems, soil, they, help, decompose, organic, matter, d. The Actinomycetota or Actinobacteria are a phylum of all 4 gram positive bacteria They can be terrestrial or aquatic 5 They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soil systems In soil they help to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants While this role is also played by fungi Actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche In this role the colonies often grow extensive mycelia like a fungus would and the name of an important order of the phylum Actinomycetales the actinomycetes reflects that they were long believed to be fungi Some soil actinomycetota such as Frankia live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant s saccharides Other species such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium are important pathogens ActinomycetotaScanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii Scientific classificationDomain BacteriaClade TerrabacteriaPhylum ActinomycetotaGoodfellow 2021 1 Type genusActinomycesHarz 1877 Approved Lists 1980 Classes 2 Aquicultoria Geothermincolia Humimicrobiia Acidimicrobiia Actinomycetia Coriobacteriia Nitriliruptoria Rubrobacteria ThermoleophiliaSynonyms Actinobacteraeota Oren et al 2015 Actinobacteria Goodfellow 2012 3 Actinobacteria Margulis 1974 ex Cavalier Smith 2020 Actinobacteria Stackebrandt Rainey amp Ward Rainey 1997 Actinobacteriota Whitman et al 2018 Actinomycetes Krasil nikov 1949Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role much is yet to be learned about them Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria they might be more abundant in fresh waters 6 Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera Streptomyces 7 Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils 8 They are also the source of many antibiotics The Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium is the most common bacteria in the microbiome of human infants 9 Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharide in the intestine 10 Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free living prokaryotic cells 11 Some Siberian or Antarctic Actinomycetota is said to be the oldest living organism on Earth frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago 12 13 The symptoms of life were detected by CO2 release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger 14 Contents 1 General 2 Phylogeny 3 Taxonomy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksGeneral EditMost Actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class Actinomycetia and belong to the order Actinomycetales While many of these cause disease in humans Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics citation needed Of those Actinomycetota not in the Actinomycetales Gardnerella is one of the most researched Classification of Gardnerella is controversial and MeSH catalogues it as both a Gram positive and Gram negative organism 15 Actinomycetota especially Streptomyces spp are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine such as antibacterials 16 antifungals 17 antivirals antithrombotics immunomodifiers antitumor drugs and enzyme inhibitors and in agriculture including insecticides herbicides fungicides and growth promoting substances for plants and animals 18 19 Actinomycetota derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides anthracyclines chloramphenicol macrolide tetracyclines etc citation needed Actinomycetota have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA 20 The G C content of Actinomycetota can be as high as 70 though some may have a low G C content 21 Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinomycetota 22 Phylogeny EditWhole genome based phylogeny 23 16S rRNA based LTP 12 2021 24 25 26 GTDB 07 RS207 by Genome Taxonomy Database 27 28 29 Actinomycetota RubrobacteriaThermoleophiliaCoriobacteriiaAcidimicrobiiaNitriliruptoriaActinomycetiaoutgroup Chloroflexota RubrobacteriaThermoleophiliaCoriobacteriiaAcidimicrobiiaNitriliruptoriaActinomycetia Geothermincolia Humimicrobiia Aquicultoria CoriobacteriiaRubrobacteriaThermoleophiliaAcidimicrobiiaActinomycetia NitriliruptoridaeActinobacteridaeTaxonomy EditThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN 2 and National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI 30 Class Syntrophaliphaticia corrig Liu et al 2020 Class Aquicultoria Jiao et al 2021 Class Geothermincolia Jiao et al 2021 Class Humimicrobiia Jiao et al 2021 Class Acidimicrobiia Norris 2013 Class Actinomycetia Stackebrandt et al 1997 Salam et al 2020 Nitriliruptoria Ludwig et al 2013 Subclass Actinobacteridae Stackebrandt Rainey amp Ward Rainey 1997 Subclass Nitriliruptoridae Kurahashi et al 2010 Class Coriobacteriia Konig 2013 Class Rubrobacteria Suzuki 2013 Class Thermoleophilia Suzuki and Whitman 2013See also EditList of bacteria genera List of bacterial orders List of bacterial vaginosis microbiotaReferences Edit Oren A Garrity GM 2021 Valid publication of the names of forty two phyla of prokaryotes Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 71 10 5056 doi 10 1099 ijsem 0 005056 PMID 34694987 S2CID 239887308 a b Euzeby JP Parte AC Actinobacteria List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN Retrieved June 7 2021 Goodfellow M 2012 Phylum XXVI Actinobacteria phyl nov In Goodfellow M Kampfer P Trujillo ME Suzuki K Ludwig W Whitman WB eds Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Vol 5 2nd ed New York NY Springer pp 33 34 Pioro M July 2022 Genus Specific Interactions of Bacterial Chromosome Segregation Machinery Are Critical for Their Function Front Microbiol 25 13 928139 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2022 928139 PMC 9298525 PMID 35875543 Servin JA Herbold CW Skophammer RG Lake JA January 2008 Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria Mol Biol Evol 25 1 1 4 doi 10 1093 molbev msm249 PMID 18003601 Ghai R Rodriguez Valera F McMahon KD et al 2011 Lopez Garcia P ed Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river PLOS ONE 6 8 e23785 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 623785G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0023785 PMC 3158796 PMID 21915244 C Michael Hogan 2010 Bacteria Encyclopedia of Earth eds Sidney Draggan and C J Cleveland National Council for Science and the Environment Washington DC Archived 2011 05 11 at the Wayback Machine Ningthoujam Debananda S Sanasam Suchitra Tamreihao K Nimaichand Salam November 2009 Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens African Journal of Microbiology Research 3 11 737 742 Turroni F Peano C Pass DA Foroni E Severgnini M Claesson MJ Kerr C Hourihane J Murray D Fuligni F Gueimonde M Margolles A De Bellis G O Toole PW van Sinderen D Marchesi JR Ventura M 2012 05 11 Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota PLOS ONE 7 5 e36957 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 736957T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0036957 PMC 3350489 PMID 22606315 Pinzone MR Celesia BM Di Rosa M Cacopardo B Nunnari G 2012 Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases International Journal of Microbiology 2012 694629 doi 10 1155 2012 694629 PMC 3405644 PMID 22848224 Ghai R Mizuno CM Picazo A Camacho A Rodriguez Valera F 2013 Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra small marine Actinobacteria Scientific Reports 3 2471 Bibcode 2013NatSR 3E2471G doi 10 1038 srep02471 PMC 3747508 PMID 23959135 Sussman Oldest Plants The Guardian 2 May 2010 It s Okay to be Smart the oldest living thing in the world These Archived from the original on 2018 07 13 Retrieved 2018 07 13 Johnson S S Hebsgaard M B Christensen T R Mastepanov M Nielsen R Munch K Brand T Gilbert M T P Zuber M T Bunce M Ronn R Gilichinsky D Froese D Willerslev E 2007 Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 36 14401 14405 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10414401J doi 10 1073 pnas 0706787104 PMC 1958816 PMID 17728401 Gardnerella at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Mahajan GB 2012 Antibacterial agents from actinomycetes a review Frontiers in Bioscience 4 240 53 doi 10 2741 e373 Gupte M Kulkarni P Ganguli B N 2002 Antifungal Antibiotics Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58 1 46 57 doi 10 1007 s002530100822 PMID 11831475 S2CID 8015426 Bressan W 2003 Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes Biocontrol 48 2 233 240 doi 10 1023 a 1022673226324 S2CID 29320215 Atta M A 2009 Antimycin A Antibiotic Biosynthesis Produced by Streptomyces Sp AZ AR 262 Taxonomy Fermentation Purification and Biological Activities Austral J Basic and Appl Sci 3 126 135 Ventura M Canchaya C Tauch A Chandra G Fitzgerald G F Chater K F van Sinderen D 5 September 2007 Genomics of Actinobacteria Tracing the Evolutionary History of an Ancient Phylum Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 71 3 495 548 doi 10 1128 MMBR 00005 07 hdl 11381 1721088 PMC 2168647 PMID 17804669 Ghai R McMahon KD Rodriguez Valera F 2012 Breaking a paradigm Cosmopolitan and abundant freshwater actinobacteria are low GC Environmental Microbiology Reports 4 1 29 35 doi 10 1111 j 1758 2229 2011 00274 x PMID 23757226 Hayward D van Helden PD Wiid IJ 2009 Glutamine synthetase sequence evolution in the mycobacteria and their use as molecular markers for Actinomycetota speciation BMC Evol Biol 9 48 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 48 PMC 2667176 PMID 19245690 Nouioui I Carro L Garcia Lopez M Meier Kolthoff JP Woyke T Kyrpides NC Pukall R Klenk HP Goodfellow M Markus Goker M 2018 Genome Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria Front Microbiol 9 2007 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2018 02007 PMC 6113628 PMID 30186281 The LTP Retrieved 23 February 2021 LTP all tree in newick format Retrieved 23 February 2021 LTP 12 2021 Release Notes PDF Retrieved 23 February 2021 GTDB release 07 RS207 Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 20 June 2022 ar53 r207 sp label Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 20 June 2022 Taxon History Genome Taxonomy Database Retrieved 20 June 2022 Sayers et al Actinobacteria National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Retrieved 2021 03 20 Further reading EditBaltz R H 2005 Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall SIM News 55 186 196 Baltz R H 2007 Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes Back to the Future Microbe 2 3 125 131 Archived from the original on 2013 12 31 Pandey B Ghimire P Agrawal V P January 12 15 2004 Studies on the antibacterial activity of theActinomycetesisolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal PDF International Conference on the Great Himalayas Climate Health Ecology Management and Conservation Kathmandu Archived from the original PDF on 2013 08 10 External links EditActinomycetes genome database Wikispecies has information related to Actinomycetota Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Actinomycetota amp oldid 1136312686, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
