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Abies grandis

Abies grandis (grand fir, giant fir, lowland white fir, great silver fir, western white fir, Vancouver fir, or Oregon fir) is a fir native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California of North America, occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). It is a major constituent of the Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion of the Cascade Range.

Abies grandis
Grand fir
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnosperms
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Abies
Species:
A. grandis
Binomial name
Abies grandis
Natural range of Abies grandis
green - A. grandis ssp. grandis
blue - A. grandis ssp. idahoensis

The tree typically grows to 40–70 m (130–230 ft) in height, and may be the tallest Abies species in the world. There are two varieties, the taller coast grand fir, found west of the Cascade Mountains, and the shorter interior grand fir, found east of the Cascades. It was first described in 1831 by David Douglas.[2]

It is closely related to white fir. The bark was historically believed to have medicinal properties, and it is popular in the United States as a Christmas tree. Its lumber is a softwood, and it is harvested as a hem fir. It is used in paper-making, as well as construction for framing and flooring, where it is desired for its resistance to splitting and splintering.

Description

 
 
The bottom (left) and top (right) of the foliage

Abies grandis is a large evergreen conifer growing to 40–70 metres (130–230 feet) tall, exceptionally 100 m (330 ft), with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The dead tree tops sometimes fork into new growth.[3] The bark is 5 centimetres (2 inches) thick, reddish to gray (but purple within), furrowed, and divided into slender plates.[3] The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 3–6 cm (1+182+38 in) long and 2 millimetres (332 in) wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy dark green above,[3] with two green-white bands of stomata below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they all lie in two more-or-less flat ranks on either side of the shoot. On the lower leaf surface, two green-white bands of stomata are prominent. The base of each leaf is twisted a variable amount so that the leaves are nearly coplanar.

 
Cones

The green-to-reddish cones are 6–12 cm (2+144+34 in) long[3] and 3.5–4.5 cm (1+121+34 in) broad, with about 100–150 scales; the scale bracts are short, and hidden in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6 months after pollination.[1]

Varieties

 
Old-growth copse in inland Oregon

There are two varieties, probably better treated at subspecies rank though not yet formally published as such:

  • Abies grandis var. grandis. Coast grand fir. Coastal lowland forests, at sea level to 900 m altitude, from Vancouver Island and coastal British Columbia, south to Sonoma County, California. A large, very fast-growing tree to 70 m tall. Foliage strongly flattened on all shoots. Cones slightly narrower (mostly less than 4 cm broad), with thinner, fairly flexible scales. Tolerates winter temperatures down to about -25° to -30 °C; growth on good sites may exceed 1.5 m per year when young.[1]
  • Abies grandis var. idahoensis. Interior grand fir. Interior forests, at (600–) 900–1800 m altitude, on the east slope of the Cascades in Washington and northern Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains from southeast British Columbia south to central Idaho, northeast Oregon and western Montana. A smaller, slow-growing tree to 40–45 m tall. Foliage not strongly flattened on all shoots, the leaves often raised above the shoot, particularly on upper crown shoots. Cones slightly stouter (mostly over 4 cm broad), with thicker, slightly woody scales. Tolerates winter temperatures down to about -40 °C; growth on good sites not exceeding 0.6 m per year even when young.[1]

Grand fir is very closely related to white fir, with the interior variety idahoensis particularly similar to the western forms of white fir from western Oregon and California, intergrading with it where they meet in the Cascades of central Oregon.[1]

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Scottish botanical explorer David Douglas, who in 1830 brought its seeds back to Britain;[3] in 1831 he described specimens he had collected along the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest.[2]

Distribution and ecology

The grand fir grows along the coast from southwest British Columbia to Northern California, with the inland variety growing in eastern areas of Washington and Oregon, and the Idaho Panhandle. It can be found growing at elevations of up to 1,700 m (5,600 ft).[3] Habitats typically receive at least 64 centimetres (25 inches) of annual rainfall, but are still too dry or outside the range of more shade-tolerant competitors like western hemlock and western redcedar.[3] Along with the closely related white fir, grand fir is more shade tolerant than Douglas-fir.[3] Due to wildfire suppression, grand fir was able to proliferate in areas previously dominated by the relatively fire-resistant inland Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and western larch.[3] The lack of smaller fires allows both grand and white fir saplings to form a fuel ladder, enabling crown fires.[3] Grand fir's bark is thinner than that of white fir, making the former species more susceptible to threats like fire and rot.[3]

Specimens have historically been able to live up to nearly 300 years, but in modern stressed conditions, 100 years is more typical.[3] A number of defoliating insects threaten the tree; in the late 20th century, western spruce budworm epidemics killed sizable populations of grand fir in the eastern Cascades and Blue Mountains.[3] The lack of an ability to use pitch to patch wounds, including those from logging and small fires, provides a weakness exploited by rot fungi.[3] East of the Cascade ridge, grand fir trunks are infected by Indian paint fungus, indicating a rotten core; such specimens are often waterlogged and thus crack apart in freezing weather.[3]

Pileated woodpeckers search grand and white firs for insects and places to nest. Rotten cores open shelters for various animals, including black bears.[3] The boughs create a rain shelter for humans.[3] A coast grand fir growing south of Bergen was in February 2022 found to be Norway's tallest tree with height of 53.7 m (176 ft).[4]

Uses

Native Americans used both grand fir and white fir, powdering the bark or pitch to treat tuberculosis or skin ailments;[3] the Nlaka'pamux used the bark to cover lodges and make canoes, and branches were used as bedding.[3] The inner bark of the grand fir was used by some Plateau Indian tribes for treating colds and fever.[5] The Okanagan-Colville tribe used the species as a strengthening drug to nullify the feeling of weakness.[6]

The foliage has an attractive citrus-like scent. It is sometimes used for Christmas decorations in the United States, including Christmas trees, although its stiff branches do not allow it to be economically packed.[3] It is also planted as an ornamental tree in large parks.

Timber

 
Trunk cross-section

The lumber is non-resinous and fine textured.[2] In the North American logging industry, the grand fir is often referred to as "hem fir", with hem fir being a number of species with interchangeable types of wood (specifically the California red fir, noble fir, Pacific silver fir, white fir, and western hemlock). Grand fir is often shipped along with these other species. It can also referred to as "white fir" lumber, an umbrella term also referring to Abies amabilis, Abies concolor, and Abies magnifica.

Lumber from the grand fir is considered a softwood. As such, it is used for paper making, packing crates, and construction. Hem fir is frequently used for framing, and is able to meet the building code span requirements of numerous construction projects.[7]

As a hem fir, the trunk of the grand fir is considered slightly below the "Douglas fir-larch" species combination in strength, and stronger than the "Douglas fir-South" and "spruce-pine-fir (South)" species combos (both umbrella terms for a number of species with similar wood). Because it is nearly as strong as Douglas fir-larch, it often meets the structural load-bearing requirements for framing in residential, light commercial, and heavy construction. Excluding Douglas fir-larch, hem fir's modulus of elasticity value as a stiffness factor in floor systems (denoted as MOE or E) is stronger than all other western species combinations. Hem fir is preferred by many builders because of its ability to hold and not be split by nails and screws, and its low propensity for splintering when sawed.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42284A2969709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42284A2969709.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c (PDF). SPI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 128–135. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  4. ^ "The thickest, tallest, and oldest trees in Norway".
  5. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 351. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
  6. ^ Turner, Nancy J. (1980). Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. British Columbia Provincial Museum. ISBN 0771882009. OCLC 8519706.
  7. ^ a b . Western Woods Products Association. March 1997. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

External links

abies, grandis, grand, giant, lowland, white, great, silver, western, white, vancouver, oregon, native, pacific, northwest, northern, california, north, america, occurring, altitudes, level, metres, major, constituent, grand, douglas, ecoregion, cascade, range. Abies grandis grand fir giant fir lowland white fir great silver fir western white fir Vancouver fir or Oregon fir is a fir native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California of North America occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1 700 metres 5 600 ft It is a major constituent of the Grand Fir Douglas Fir Ecoregion of the Cascade Range Abies grandisGrand firConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade GymnospermsDivision PinophytaClass PinopsidaOrder PinalesFamily PinaceaeGenus AbiesSpecies A grandisBinomial nameAbies grandis Douglas ex D Don LindleyNatural range of Abies grandis green A grandis ssp grandis blue A grandis ssp idahoensisThe tree typically grows to 40 70 m 130 230 ft in height and may be the tallest Abies species in the world There are two varieties the taller coast grand fir found west of the Cascade Mountains and the shorter interior grand fir found east of the Cascades It was first described in 1831 by David Douglas 2 It is closely related to white fir The bark was historically believed to have medicinal properties and it is popular in the United States as a Christmas tree Its lumber is a softwood and it is harvested as a hem fir It is used in paper making as well as construction for framing and flooring where it is desired for its resistance to splitting and splintering Contents 1 Description 1 1 Varieties 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and ecology 4 Uses 4 1 Timber 5 References 6 External linksDescription Edit The bottom left and top right of the foliage Abies grandis is a large evergreen conifer growing to 40 70 metres 130 230 feet tall exceptionally 100 m 330 ft with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m 6 ft 7 in The dead tree tops sometimes fork into new growth 3 The bark is 5 centimetres 2 inches thick reddish to gray but purple within furrowed and divided into slender plates 3 The leaves are needle like flattened 3 6 cm 1 1 8 2 3 8 in long and 2 millimetres 3 32 in wide by 0 5 mm thick glossy dark green above 3 with two green white bands of stomata below and slightly notched at the tip The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they all lie in two more or less flat ranks on either side of the shoot On the lower leaf surface two green white bands of stomata are prominent The base of each leaf is twisted a variable amount so that the leaves are nearly coplanar Cones The green to reddish cones are 6 12 cm 2 1 4 4 3 4 in long 3 and 3 5 4 5 cm 1 1 2 1 3 4 in broad with about 100 150 scales the scale bracts are short and hidden in the closed cone The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6 months after pollination 1 Varieties Edit Old growth copse in inland Oregon There are two varieties probably better treated at subspecies rank though not yet formally published as such Abies grandis var grandis Coast grand fir Coastal lowland forests at sea level to 900 m altitude from Vancouver Island and coastal British Columbia south to Sonoma County California A large very fast growing tree to 70 m tall Foliage strongly flattened on all shoots Cones slightly narrower mostly less than 4 cm broad with thinner fairly flexible scales Tolerates winter temperatures down to about 25 to 30 C growth on good sites may exceed 1 5 m per year when young 1 Abies grandis var idahoensis Interior grand fir Interior forests at 600 900 1800 m altitude on the east slope of the Cascades in Washington and northern Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains from southeast British Columbia south to central Idaho northeast Oregon and western Montana A smaller slow growing tree to 40 45 m tall Foliage not strongly flattened on all shoots the leaves often raised above the shoot particularly on upper crown shoots Cones slightly stouter mostly over 4 cm broad with thicker slightly woody scales Tolerates winter temperatures down to about 40 C growth on good sites not exceeding 0 6 m per year even when young 1 Grand fir is very closely related to white fir with the interior variety idahoensis particularly similar to the western forms of white fir from western Oregon and California intergrading with it where they meet in the Cascades of central Oregon 1 Taxonomy EditThe species was first described by Scottish botanical explorer David Douglas who in 1830 brought its seeds back to Britain 3 in 1831 he described specimens he had collected along the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest 2 Distribution and ecology EditThe grand fir grows along the coast from southwest British Columbia to Northern California with the inland variety growing in eastern areas of Washington and Oregon and the Idaho Panhandle It can be found growing at elevations of up to 1 700 m 5 600 ft 3 Habitats typically receive at least 64 centimetres 25 inches of annual rainfall but are still too dry or outside the range of more shade tolerant competitors like western hemlock and western redcedar 3 Along with the closely related white fir grand fir is more shade tolerant than Douglas fir 3 Due to wildfire suppression grand fir was able to proliferate in areas previously dominated by the relatively fire resistant inland Douglas fir ponderosa pine and western larch 3 The lack of smaller fires allows both grand and white fir saplings to form a fuel ladder enabling crown fires 3 Grand fir s bark is thinner than that of white fir making the former species more susceptible to threats like fire and rot 3 Specimens have historically been able to live up to nearly 300 years but in modern stressed conditions 100 years is more typical 3 A number of defoliating insects threaten the tree in the late 20th century western spruce budworm epidemics killed sizable populations of grand fir in the eastern Cascades and Blue Mountains 3 The lack of an ability to use pitch to patch wounds including those from logging and small fires provides a weakness exploited by rot fungi 3 East of the Cascade ridge grand fir trunks are infected by Indian paint fungus indicating a rotten core such specimens are often waterlogged and thus crack apart in freezing weather 3 Pileated woodpeckers search grand and white firs for insects and places to nest Rotten cores open shelters for various animals including black bears 3 The boughs create a rain shelter for humans 3 A coast grand fir growing south of Bergen was in February 2022 found to be Norway s tallest tree with height of 53 7 m 176 ft 4 Uses EditNative Americans used both grand fir and white fir powdering the bark or pitch to treat tuberculosis or skin ailments 3 the Nlaka pamux used the bark to cover lodges and make canoes and branches were used as bedding 3 The inner bark of the grand fir was used by some Plateau Indian tribes for treating colds and fever 5 The Okanagan Colville tribe used the species as a strengthening drug to nullify the feeling of weakness 6 The foliage has an attractive citrus like scent It is sometimes used for Christmas decorations in the United States including Christmas trees although its stiff branches do not allow it to be economically packed 3 It is also planted as an ornamental tree in large parks Timber Edit Trunk cross section The lumber is non resinous and fine textured 2 In the North American logging industry the grand fir is often referred to as hem fir with hem fir being a number of species with interchangeable types of wood specifically the California red fir noble fir Pacific silver fir white fir and western hemlock Grand fir is often shipped along with these other species It can also referred to as white fir lumber an umbrella term also referring to Abies amabilis Abies concolor and Abies magnifica Lumber from the grand fir is considered a softwood As such it is used for paper making packing crates and construction Hem fir is frequently used for framing and is able to meet the building code span requirements of numerous construction projects 7 As a hem fir the trunk of the grand fir is considered slightly below the Douglas fir larch species combination in strength and stronger than the Douglas fir South and spruce pine fir South species combos both umbrella terms for a number of species with similar wood Because it is nearly as strong as Douglas fir larch it often meets the structural load bearing requirements for framing in residential light commercial and heavy construction Excluding Douglas fir larch hem fir s modulus of elasticity value as a stiffness factor in floor systems denoted as MOE or E is stronger than all other western species combinations Hem fir is preferred by many builders because of its ability to hold and not be split by nails and screws and its low propensity for splintering when sawed 7 References Edit a b c d e Farjon A 2013 Abies grandis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42284A2969709 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42284A2969709 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a b c Brochure White Fir Facts PDF SPI Archived from the original PDF on 2011 11 05 Retrieved 2012 01 12 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Arno Stephen F Hammerly Ramona P 2020 1977 Northwest Trees Identifying amp Understanding the Region s Native Trees field guide ed Seattle Mountaineers Books pp 128 135 ISBN 978 1 68051 329 5 OCLC 1141235469 The thickest tallest and oldest trees in Norway Hunn Eugene S 1990 Nch i Wana The Big River Mid Columbia Indians and Their Land University of Washington Press p 351 ISBN 0 295 97119 3 Turner Nancy J 1980 Ethnobotany of the Okanagan Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington British Columbia Provincial Museum ISBN 0771882009 OCLC 8519706 a b Hem Fir species group Western Woods Products Association March 1997 Archived from the original on 2012 07 12 Retrieved 2012 07 10 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abies grandis Gymnosperm Database Interactive Distribution Map Archived 2017 02 22 at the Wayback Machine Jepson eFlora The Jepson Herbarium University of California Berkeley CalFlora Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abies grandis amp oldid 1115441397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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