Abhinandan Varthaman
Group Captain Abhinandan Varthaman VrC (born 21 June 1983) is an Indian Air Force fighter pilot who was held captive in Pakistan for 60 hours after his MiG-21 Bison was shot down in an aerial dogfight that ensued after the Pakistan Air Force's (PAF) airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir. He was awarded the Vir Chakra by the Indian government.[3]
Abhinandan Varthaman | |
|---|---|
Varthaman in September 2019 | |
| Born | June 21, 1983 Tamil Nadu, India |
| Allegiance | India |
| Service/ | Indian Air Force |
| Years of service | 2004–present |
| Rank | Group Captain |
| Service number | 27981[1] |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Vir Chakra[2] |
Pakistan released videos and images showing Varthaman being rescued from a violent mob of villagers by its soldiers, receiving first aid, and being questioned while blindfolded. Varthaman was subsequently released on what Pakistan said was humanitarian grounds and returned to India on 1 March 2019.
Career and personal life edit
Abhinandan Varthaman was born on 21 June 1983 in a Tamil Jain family.[4][5] Varthaman's family is from Thirupanamoor, a village about 19 km (12 miles) from Kanchipuram.[6] His father Simhakutty Varthaman is retired Air Marshal (IAF), his wife Tanvi Marwaha is also a retired Squadron Leader (IAF) and his mother is a doctor.[7][8]
Varthaman was educated at Sainik School, Amaravathinagar.[7] He graduated from the National Defence Academy and was commissioned into the combat (fighter) stream of the IAF as a flying officer on 19 June 2004.[9] He was trained at the IAF centres in Bathinda and Halwara, promoted to flight lieutenant on 19 June 2006,[10] and to squadron leader on 8 July 2010.[11] Varthaman was a Su-30 MKI fighter pilot before being assigned to the MiG-21 Bison squadron.[12] He was promoted to wing commander on 19 June 2017[13] and to group captain in November 2021.
Varthaman is married and lives in Chennai. He and his wife have two children.[12][14]
2019 capture edit
On 27 February 2019, Varthaman was flying a MiG-21 as a part of a sortie that was scrambled to intercept airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan Air Force. He lost communications with the IAF command and inadvertently crossed into Pakistani airspace during a dogfight that ensued, during which his aircraft was struck by a missile. Varthaman ejected and safely descended into the village of Horran in Pakistan-governed Azad Kashmir, approximately 7 km (4.3 miles) from the Line of Control.[15][16]
Local villagers said Varthaman could be identified as an Indian pilot by the Indian flag on his parachute.[15] Upon landing, Varthaman asked the villagers whether he was in India or Pakistan, to which a boy lied by saying "India".[15] Varthaman reportedly chanted "Bharat Mata ki Jay", to which the locals responded with "Pakistan Zindabad". Then, he began firing warning shots. The villagers captured and manhandled Varthaman before he was rescued by the Pakistan Army.[17][16]
Later that day, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs confirmed an Indian pilot was missing in action after a MiG-21 Bison fighter aircraft was lost while engaging with Pakistani jets.[18][15][19] A statement released by the IAF claimed that before the crash, Varthaman had shot down a PAF Lockheed Martin F-16.[20][21][22] At a media briefing on 2 March 2019, nearly two days after the aerial engagement between PAF and IAF, the IAF displayed the parts of AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, which could be used only by the PAF's F-16.[23] The IAF also said they had identified the electronic signatures of the aircraft and confirmed that F-16 were used during the skirmish.[23] As claimed by Indian media, according to an agreement between the US and Pakistan, Pakistan is only allowed to use the F-16 against terrorists.[24] However, Foreign Policy magazine quoting an anonymous U.S. official stated that the agreement did not involve any such terms "limiting the use of the F-16s".[25] Scholarly analysis[26] and Pakistan's Inter-Services Public Relations Director General refuted the later claims and said F-16s had not been used in the incident.[27] The US-based Foreign Policy magazine, quoting two anonymous US defence ministry officials, reported in April 2019 that an audit didn't find any Pakistani F-16s missing, and that all jets were accounted for.[28][29] A day later, the US defence ministry stated it was “not aware” of any investigation that was conducted to ascertain if Pakistan had lost an F-16 in a dogfight with Indian fighter jets on February 27.[30][31][32] While the US defence ministry was unaware of the "F-16 count", the US State Department distanced itself from the "F-16 count" news report, saying in response to a direct request to confirm or deny it, “As a matter of policy, the Department does not publicly comment on details of government-to-government agreements on end-use monitoring of US-origin defence articles.” and highlighted that “It is important to note that since January 2018, the United States government has suspended security assistance to Pakistan”.[33]
Videos edit
Videos and images released by Pakistani authorities showed Varthaman being rescued from a violent mob by Pakistani soldiers[34] and being interrogated while tied and blindfolded with a bloody face.[17][34] Other videos showed him receiving first aid and being further interrogated over tea.[35][17][34] The media received a mixed reception; some commentators criticised the reports as a "vulgar display" while others praised the intervention of the Pakistani soldiers when Varthaman was in the hands of the mob and was being beaten.[34] The release of the videos was suspected of being a violation of the Geneva Conventions and were deleted by Pakistani authorities after they went viral.[36] Experts gave different opinions about the validity of the Geneva Conventions in this case.[37]
Repatriation and subsequent developments edit
On 28 February 2019, Imran Khan, the prime minister of Pakistan, announced at a joint sitting of the Parliament of Pakistan, that the government had decided to release Varthaman the next day as a "gesture of peace". If some news sources are to be believed, "India and Pakistan came perilously close to firing missiles at each other on February 27, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi deciding to up the ante after the capture of MiG-21 Bison pilot Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman by Pakistan, and Research and Analysis Wing secretary Anil Dhasmana communicating to his Pakistan counterpart Inter Services Intelligence chief Lieutenant General Asim Munir that there would be an escalation in the Indian offensive if the pilot was harmed."[38][39] Shah Mehmood Qureshi, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan, said his government announced the release of the IAF Wing Commander out of a desire for peace and that there was no compulsion or pressure on Pakistan, as was implied by the Indian media.[40] However, The New York Times reported that several outside countries including United States and China had been urging Pakistan to release the Indian pilot to de-escalate the crisis.[17]
Later in October 2020, an opposition leader, Ayaz Sadiq had claimed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that Varthaman was released after Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi told a meeting of Pakistan's top leaders that India would attack Pakistan if Varthaman weren't released. Ayaz Sadiq faced flak from the Pakistani government and the public for making such statements.[41][42][43]
Varthaman crossed the India–Pakistan border at Wagah on 1 March 2019.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] At a rally, the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed Varthaman's release, saying the nation was proud of him.[51] A demeaning video of Varthaman was released by the PAF to the Pakistani media hours before his release. IAF later said it had been filmed while Varthaman was under duress.[52][53][54][55] A medical check-up upon his return located multiple bruises and a fractured rib but no 'significant injuries'.[56] Varthaman said the Pakistani authorities did not physically torture him but subjected him to considerable "mental harassment". Pakistan said he was treated in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.[57]
Akhil Bharatiya Digambar Jain Mahasamiti chairperson Manidra Jain announced Varthaman would be awarded the Bhagwan Mahavir Ahimsa Puraskar on 17 April 2019, the date of Mahavir Jayanti.[58][59] In August that same year, he was presented with the Vir Chakra gallantry award.[47]
After the government's decision to release Varthaman was announced, a petition was filed before the Islamabad High Court (IHC) seeking an injunction to stop the process but the court dismissed it on the same day. The petition argued Varthaman must be released only after the cessation of active hostilities, as per the Geneva Conventions, since the Indian pilot “was arrested when he was on a mission against Pakistan”. The petition was rejected by the Islamabad High Court, citing the consensus of the parliamentarians and that "When all the parliamentarians agree at a point...[a] debate over it is unnecessary". In addition the IHC Chief Justice Minallah also stated that the courts do not have the power to intervene in foreign affairs, according to a Supreme Court verdict in 2014.[60][61]
Legacy and honors edit
Moustache style edit
Varthaman's style of moustache has become popular in India and is widely called the "Abhinandan cut" or the "Varthaman style".[62][63][64][65][66] Actor Ranveer Singh's barber, Darshan Yewalekar, has quoted saying that "the beard sported by the IAF pilot will soon be called India's very own Varthaman style."[66]
The style is similar to a combination of gunslinger moustaches and mutton chops worn by Franz Joseph I of Austria.[64] It resembles the moustache worn by actor Suriya in the Singam film series and Rajinikanth's moustache in Petta (2019).[67]
A number of companies used the moustache in their advertisements. Dairy company Amul produced a video showing a young girl wearing an Abhinandan-shaped milk moustache.[68][69] The advertisement was posted on Twitter and received more than 170,000 views within 24 hours.[70][71] Pizza Hut also posted a tweet showing the Abhinandan moustache on 3 March 2019.[72][73]
"The Tea is Fantastic" (internet meme) edit
In 2019, after Abhinandhan was captured by Pakistani forces, a video of him taken by a soldier went viral in which he was seen being interrogated while drinking Pakistani tea. The interrogator asked him different questions about his health and how he was treated to which he acknowledged the humane treatment by the Pakistani military. The interrogator then asks if he was enjoying his tea, to which Abhinandan replied: "The tea is fantastic". This statement of Varthaman went viral and turned into an internet meme in the Pakistani online community.[74][75]
Statue edit
A statue of Varthaman along with the parts of the fuselage and tail of his Mig-21 aircraft are on display in a gallery named Operation Swift Retort at the Pakistan Air Force Museum in Karachi, Pakistan.[76]
Awards and decorations edit
See also edit
References edit
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- ^ "Abhinandan to get Vir Chakra on Independence Day: Facts about India's 3rd highest gallantry award". India Today. 14 August 2019.
- ^ Pickrell, Ryan (6 April 2019). "'Not aware': Pentagon on Pak F-18 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ M, Kalyanaraman (5 April 2019). "Abhinandan's folk: Jains who are Tamils but don't eat onions". The Federal. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ M, Kalyanaraman (5 April 2019). "Abhinandan's folk: Jains who are Tamils but don't eat onions". The Federal. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman trained at IAF, Tambaram". Deccan Chronicle. 28 February 2019. from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Pilot Abhinandan Profile, Family, All you need to know about IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman". timesnownews.com. from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Cheers, Claps For Pilot Abhinandan Varthaman's Parents on Flight To Delhi". NDTV. 1 March 2019. from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Air Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 30 September 2006. p. 1371.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Air Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 28 June 2008. p. 796.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Air Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 4 February 2012. p. 119.
- ^ a b "Profile of a true HERO – All you need to know about Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman". from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Air Branch)" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 8 February 2020. p. 527.
- ^ "Abhinandan Varthaman carries a legacy of courage, grace, valour". India Today. 1 March 2019. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d Khan, M. Ilyas (1 March 2019). "Fighter pilot 'opened fire' before capture". BBC News. from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Abhinandan raised slogans, tried to destroy documents just before being captured in Pak (BBC Hindi)". 28 February 2019 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c d Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini (1 March 2019). "Pakistan Frees Indian Pilot Who Was Beaten by a Mob and Then Served Tea". The New York Times. from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "India-Pak Tensions LIVE: IAF Wing Commander Missing After MiG-21 Crash, Pakistan Claims He is in Their Custody, Says Govt". News18. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "Saved from a Pakistani mob, a downed Indian pilot becomes the face of the Kashmir crises". cbc.ca. CBC News. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "'Abhinandan Varthaman is first IAF pilot to down an F-16': Air Chief Marshal S Krishnaswamy". Hindustan Times. 3 March 2019. from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ "Enough evidence to show Pak used F16s, 'disinformation' by Pak: Indian Air Force". News Laundry. 1 March 2019. from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Abhinandan Varthaman's MiG21 locked in Pakistan's F16". Economic Times. 28 February 2019. from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b Joshi, Sameer (20 August 2019). "8 pieces of clinching evidence that show how IAF's Abhinandan shot down a Pakistani F-16". ThePrint. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
This radar data proves beyond doubt — that F-16s were operating against India that day — exposing the lies and contradictions of Ghafoor — exposed further by the remains of the AMRAAM missile found in the Nowshera sector by the Indian military. AMRAAM missiles can only be fired by F-16s in the PAF inventory.
- ^ Press Trust of India (9 March 2019). "Abhinandan-piloted MiG-21 Bison shot down Pak F-16; have electronic evidence: MEA". India Today. from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Seligman, Lara (4 April 2019). "Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ Markey, Daniel (2022), "The Strategic Implications of India's Illiberalism and Democratic Erosion", Asia Policy, 17 (1), National Bureau of Asian Research: 77–105, doi:10.1353/asp.2022.0010, S2CID 246816912,
The Modi government's public mischaracterizations of the February 2019 Balakot airstrike and subsequent air skirmishes, including subsequently debunked claims of a destroyed terrorist camp inside Pakistan and India's downing of a Pakistani F-16 jet, have already raised questions in the United States about New Delhi's credibility and communications strategy in the midst of an exceptionally dangerous regional context.
- ^ "Pakistan army refutes Indian claims of downing F-16; says Pakistan doesn't want war". 27 February 2019. from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ Seligman, Lara (4 April 2019). "Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Lalwani, Sameer; Tallo, Emily (17 April 2019). "Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
The controversy flared up when a Foreign Policy article stated that the Pentagon had accounted for all of Pakistan's F-16 jets... The IAF responded last week by releasing "irrefutable" evidence — including electronic signatures and radio transcripts — that Pakistan lost a fighter jet during the February aerial combat. A number of U.S. and Indian defense analysts called the evidence circumstantial... The Pentagon, like the State Department, has yet to issue a public statement on the F-16 count, but there have been no counter-leaks contradicting the Foreign Policy report.
- ^ "Pentagon 'not aware' on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF". The Asian Age. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
Washington: The United States defence department on Friday said it was "not aware" of any investigation that was conducted to ascertain if Pakistan had lost an F-16 in a fight with Indian fighter jets on February 27. US-based news publication Foreign Policy had quoted senior but unidentified US defence sources saying that no F-16 was missing. This fact was strongly denied by India which reitereated that the Indian Air Force had indeed shot down an F-16.
- ^ Desk, EurAsian Times (6 April 2019). "Setback To Pakistan, US Says 'Did Not Count' Pakistani F-16 Fighter Jets". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
The US defence department clearly stated that it had no information on any investigation involving its officials to check the status of F-16 fighter jets delivered to Pakistan. The statement comes a day after a US-based magazine quoted two senior US officials who contradicted India's claim of having shot down a Pakistani F-16 jet on February 27 during a dogfight along the LoC.
- ^ "Haven't counted Pakistan's F-16s, says Pentagon after US magazine claimed it did". ThePrint. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
The United States defence department on Friday said it was "not aware" of any investigation that was conducted to ascertain if Pakistan had lost an F-16 in a dogfight with Indian fighter jets on February 27, contrary to a report by a news publication that had gone on to say, citing unidentified defence officials, the count revealed none was missing
- ^ "Haven't counted Pakistan's F-16s, says Pentagon after US magazine claimed it did". ThePrint. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
The state department distanced itself from the news report saying in response to a direct request to confirm or deny it, "As a matter of policy, the Department does not publicly comment on details of government-to-government agreements on end-use monitoring of US-origin defence articles."
- ^ a b c d Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini (1 March 2019). "Pakistan Frees Indian Pilot Who Was Beaten by a Mob and Then Served Tea". The New York Times. from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ Ashwani, S. (4 March 2019). "अभिनंदन के पीओके में गिरने के तुरंत बाद का नया वीडियो, इसमें दिख रहा है कि विंग कमांडर को पकड़ने के बाद कितनी दहशत में थे पाक सैनिक, जल्दबाजी में जमीन पर ही लेटा कर करने लगे खून साफ". Dainik Bhaskar.
- ^ Casiano, Louis (27 February 2019). "Pakistan may have violated Geneva Conventions after posting video of captured pilot". Fox News. from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
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- ^ "India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27". Hindustan Times. 23 March 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
"I know last night there was a threat there could a missile attack on Pakistan, which later got defused, Khan said in his speech.
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- ^ "No compulsion or pressure to release Abhinandan, did it for peace: Qureshi". DAWN. 2 March 2019. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Pakistan released IAF pilot Wg. Cdr. Abhinandan after India's attack threat, claims PMLN leader". The Hindu. PTI. 29 October 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "I stand by my stance, have never made irresponsible statements: Ayaz Sadiq". Dawn.com. 31 October 2020. from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ "Pak Opposition MP Says Abhinandan Was Released As Army Chief Feared India's Attack". The Wire. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
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- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Raj, Suhasini (1 March 2019). "Pakistan Frees Indian Pilot Who Was Beaten by a Mob and Then Served Tea". The New York Times. from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ a b Peri, Dinakar (14 August 2019). "Wing Commander Abhinandan to be awarded Vir Chakra". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; 2 pilots arrested". DAWN.COM. 28 February 2019. from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
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- ^ "Pakistan hands back captured Indian pilot". BBC. 1 March 2019. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ "PM Modi welcomes IAF pilot Abhinandan, says 'nation proud of your exemplary courage'". The Times of India. 1 March 2019. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Subjected to mental harassment by ISI, says IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan". The Times of India. from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ "Abhinandan's video was recorded in captivity under duress: IAF". The Times of India. March 2019. from the original on 11 March 2019.
- ^ "Pakistan's propaganda video of Indian pilot Abhinandan had at least 16 cuts". March 2019. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Abhinandan Varthaman Says He Was Mentally Harassed in Pakistan: Report". NDTV.com. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (2 March 2019). "Abhinandan is back but with a rib fracture and some bruises". The Economic Times. from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Abhinandan Varthaman Says He Was Mentally Harassed in Pakistan: Report". NDTV.com. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
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- ^ "Indian Air Force promotes Balakot air strike hero Abhinandan Varthaman to Group Captain rank". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
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- ^ "Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India". www.gallantryawards.gov.in. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ^ Suri, Manveena. "Indian pilot returns home a hero and sparks mustache trend". CNN. from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ^ "Abhinandan's gunslinger moustache evokes awe, youngsters rush to replicate style". Asian News International. 3 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Abhinandan Varthaman's Gunslinger Moustache Is All The Rage in India". NDTV. S Shobana. 3 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Bengaluru hairdresser gives 650 men 'Abhinandan' moustaches for free to honour IAF pilot". The Indian Express. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Want to look cool? Beard it like Abhinandan". The Times of India. IANS. 4 March 2019. from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Abhinandan Varthaman's moustache may be the next styling sensation in India". Hindustan Times. IANS. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Suri, Manveena (4 March 2019). "Indian pilot returns home a hero and sparks mustache trend". CNN. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ "Amul Pays Tribute to IAF Pilot Abhinandan's 'Mooch' in New Ad, Twitter Says it Will be Next Fashion Trend". News18. 3 March 2019.
- ^ "Amul Sets Twitter Abuzz With 'Mooch' Video, Pays Tribute to IAF Wing Commander Abhinandan". India.com. 3 March 2019. from the original on 4 March 2019.
- ^ Das, Aninda (10 March 2019). "Mooch Appreciated: IAF pilot Abhinandan Varthaman's gunslinger moustache is now a rage on social media". Times Now. from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ "Netizens divided over Pizza Hut offering free pizza to anyone named Abhinandan". The Indian Express. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ Nair, Sulekha (6 March 2019). "Pizza Hut turns Wing Commander Abhinandan's bravery into marketing gimmick: Insensitive and opportunistic, say brand specialists". Firstpost. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ "Video: Wing Commander Abhinandan says Pakistani Army treated him with respect". 27 February 2019.
- ^ "Three years on, Pakistanis wish Indians a happy tea day". 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Statue of Indian pilot Abhinandan installed in Karachi's PAF Museum". Dawn. 13 November 2019.