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6 January Dictatorship

January 11, 2023

The 6 January Dictatorship (Serbian Cyrillic: Шестојануарска диктатура, romanized: Šestojanuarska diktatura; Croatian: Šestosiječanjska diktatura; Slovene: Šestojanuarska diktatura) was a royal dictatorship established in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia after 1929) by King Alexander I (r. 1921–34) with the ultimate goal to create a Yugoslav ideology and a single Yugoslav nation. It lasted from 6 January 1929, when the king prorogued parliament and assumed control of the state, and ended with the 1931 Yugoslav Constitution.

Not to be confused with January 6 United States Capitol attack.

History

In 1928, Croatian Peasant Party leader Stjepan Radić was assassinated in the Parliament of Yugoslavia by a Montenegrin Serb leader and People's Radical Party politician Puniša Račić, during a tense argument.[1]

On 6 January 1929, using as a pretext the political crisis triggered by the shooting, King Alexander abolished the Vidovdan Constitution, prorogued the Parliament and assumed dictatorial powers.[2] He appointed a cabinet solely responsible to him, and imposed tight censorship on the press. Initially, he claimed that this was only a temporary situation that would allow him to unify the country.[3] with the aim of establishing the Yugoslav ideology and single Yugoslav nation.[4][5][6] He changed the name of the country to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas on 3 October. This decision was made following a proposal by the British ambassador to better decentralize the country, modeled on Czechoslovakia.[7] A Court for the Protection of the State was soon established to act as the new regime's tool for putting down any dissent. Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court. Pribićević later went into exile, whereas over the course of the 1930s Maček would become the leader of the entire opposition bloc.

Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed, Croatian deputy Ante Pavelić left for exile from the country. The following years Pavelić worked to establish a revolutionary organization, the Ustaše, allied with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) against the state.

In 1931, Alexander decreed a new Constitution which vested the King with executive power. Elections were to be by universal male suffrage. The provision for a secret ballot was dropped, and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander's constitution. Further, half the upper house was directly appointed by the King, and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if also approved by the King.

That same year, Croatian historian and anti-Yugoslavist intellectual[8] Milan Šufflay was assassinated in Zagreb. As a response, Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder, accusing the Yugoslav government. The letter states of a "horrible brutality which is being practiced upon the Croatian People". The appeal was addressed to the Paris-based Ligue des droits de l'homme[9] (Human Rights League).[10] In their letter Einstein and Mann held the Yugoslav king Aleksandar explicitly responsible for these circumstances.[10][11][12]

Croat opposition to the new régime was strong and, in late 1932, the Croatian Peasant Party issued the Zagreb Manifesto which sought an end to Serb hegemony and dictatorship. The government reacted by imprisoning many political opponents including the new Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Maček. Despite these measures, opposition to the dictatorship continued, with Croats calling for a solution to what was called the "Croatian question". In late 1934, the King planned to release Maček from prison, introduce democratic reforms, and attempt find common ground between Serbs and Croats.

However, on 9 October 1934, the king was assassinated in Marseille, France, by Bulgarian Veličko Kerin (also known by his revolutionary pseudonym Vlado Chernozemski), an activist of IMRO, in a conspiracy with Yugoslav exiles and radical members of banned political parties in cooperation with the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustaše organisation.

Notes

  1. ^ Newman 2017.
  2. ^ Graham, Malbone W. (1929). "The "Dictatorship" in Yugoslavia". American Political Science Review. 23 (2): 449–459. doi:10.2307/1945227. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1945227.
  3. ^ Edwin Leland James (7 January 1929). "KING OF YUGOSLAVIA ASSUMES ALL POWER". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  4. ^ Troch 2017.
  5. ^ Grgić 2018.
  6. ^ Nielsen 2009.
  7. ^ Pavlović 2012, pp. 512.
  8. ^ Bartulin, Nevenko (2013). The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia: Origins and Theory. Brill Publishers. p. 124. ISBN 9789004262829.
  9. ^ Realite sur l'attentat de Marseille contre le roi Alexandre 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Einstein accuses Yugoslavian rulers in savant's murder. New York Times. 6 May 1931. Mirror.
  11. ^ "Raditch left tale of Yugoslav plot". New York Times. 23 August 1931. p. N2. Retrieved 6 December 2008. Mirror.
  12. ^ "Nevada Labor. Yesterday, today and tomorrow". Nevadalabor.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.

Sources

  • Mrđenović, Dušan (1988). Ustavi i vlade Kneževine Srbije, Kraljevine Srbije, Kraljevine SHS i Kraljevine Jugoslavije, 1835-1941. Nova knj. ISBN 9788673350660.
  • Vucinich, Wayne S.; Tomasevich, Jozo (1969). Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. University of California Press. pp. 22–. GGKEY:5JR74ERLNET.
  • Yeomans, Rory S (2012). Visions of Annihilation: The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism, 1941-1945. University of Pittsburgh Pre. ISBN 9780822977933.
  • Newman, John Paul (2017). "War Veterans, Fascism, and Para-Fascist Departures in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1918–1941". Fascism. 6: 63. doi:10.1163/22116257-00601003.
  • Troch, Pieter (2017). "Yugoslavism between the world wars: indecisive nation building". Fascism. 38 (2): 227–244. doi:10.1080/00905990903517819. hdl:1854/LU-839236. S2CID 153840603.
  • Grgić, Stipica (2018). "Pantheon on a tablecloth: Yugoslav dictatorship and the confrontation of national symbols in Croatia (1929–1935)". The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. 46 (3): 458–470. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1357029. S2CID 158362422.
  • Nielsen, Christian Axboe (2009). "Policing Yugoslavism: Surveillance, Denunciations, and Ideology during King Aleksandar's Dictatorship, 1929-1934". East European Politics and Societies. 23 (1): 34–62. doi:10.1177/0888325408326789. S2CID 145765948.
  • Dragnich, Alex N. (1991). "The Anatomy of a Myth: Serbian Hegemony". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 659–662. doi:10.2307/2499861. JSTOR 2499861.
  • Pavlović, Marko (2012). Časlav Ocić (ed.). "Jugoslovenska kraljevina prva evropska regionalna država" (PDF). Zbornik Matice srpske za društvene nauke. Novi Sad: Matica srpska. 141: 503–521. ISSN 0352-5732. Retrieved 27 April 2020.

Further reading

  • Stojkov, Todor. Opozicija u vreme šestojanuarske diktature 1929-1935. Prosveta, 1969.
  • Gašparič, Jure. SLS pod kraljevo diktaturo: diktatura kralja Aleksandra in politika Slovenske ljudske stranke v letih 1929-1935. Modrijan, 2007.
  • Imamović, Mustafa. Pravni položaj verskih zajednica za vreme šestojanuarske diktature. 1991
  • Janjatović, Bosiljka. "O progonima hrvatskih političara u Zagrebu za vrijeme karađorđevićevske šestojanuarske diktature." Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest 26.1 (1993): 161-176.
  • Janjatović, Bosiljka, and Petar Strčić. "Nekoliko spisa organa vlasti o komunistima na otoku Krku za šestojanuarske diktature." Vjesnik historijskih arhiva u Rijeci i Pazinu 16.1971) (1971): 91-126.
  • Jerotijevic, Zoran. "Економски и политички узроци увођења Шестојануарског режима (Economic and Political Causes of the Introduction of the January Sixth Regime)." Ekonomika 60.2 (2014): 227-238.
  • Kaučič, Domen. Odnos Slovencev do kralja Aleksandra I. Karađorđevića: odziv na politične poteze kraljevega dvora v času šestojanuarske diktature: diplomsko delo. Diss. D. Kaučič, 2015.
  • Drakić, Gordana. "Arising of the Legal System in the Yugoslav State between the Two World Wars." Proceedings of Novi Sad Faculty of Law 42 (2008).

January 11, 2023
january, dictatorship, serbian, cyrillic, Шестојануарска, диктатура, romanized, Šestojanuarska, diktatura, croatian, Šestosiječanjska, diktatura, slovene, Šestojanuarska, diktatura, royal, dictatorship, established, kingdom, serbs, croats, slovenes, kingdom, y. The 6 January Dictatorship Serbian Cyrillic Shestoјanuarska diktatura romanized Sestojanuarska diktatura Croatian Sestosijecanjska diktatura Slovene Sestojanuarska diktatura was a royal dictatorship established in the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes Kingdom of Yugoslavia after 1929 by King Alexander I r 1921 34 with the ultimate goal to create a Yugoslav ideology and a single Yugoslav nation It lasted from 6 January 1929 when the king prorogued parliament and assumed control of the state and ended with the 1931 Yugoslav Constitution Alexander I of Yugoslavia Not to be confused with January 6 United States Capitol attack Contents 1 History 2 Notes 3 Sources 4 Further readingHistory EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources 6 January Dictatorship news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message In 1928 Croatian Peasant Party leader Stjepan Radic was assassinated in the Parliament of Yugoslavia by a Montenegrin Serb leader and People s Radical Party politician Punisa Racic during a tense argument 1 On 6 January 1929 using as a pretext the political crisis triggered by the shooting King Alexander abolished the Vidovdan Constitution prorogued the Parliament and assumed dictatorial powers 2 He appointed a cabinet solely responsible to him and imposed tight censorship on the press Initially he claimed that this was only a temporary situation that would allow him to unify the country 3 with the aim of establishing the Yugoslav ideology and single Yugoslav nation 4 5 6 He changed the name of the country to Kingdom of Yugoslavia and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas on 3 October This decision was made following a proposal by the British ambassador to better decentralize the country modeled on Czechoslovakia 7 A Court for the Protection of the State was soon established to act as the new regime s tool for putting down any dissent Opposition politicians Vladko Macek and Svetozar Pribicevic were arrested under charges by the court Pribicevic later went into exile whereas over the course of the 1930s Macek would become the leader of the entire opposition bloc Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed Croatian deputy Ante Pavelic left for exile from the country The following years Pavelic worked to establish a revolutionary organization the Ustase allied with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization IMRO against the state In 1931 Alexander decreed a new Constitution which vested the King with executive power Elections were to be by universal male suffrage The provision for a secret ballot was dropped and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander s constitution Further half the upper house was directly appointed by the King and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if also approved by the King That same year Croatian historian and anti Yugoslavist intellectual 8 Milan Sufflay was assassinated in Zagreb As a response Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder accusing the Yugoslav government The letter states of a horrible brutality which is being practiced upon the Croatian People The appeal was addressed to the Paris based Ligue des droits de l homme 9 Human Rights League 10 In their letter Einstein and Mann held the Yugoslav king Aleksandar explicitly responsible for these circumstances 10 11 12 Croat opposition to the new regime was strong and in late 1932 the Croatian Peasant Party issued the Zagreb Manifesto which sought an end to Serb hegemony and dictatorship The government reacted by imprisoning many political opponents including the new Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Macek Despite these measures opposition to the dictatorship continued with Croats calling for a solution to what was called the Croatian question In late 1934 the King planned to release Macek from prison introduce democratic reforms and attempt find common ground between Serbs and Croats However on 9 October 1934 the king was assassinated in Marseille France by Bulgarian Velicko Kerin also known by his revolutionary pseudonym Vlado Chernozemski an activist of IMRO in a conspiracy with Yugoslav exiles and radical members of banned political parties in cooperation with the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustase organisation Notes Edit Newman 2017 Graham Malbone W 1929 The Dictatorship in Yugoslavia American Political Science Review 23 2 449 459 doi 10 2307 1945227 ISSN 0003 0554 JSTOR 1945227 Edwin Leland James 7 January 1929 KING OF YUGOSLAVIA ASSUMES ALL POWER The New York Times Retrieved 12 August 2021 Troch 2017 Grgic 2018 Nielsen 2009 Pavlovic 2012 pp 512 Bartulin Nevenko 2013 The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia Origins and Theory Brill Publishers p 124 ISBN 9789004262829 Realite sur l attentat de Marseille contre le roi Alexandre Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b Einstein accuses Yugoslavian rulers in savant s murder New York Times 6 May 1931 Mirror Raditch left tale of Yugoslav plot New York Times 23 August 1931 p N2 Retrieved 6 December 2008 Mirror Nevada Labor Yesterday today and tomorrow Nevadalabor com Retrieved 3 September 2012 Sources EditMrđenovic Dusan 1988 Ustavi i vlade Knezevine Srbije Kraljevine Srbije Kraljevine SHS i Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1835 1941 Nova knj ISBN 9788673350660 Vucinich Wayne S Tomasevich Jozo 1969 Contemporary Yugoslavia Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment University of California Press pp 22 GGKEY 5JR74ERLNET Yeomans Rory S 2012 Visions of Annihilation The Ustasha Regime and the Cultural Politics of Fascism 1941 1945 University of Pittsburgh Pre ISBN 9780822977933 Newman John Paul 2017 War Veterans Fascism and Para Fascist Departures in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918 1941 Fascism 6 63 doi 10 1163 22116257 00601003 Troch Pieter 2017 Yugoslavism between the world wars indecisive nation building Fascism 38 2 227 244 doi 10 1080 00905990903517819 hdl 1854 LU 839236 S2CID 153840603 Grgic Stipica 2018 Pantheon on a tablecloth Yugoslav dictatorship and the confrontation of national symbols in Croatia 1929 1935 The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 46 3 458 470 doi 10 1080 00905992 2017 1357029 S2CID 158362422 Nielsen Christian Axboe 2009 Policing Yugoslavism Surveillance Denunciations and Ideology during King Aleksandar s Dictatorship 1929 1934 East European Politics and Societies 23 1 34 62 doi 10 1177 0888325408326789 S2CID 145765948 Dragnich Alex N 1991 The Anatomy of a Myth Serbian Hegemony Slavic Review 50 3 659 662 doi 10 2307 2499861 JSTOR 2499861 Pavlovic Marko 2012 Caslav Ocic ed Jugoslovenska kraljevina prva evropska regionalna drzava PDF Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke Novi Sad Matica srpska 141 503 521 ISSN 0352 5732 Retrieved 27 April 2020 Further reading EditStojkov Todor Opozicija u vreme sestojanuarske diktature 1929 1935 Prosveta 1969 Gasparic Jure SLS pod kraljevo diktaturo diktatura kralja Aleksandra in politika Slovenske ljudske stranke v letih 1929 1935 Modrijan 2007 Imamovic Mustafa Pravni polozaj verskih zajednica za vreme sestojanuarske diktature 1991 Janjatovic Bosiljka O progonima hrvatskih politicara u Zagrebu za vrijeme karađorđevicevske sestojanuarske diktature Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest 26 1 1993 161 176 Janjatovic Bosiljka and Petar Strcic Nekoliko spisa organa vlasti o komunistima na otoku Krku za sestojanuarske diktature Vjesnik historijskih arhiva u Rijeci i Pazinu 16 1971 1971 91 126 Jerotijevic Zoran Ekonomski i politichki uzroci uvoђeњa Shestoјanuarskog rezhima Economic and Political Causes of the Introduction of the January Sixth Regime Ekonomika 60 2 2014 227 238 Kaucic Domen Odnos Slovencev do kralja Aleksandra I Karađorđevica odziv na politicne poteze kraljevega dvora v casu sestojanuarske diktature diplomsko delo Diss D Kaucic 2015 Drakic Gordana Arising of the Legal System in the Yugoslav State between the Two World Wars Proceedings of Novi Sad Faculty of Law 42 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 6 January Dictatorship amp oldid 1132514723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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