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2021–2022 Serbian environmental protests

June 10, 2023

In September 2021, a series of environmental protests began in Belgrade and other locations in Serbia. The protests, which were attended by tens of thousands of people, lasted until February 2022. In 2004, Anglo-Australian corporation Rio Tinto was given permission to explore mines near the Jadar Valley, and in 2017, the Government of Serbia signed an agreement to implement "Project Jadar", which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit the silicate mineral jadarite. The project was initially scheduled to start in 2023. Following the 2020 parliamentary election, the ruling Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) won a supermajority of seats in the National Assembly, and as a response, the National Assembly adopted a law on referendum and people's initiative, and modifications of the expropriation law in November 2021. Both laws were met with opposition from activists and politicians.

2021–2022 Serbian environmental protests
Protesters blocking the Gazela Bridge on 11 December 2021
Date11 September 2021 – 15 February 2022 (5 months and 4 days)
Location
Serbia
Caused by
  • Modification of the expropriation law
  • Rio Tinto's lithium mine investment
  • Law on referendum and people's initiative
Goals
  • Withdrawal of expropriation and referendum laws
  • Release of arrested protesters
  • Rejection of Rio Tinto's investment
  • Moratorium on the exploration and exploitation of boron and lithium
MethodsDemonstrations, civil roadblocks, civil resistance
Concessions
  • Expropriation law withdrawn
  • Referendum law amended
  • Abolishment of the spatial plan for Rio Tinto's lithium mine investment
  • All administrative acts related to Rio Tinto annulled
Parties to the civil conflict

Anti-government protesters

Opposition parties

Government of Serbia

  • Police
  • Pro-government activists
  • Armed hooligans

Government parties

Lead figures
Number
4 December:
31,000[b]−110,000[c]

Between September 2021 and February 2022, environmental organisations organised protests to demand the government to withdraw the expropriation and referendum laws, and to cancel Project Jadar. Protests resumed in November 2021, and after the adoption of the laws, the protests escalated and became larger. The organisations Ecological Uprising and Kreni-Promeni led a series of roadblock protests, which became violent. The demonstrators were attacked by armed hooligans and pro-government activists; and some of them were detained. After the protests in December, the number of demonstrators decreased. Protests continued up to 15 February 2022. Several protests in support were also organised internationally. The environmental protests received support from opposition political parties and public figures while academics, geologists, and non-governmental organisations criticized the government's decision to support Rio Tinto's investment. The government and individuals associated with it criticised the protests and its organisers.

President Aleksandar Vučić initially stated that the laws would not be repealed but after the escalation of the protests, the expropriation law was withdrawn and the law on referendum was amended on 8 December, while the City Assembly of Loznica abolished the spatial plan that included Rio Tinto's mine investment on 16 December, postponing the corporation's operations until further notice. In January 2022, the government also annulled all administrative acts related to Rio Tinto. Activists said Rio Tinto shortly continued to operate after these remarks but Rio Tinto refuted the claims.

Background

In December 2004, Anglo-Australian mining corporation Rio Tinto discovered the silicate mineral jadarite in a mine near the Jadar Valley.[3] In July that year, during Vojislav Koštunica's administration, Rio Tinto had been given permission to explore the mines,[4] and in several documents that were signed later, its boundaries of exploration were further extended.[5] The International Mineralogical Association recognised the mineral in November 2006.[3] In 2017, the Government of Serbia signed a memorandum with Rio Tinto to implement "Project Jadar", which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit mines near Gornje Nedeljice and the Jadar Valley.[6] The project was set to start in 2023 and the production of jadarite batteries was set to begin in 2027.[7][8]

In November 2021, the National Assembly of Serbia adopted a law on referendum and people's initiative, and modified the country's expropriation law.[9][10] The law on referendum and people's initiative abolished the 50% threshold that was needed for a referendum to pass. Opposition politicians speculated the amended law would be abused in cases such as Rio Tinto.[11][12] On 25 November, President Aleksandar Vučić signed the law and stated he would not repeal it.[13][14] The expropriation law was also met with opposition and gained negative coverage from journalists.[15][16][17] It was also criticised by politicians, activists, and lawyers; all of whom have called for its withdrawal.[18][19] Government officials responded by stating the laws had nothing to do with Rio Tinto.[20][21][22]

Related protests

Environmental protests were held in January 2021 by the initiative "Eco Guard".[23] Around 2,000 protesters attended a protest that was dubbed "Protests for Harmless Air".[24][25] Several professors and activists, such as Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, also attended the protest, which remained peaceful.[25]

In March 2021, Ćuta announced his organisation "Defend the Rivers of Stara Planina" was planning to organise an "Ecological Uprising" protest on 10 April.[26][27] The protest gained public attention and around 60 environmental organisations participated.[28][29] The protest was held in front of the House of the National Assembly,[30] and was attended by 2,000 protesters demanding the suspension of all environmentally projects and the adaptation of regulations to the highest environmental standards.[29][31] Organisations that participated in the protest published a document that included more demands for the government.[32] Prime Minister Ana Brnabić criticised the protesters,[33] although she later affirmed she was ready to discuss their demands.[34]

Timeline

2021

11 September

The organisation "Ecological Uprising", which was formed by Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, announced in August 2021 it would organise a protest on 11 September in Belgrade.[35] Following the announcement, the Party of Freedom and Justice (SSP), Democratic Party (DS), People's Party (Narodna), and the Do not let Belgrade drown (NDB) movement, stated their support for the protest,[36] including actors Svetlana Bojković, Seka Sablić, Petar Božović.[37] Nebojša Zelenović, the leader of Together for Serbia (ZZS), called for everyone to join the protest regardless of their political affiliation.[38] Protesters gathered at Pioneers Park, Belgrade at around 14:00 (UTC+01:00),[39][40] and they demanded Rio Tinto leave Serbia.[41] Several thousand demonstrators attended the protest.[42] Ćuta said they would block the road on Branko's Bridge and if the "mechanization" appeared towards Loznica, they would start "roadblocking across Serbia".[43] Shortly after, the protesters walked towards Branko's Bridge, where they blocked traffic for two hours.[44] Deputy Prime Minister Zorana Mihajlović criticised the protest while Vučić compared the protesters to anti-vaxxers.[45][46][47]

6 November

The next protest was held on 6 November in front of the building of Radio Television of Serbia (RTS).[48][49] A day before the protest, whistleblowers released the plan for "Project Jadar" to the public.[50] The Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) allowed RTS to advertise Rio Tinto's messages regarding the project,[51] although the decision was met with opposition from 30 organisations that demanded the advertisement be taken down because it allegedly violated the Act on Advertisement.[48] The protest was attended by around 200 demonstrators who demanded RTS remove the advertisements of the project.[52][53]

19 November

Another protest, which "Kreni-Promeni" organised, was held in front of the RTS building on 19 November.[54] It was attended by 200 demonstrators,[55] who demanded RTS broadcast an anti-Rio Tinto advertisement.[56] RTS later publicly refused to broadcast the advertisement.[57]

22–24 November

On 21 November 2021, "Ecological Uprising" announced it would organise a protest in Makiš on the day when the construction of the Belgrade Metro would begin.[58] Ćuta invited opposition leaders to participate in the protest.[59] SSP accepted his request.[60] Demonstrators blocked the road at the construction site for an hour and no incidents were reported at the protest site.[61][62] A day later, "Assembly of Free Serbia" called for a protest to be held in front of the House of the National Assembly after the adoption of the expropriation law, and the law on referendum and people's initiative.[63] The protest was attended by 200 demonstrators,[64][65] and they demanded the government to repeal both laws.[64] Actor Bojana Novaković took part in the protest.[66][67] Savo Manojlović [sr], the campaign director of "Kreni-Promeni", announced he had sent a petition with 68,000 signatories who opposed the law on referendum, and over 200,000 signatories who were against Rio Tinto.[68] On the same day, protests were held in front of the Novi dvor,[69] in which thousands of protesters participated.[70][71] They requested the government should repeal the referendum law.[71]

27–29 November

 
Savo Manojlović, the campaign director of Kreni-Promeni
 
Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta, the founder of the Ecological Uprising

Shortly after the protests on 24 November, "Ecological Uprising" called for another protest to be held on 27 November, at which it would block major roads across Serbia for two hours.[72][73][74] Besides them, "Kreni-Promeni" also announced it would take part.[75] Organisers called the police to stand by their side although during the protests, police blocked the demonstrators and police brutality occurred.[76][77][78]

Two thousand demonstrators took part in the protests; they blocked several roads across Serbia for an hour.[79][80][81] Several demonstrators were detained, and fights broke out between the demonstrators and groups of masked men.[82] A violent incident that took place in Šabac gained national attention; a demonstrator stopped a bulldozer that tried to drive through a group of demonstrators.[83][84] The demonstrator was briefly detained and was released two days after the protest.[85][86] A number of violent incidents were reported throughout the day; armed hooligans attacked demonstrators.[87][88][89] A member of the National Assembly affiliated with the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) also took part in a fight with demonstrators.[90] "Assembly of Free Serbia" demanded the detainees' release,[91] while SSP, DS, Narodna, and NDB condemned the incidents.[92] Brnabić compared the protests with "fascism" while Aleksandar Vulin, the Minister of Internal Affairs, called for police to use violence.[93][94] Mayor of Novi Sad Miloš Vučević stated armed hooligans were not sent by SNS.[95]

A day later, two more protests were held in Belgrade.[96] The protesters demanded the release of detainees.[97] SNS organised a counter-protest in Šabac on 29 November in support of the pro-government activist that rode the bulldozer.[98] Two observers were assaulted at the counter-protest and one photographer's equipment was stolen.[99][100] A protest organised by local environmental groups was held in Loznica on the same day.[101]

4 December

 
Protests on the Gazela Bridge on 4 December 2021

The Association of Environmental Organisations of Serbia (SEOS) called for protests to continue until the demands were met.[102] Manojlović called for nonviolence and stated if provocateurs arrive, the demonstrators should withdraw from the protest.[103] Shortly before the protest on 4 December, it was announced roads in over fifty cities would be blocked.[104] A day before the protest, government-associated media spread a message by a "Lila revolucija" (lit. 'Lila revolution') initiative that stated people should throw buckets of purple paint at cars that try to block traffic.[105][106] A group of lawyers voiced their support for the protest while non-governmental organisations stated police should protect journalists during the protests.[107][108]

Thousands of demonstrators took place in the protests across Serbia.[109] Gazela Bridge was roadblocked by several thousand demonstrators.[110] Multiple incidents occurred in Novi Sad; a group of pro-government activists attacked a group of demonstrators and a journalist was pepper-sprayed.[111][112][113] In Belgrade, a group of men held torchlights in front of the protesters.[114] Additionally, protests in support of the environmental protests were held in the New York City, Berlin, Paris and London.[115][116] Some demonstrators were charged with misdemeanor afterwards.[117]

During the protests, Vučić was in Gornje Nedeljice, where he held a press conference during which he announced he would propose amendments to the expropriation law.[118][119] Manojlović and "Ecological Uprising" proclaimed the protests a "success" and a "great victory for the citizens";[120][121] Manojlović later withdrew his statement.[122] A day after the protests, Manojlović and Zelenović had a polemic during the Utisak nedelje show.[123] Zelenović expressed support for the expansion of the demands but Manojlović opposed the move because "the story would be diluted"; he compared the move to the 1 of 5 million protests, which had failed due to this move.[124] Two days later, Manojlović said the protests wouldn't end until the demands were met.[125]

11–14 December

"Ecological Uprising" announced that on 11 December, roadblocks would be held in fifty locations.[126] Forty civic initiatives took part in the protest; Manojlović and his "Kreni-Promeni" organisation did not participate.[127][128] After the government adopted two main demands, the protesters continued to demand Rio Tinto leave Serbia.[129][130] Sporadic incidents occurred in Belgrade and Niš.[131] In Belgrade, a group of right-wing and anti-vaccine activists participated in the protest,[132] and a group of pro-government activists waved pro-Rio Tinto banners.[133] Protests in support of the demonstrators were held in Brussels, Prague, Washington, D.C., Berlin, New York City and London.[134][135] Following the protest, Mihajlović said Ćuta was supporting "a violent change of government".[136] A day later, a protest occurred in Zrenjanin while on 14 December, a few hundred secondary-school students protested against Rio Tinto in Čačak.[137][138]

16–18 December

SEOS and "Eco Brigade" organised a protest in Jagodina on 16 December.[139] A couple of hundred demonstrators that expressed their opposition to the opening of a lithium mine on the Morava Valley took part in the protest.[140] Ćuta announced on 16 December the following protest would be held on 18 December[141] Activists from several environmental organisations stated demanded the government to withdraw the document which would determine the spatial plan for Project Jadar;[142] and said the protests "should be radicalized" if the demands were not met.[143] The protest on 18 December began at 14:00 (UTC+01:00) in front of the building of the Government of Serbia;[144] protests were also held in several other locations in Serbia.[145][146] The number of demonstrators was smaller in comparison with previous protests.[147][148] In Užice, police identified multiple journalists and demonstrators that participated in the protest.[149]

24–25 December

A group of high-school students organised another protest in opposition to Rio Tinto on 24 December.[150] In co-operation with several environmental organisations, ZZS stated the following protest would be held on 25 December.[151] Around 200 demonstrators took part in the protest.[152] Another protest was held in Laznica, a village located near Žagubica, on the same day.[153] It was organised by "Ecological Uprising".[153]

2022

3 January

 
Demonstrators in Novi Sad on 3 January 2022

After Vučić stated Project Jadar would not be cancelled,[154] SEOS announced it would organise a protest on 3 January.[155] "Ecological Uprising" and "Assembly of Free Serbia" stated they would also take part in the protest.[156][157] The protest lasted three hours and it was held in Gornje Nedeljice and other cities across Serbia, and in London, in front of the Rio Tinto building.[158] An incident occurred in Preljina, a village near Čačak, in which a woman was hit by a car.[159] In Belgrade, a group of anti-vaccine activists blocked the highway for around 15 minutes.[160] Vučić stated after the protests that "the government fulfilled the demands, and the continuation of the protests is only political".[161][162]

8–12 January

The 8 January protests were held in seven locations across Serbia.[163] Additionally, the police recorded the demonstrators during the protests.[164] Several incidents occurred during the protests in Belgrade and Novi Sad.[165][166] Vučević and Mihajlović criticised the protests.[167][168] A day later, a protest occurred in Gornji Milanovac.[169] On 10 January, a group of "We Won't Give Jadar" activists threw eggs at the Rio Tinto building; one activist was later detained.[170][171] Protests continued on 12 January; they were held in front of the building of the Government of Serbia.[172][173] "Ecological Uprising" and SEOS demanded the government publish documents related to Rio Tinto and its spatial plan.[174][175]

15–16 January

Further protests were held on 15 January.[176] A couple of thousand demonstrators attended the protests, which took place in eleven locations.[177][178] An incident occurred around 14:00 (UTC+01:00) in Preljina when a group of people tried passing through the crowd of demonstrators.[179] In Belgrade, a driver tried to pass through a crowd of protesters but was forced to go back.[177] In Šabac, a driver injured one demonstrator.[180] Marčelo, who took part in the 2018–2020 protests, participated in the protest in Belgrade.[181] A day later, a group of Serbian citizens held a protest in Brussels.[182]

18–22 January

An incident occurred in front of the building of the National Assembly on 18 January, when Savo Manojlović and other "Kreni-Promeni" activists wanted to request an urgent verification of the people's initiative in the parliament regarding the ban on the exploitation of lithium.[183][184] This prompted Manojlović to organise a protest on 20 January; Manojlović demanded the government to repeal Rio Tinto's spatial plan and to introduce a moratorium on banning lithium and boron mining for the next 20 years.[185][186] The protest took place in front of the Novi dvor.[187] On the day of the protest, Brnabić announced that the spatial plan had been scrapped.[188] Manojlović and Ćuta then stated that the abolition of the spatial plan was allegedly done in an incorrect manner, and claimed that Rio Tinto would come back after the April 2022 general election.[189][190] SEOS and the "Ecological Uprising" organisation announced that they would organise a protest on 22 January in Loznica.[191][192] A group of activists and environmental organisations took part in the protest.[193][194]

27 January – 3 February

"Kreni-Promeni" and several environmental activists organised the 27 January protest.[195][196] It began in front of the building of the presidency, after which a protest walk that concluded in front of the building of the government was held.[197] The "Eco Guard" initiative organised a protest on 30 January; several hundred demonstrators took part.[198] The protest was also attended by "Kreni-Promeni" and NDB.[198] A minor protest was held in New Belgrade on 1 February.[199]

Further mass protests were held on 2 February in Valjevo.[200] A day later, police contacted Manojlović, who organised the protest on 2 February, and told him further protests would be considered "illegal". Manojlović ignored the notice and organised a protest on 3 February.[201] Around 2,000 demonstrators took part in the protest.[202][203]

8–15 February

A protest was held on 8 February in Kragujevac; it was organised by SEOS and "Kreni-Promeni", who had announced they would camp outside the Novi dvor building until the government implements a moratorium on the mining of lithium and boron.[204] Manojlović later stated protestors would camp until the dissolution of the National Assembly, which took place on 15 February.[205] A protest was held on 10 February in front of Novi dvor.[206][207] Activists held another protest on 13 February.[208] A day before the dissolution of the National Assembly, Manojlović stated the protest on 15 February would take part in front of the Palace of Serbia.[209] On the day of the protest, police deployed a cordon around the Palace of Serbia to prevent the activists from approaching the building.[210] Multiple incidents occurred; one demonstrator was hit by a moving car while two more were run down by another car.[211][212]

Response and reactions

Support and opposition

The government's decision to support Rio Tinto's investment and adopt the modified expropriation law was met with opposition from environmental activists, academics, geologists and NGOs.[213] A number of public figures, such as Novak Đoković, Bojana Novaković and Emir Kusturica, voiced their support for the protests.[214][215][216] Zoran Tomić, a professor at the Faculty of Law in Belgrade, stated the government allegedly committed three offences related to the protests,[217] and on 11 December, dean Ratko Ristić voiced his support for the protests.[218]

The environmental protests were also supported by Dveri, whose members participated in the protests in Niš;[219] the Serbian Party Oathkeepers (SSZ),[220] Liberation Movement,[221] and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV).[222] Miloš Jovanović, the president of the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS), condemned the violence that took place on 27 November.[223] Former President Boris Tadić and former Minister Goran Trivan voiced their support for the protests.[224][225] Bishop Grigorije Durić also voiced his support for the protests[226] but Patriarch Porfirije called upon protesters to "end the fight".[227] Filip Karađorđević also stated his support for the protest.[228] According to an opinion poll that was published in early December 2021, a majority of respondents supported the protests;[229] around 14% of Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) adherents supported the protests.[230] Bratislav Jugović, a SNS MP, stated the "protests are justified" but that "[Dragan] Đilas and his clique abuse them".[231] Croatian Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Ivan Vilibor Sinčić, leader of the Human Shield (ŽZ) party, criticised the government's approach to Rio Tinto.[232]

The president of the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) Olivera Zekić stated "everyone who protests should be arrested"[233] while the president of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS) Vojislav Šešelj voiced his opposition to the protests by saying the "blockades are being directed from outside [Serbia] and that these are not environmental protests".[234] Nebojša Krstić said "members of Kreni-Promeni should practice jumping from the bridge";[235] Krstić also called for the arrest of Savo Manojlović.[236] MP Vladimir Đukanović criticised the protests and stated his support for Rio Tinto.[237]

Government response

Vučić stated on 28 November he "would wait for his legal team's opinion before signing the expropriation law".[238] Following the 4 December protests, Vučić proposed the amendments to the expropriation law but four days later, he announced the expropriation law had been withdrawn.[119][239] The National Assembly adopted the amendments for the law on referendum and people's initiative on 10 December.[240] The same day, Vučić announced the City Assembly of Loznica would abolish the spatial plan regarding Project Jadar, which would delay Rio Tinto's start of operations until further notice;[241] the plan was abolished two days later.[242] Vučić, who was initially supportive of Project Jadar, said in January 2022 he "would hope that the government would terminate the contracts with Rio Tinto".[154][243] The "We Won't Give Jadar" and "Protect Jadar" environmental organisations assessed the moves as opportunistic.[244][245] "Protect Jadar" stated "Vučić should stop manipulating with empty promises".[246]

On 8 January, Brnabić announced the government "was close to annulling all permits given to Rio Tinto", while Mihajlović stated "the Project Jadar had been stopped temporarily at the requests of the citizens".[247][248] In December 2021 and January 2022, Brnabić gave mixed statements; she said the government never made an agreement with Rio Tinto,[249] but at the same time she said the government did give permits to Rio Tinto.[250][251] Brnabić later announced the government had abolished the spatial plan.[252] Brnabić accused Western governments of allegedly supporting the protests but their embassies said they had no involvement.[253][254]

Aftermath

Vesna Prodanović, the general director of "Rio Sava Exploration", stated on 23 December the company would plan to stop Project Jadar.[255] Shortly after the announcement, Gornje Nedeljice residents said Rio Tinto workers had abeen going home-by-home in Gornje Nedeljice, and that the residents received SMS messages from them.[256] Following the nullification of the Rio Tinto spatial plan, its stock collapsed.[8] Activists continued to say Rio Tinto continued to operate after Brnabić's statements in January, although Rio Tinto publicly refuted the claims.[257][258] Savo Manojlović collected over 32,000 signatures for the people's initiative against the exploitation of lithium;[259] he later said over 290,000 online signatures were also submitted.[260]

In mid-November 2021, Ćuta announced "Ecological Uprising" would participate in the 2022 general election,[261] and on 14 November he signed an agreement with Zelenović's ZZS party to participate on a joint list in the general election.[262] Following the announcement, their coalition was polled at 9% on the national-level and 13% in Belgrade.[263] In January 2022, the coalition was formalised under the name We Must.[264] In the general election, the coalition won around 5% of the popular vote and 13 seats in the National Assembly.[265]

An environmental protest was held in Novi Sad on 21 July 2022.[266] Police intervened and a group of hooligans attacked demonstrators.[267][268] The attacks were condemned by SPP, Narodna, DS, Dveri, and Together.[269] Another protest that was held on 28 July, received support from local environmental organisations. Demonstrators threw paint buckets and broke into the premises of the SNS, and a driver attempted to drive through a crowd of demonstrators.[270][271]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ a b Kreni Promeni and Savo Manojlović abstained from protests from 11 December 2021 to 18 January 2022
  2. ^ According to Aleksandar Vučić.[1]
  3. ^ According to Nebojša Zelenović.[2]

References

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Further reading

  • Stojanovic, Milica (8 December 2021). "BIRN Fact-Check: Can Protests Force a Legislative U-Turn in Serbia?". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 8 December 2021.

June 10, 2023
2021, 2022, serbian, environmental, protests, september, 2021, series, environmental, protests, began, belgrade, other, locations, serbia, protests, which, were, attended, tens, thousands, people, lasted, until, february, 2022, 2004, anglo, australian, corpora. In September 2021 a series of environmental protests began in Belgrade and other locations in Serbia The protests which were attended by tens of thousands of people lasted until February 2022 In 2004 Anglo Australian corporation Rio Tinto was given permission to explore mines near the Jadar Valley and in 2017 the Government of Serbia signed an agreement to implement Project Jadar which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit the silicate mineral jadarite The project was initially scheduled to start in 2023 Following the 2020 parliamentary election the ruling Serbian Progressive Party SNS won a supermajority of seats in the National Assembly and as a response the National Assembly adopted a law on referendum and people s initiative and modifications of the expropriation law in November 2021 Both laws were met with opposition from activists and politicians 2021 2022 Serbian environmental protestsProtesters blocking the Gazela Bridge on 11 December 2021Date11 September 2021 15 February 2022 5 months and 4 days LocationSerbia Serbian diasporaCaused byModification of the expropriation law Rio Tinto s lithium mine investment Law on referendum and people s initiativeGoalsWithdrawal of expropriation and referendum laws Release of arrested protesters Rejection of Rio Tinto s investment Moratorium on the exploration and exploitation of boron and lithiumMethodsDemonstrations civil roadblocks civil resistanceConcessionsExpropriation law withdrawn Referendum law amended Abolishment of the spatial plan for Rio Tinto s lithium mine investment All administrative acts related to Rio Tinto annulledParties to the civil conflictAnti government protesters Citizens Environmental activists Ecological Uprising Eco Guard SEOS Kreni Promeni a Opposition parties Together for SerbiaDo not let Belgrade drownAssembly of Free SerbiaParty of Freedom and JusticePeople s PartyDemocratic PartyMovement of Free CitizensDveri Government of Serbia Police Pro government activists Armed hooligansGovernment parties Serbian Progressive PartyLead figuresAleksandar Jovanovic CutaNebojsa ZelenovicSavo Manojlovic a Aleksandar VucicAna BrnabicAleksandar VulinZorana MihajlovicNumber4 December 31 000 b 110 000 c Between September 2021 and February 2022 environmental organisations organised protests to demand the government to withdraw the expropriation and referendum laws and to cancel Project Jadar Protests resumed in November 2021 and after the adoption of the laws the protests escalated and became larger The organisations Ecological Uprising and Kreni Promeni led a series of roadblock protests which became violent The demonstrators were attacked by armed hooligans and pro government activists and some of them were detained After the protests in December the number of demonstrators decreased Protests continued up to 15 February 2022 Several protests in support were also organised internationally The environmental protests received support from opposition political parties and public figures while academics geologists and non governmental organisations criticized the government s decision to support Rio Tinto s investment The government and individuals associated with it criticised the protests and its organisers President Aleksandar Vucic initially stated that the laws would not be repealed but after the escalation of the protests the expropriation law was withdrawn and the law on referendum was amended on 8 December while the City Assembly of Loznica abolished the spatial plan that included Rio Tinto s mine investment on 16 December postponing the corporation s operations until further notice In January 2022 the government also annulled all administrative acts related to Rio Tinto Activists said Rio Tinto shortly continued to operate after these remarks but Rio Tinto refuted the claims Contents 1 Background 1 1 Related protests 2 Timeline 2 1 2021 2 1 1 11 September 2 1 2 6 November 2 1 3 19 November 2 1 4 22 24 November 2 1 5 27 29 November 2 1 6 4 December 2 1 7 11 14 December 2 1 8 16 18 December 2 1 9 24 25 December 2 2 2022 2 2 1 3 January 2 2 2 8 12 January 2 2 3 15 16 January 2 2 4 18 22 January 2 2 5 27 January 3 February 2 2 6 8 15 February 3 Response and reactions 3 1 Support and opposition 3 2 Government response 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6 1 Notes 6 2 References 7 Further readingBackground EditIn December 2004 Anglo Australian mining corporation Rio Tinto discovered the silicate mineral jadarite in a mine near the Jadar Valley 3 In July that year during Vojislav Kostunica s administration Rio Tinto had been given permission to explore the mines 4 and in several documents that were signed later its boundaries of exploration were further extended 5 The International Mineralogical Association recognised the mineral in November 2006 3 In 2017 the Government of Serbia signed a memorandum with Rio Tinto to implement Project Jadar which would give Rio Tinto permission to exploit mines near Gornje Nedeljice and the Jadar Valley 6 The project was set to start in 2023 and the production of jadarite batteries was set to begin in 2027 7 8 In November 2021 the National Assembly of Serbia adopted a law on referendum and people s initiative and modified the country s expropriation law 9 10 The law on referendum and people s initiative abolished the 50 threshold that was needed for a referendum to pass Opposition politicians speculated the amended law would be abused in cases such as Rio Tinto 11 12 On 25 November President Aleksandar Vucic signed the law and stated he would not repeal it 13 14 The expropriation law was also met with opposition and gained negative coverage from journalists 15 16 17 It was also criticised by politicians activists and lawyers all of whom have called for its withdrawal 18 19 Government officials responded by stating the laws had nothing to do with Rio Tinto 20 21 22 Related protests Edit Environmental protests were held in January 2021 by the initiative Eco Guard 23 Around 2 000 protesters attended a protest that was dubbed Protests for Harmless Air 24 25 Several professors and activists such as Aleksandar Jovanovic Cuta also attended the protest which remained peaceful 25 In March 2021 Cuta announced his organisation Defend the Rivers of Stara Planina was planning to organise an Ecological Uprising protest on 10 April 26 27 The protest gained public attention and around 60 environmental organisations participated 28 29 The protest was held in front of the House of the National Assembly 30 and was attended by 2 000 protesters demanding the suspension of all environmentally projects and the adaptation of regulations to the highest environmental standards 29 31 Organisations that participated in the protest published a document that included more demands for the government 32 Prime Minister Ana Brnabic criticised the protesters 33 although she later affirmed she was ready to discuss their demands 34 Timeline Edit2021 Edit 11 September Edit The organisation Ecological Uprising which was formed by Aleksandar Jovanovic Cuta announced in August 2021 it would organise a protest on 11 September in Belgrade 35 Following the announcement the Party of Freedom and Justice SSP Democratic Party DS People s Party Narodna and the Do not let Belgrade drown NDB movement stated their support for the protest 36 including actors Svetlana Bojkovic Seka Sablic Petar Bozovic 37 Nebojsa Zelenovic the leader of Together for Serbia ZZS called for everyone to join the protest regardless of their political affiliation 38 Protesters gathered at Pioneers Park Belgrade at around 14 00 UTC 01 00 39 40 and they demanded Rio Tinto leave Serbia 41 Several thousand demonstrators attended the protest 42 Cuta said they would block the road on Branko s Bridge and if the mechanization appeared towards Loznica they would start roadblocking across Serbia 43 Shortly after the protesters walked towards Branko s Bridge where they blocked traffic for two hours 44 Deputy Prime Minister Zorana Mihajlovic criticised the protest while Vucic compared the protesters to anti vaxxers 45 46 47 6 November Edit The next protest was held on 6 November in front of the building of Radio Television of Serbia RTS 48 49 A day before the protest whistleblowers released the plan for Project Jadar to the public 50 The Regulatory Body for Electronic Media REM allowed RTS to advertise Rio Tinto s messages regarding the project 51 although the decision was met with opposition from 30 organisations that demanded the advertisement be taken down because it allegedly violated the Act on Advertisement 48 The protest was attended by around 200 demonstrators who demanded RTS remove the advertisements of the project 52 53 19 November Edit Another protest which Kreni Promeni organised was held in front of the RTS building on 19 November 54 It was attended by 200 demonstrators 55 who demanded RTS broadcast an anti Rio Tinto advertisement 56 RTS later publicly refused to broadcast the advertisement 57 22 24 November Edit On 21 November 2021 Ecological Uprising announced it would organise a protest in Makis on the day when the construction of the Belgrade Metro would begin 58 Cuta invited opposition leaders to participate in the protest 59 SSP accepted his request 60 Demonstrators blocked the road at the construction site for an hour and no incidents were reported at the protest site 61 62 A day later Assembly of Free Serbia called for a protest to be held in front of the House of the National Assembly after the adoption of the expropriation law and the law on referendum and people s initiative 63 The protest was attended by 200 demonstrators 64 65 and they demanded the government to repeal both laws 64 Actor Bojana Novakovic took part in the protest 66 67 Savo Manojlovic sr the campaign director of Kreni Promeni announced he had sent a petition with 68 000 signatories who opposed the law on referendum and over 200 000 signatories who were against Rio Tinto 68 On the same day protests were held in front of the Novi dvor 69 in which thousands of protesters participated 70 71 They requested the government should repeal the referendum law 71 27 29 November Edit Savo Manojlovic the campaign director of Kreni Promeni Aleksandar Jovanovic Cuta the founder of the Ecological Uprising Shortly after the protests on 24 November Ecological Uprising called for another protest to be held on 27 November at which it would block major roads across Serbia for two hours 72 73 74 Besides them Kreni Promeni also announced it would take part 75 Organisers called the police to stand by their side although during the protests police blocked the demonstrators and police brutality occurred 76 77 78 Two thousand demonstrators took part in the protests they blocked several roads across Serbia for an hour 79 80 81 Several demonstrators were detained and fights broke out between the demonstrators and groups of masked men 82 A violent incident that took place in Sabac gained national attention a demonstrator stopped a bulldozer that tried to drive through a group of demonstrators 83 84 The demonstrator was briefly detained and was released two days after the protest 85 86 A number of violent incidents were reported throughout the day armed hooligans attacked demonstrators 87 88 89 A member of the National Assembly affiliated with the Serbian Progressive Party SNS also took part in a fight with demonstrators 90 Assembly of Free Serbia demanded the detainees release 91 while SSP DS Narodna and NDB condemned the incidents 92 Brnabic compared the protests with fascism while Aleksandar Vulin the Minister of Internal Affairs called for police to use violence 93 94 Mayor of Novi Sad Milos Vucevic stated armed hooligans were not sent by SNS 95 A day later two more protests were held in Belgrade 96 The protesters demanded the release of detainees 97 SNS organised a counter protest in Sabac on 29 November in support of the pro government activist that rode the bulldozer 98 Two observers were assaulted at the counter protest and one photographer s equipment was stolen 99 100 A protest organised by local environmental groups was held in Loznica on the same day 101 4 December Edit Protests on the Gazela Bridge on 4 December 2021 The Association of Environmental Organisations of Serbia SEOS called for protests to continue until the demands were met 102 Manojlovic called for nonviolence and stated if provocateurs arrive the demonstrators should withdraw from the protest 103 Shortly before the protest on 4 December it was announced roads in over fifty cities would be blocked 104 A day before the protest government associated media spread a message by a Lila revolucija lit Lila revolution initiative that stated people should throw buckets of purple paint at cars that try to block traffic 105 106 A group of lawyers voiced their support for the protest while non governmental organisations stated police should protect journalists during the protests 107 108 Thousands of demonstrators took place in the protests across Serbia 109 Gazela Bridge was roadblocked by several thousand demonstrators 110 Multiple incidents occurred in Novi Sad a group of pro government activists attacked a group of demonstrators and a journalist was pepper sprayed 111 112 113 In Belgrade a group of men held torchlights in front of the protesters 114 Additionally protests in support of the environmental protests were held in the New York City Berlin Paris and London 115 116 Some demonstrators were charged with misdemeanor afterwards 117 During the protests Vucic was in Gornje Nedeljice where he held a press conference during which he announced he would propose amendments to the expropriation law 118 119 Manojlovic and Ecological Uprising proclaimed the protests a success and a great victory for the citizens 120 121 Manojlovic later withdrew his statement 122 A day after the protests Manojlovic and Zelenovic had a polemic during the Utisak nedelje show 123 Zelenovic expressed support for the expansion of the demands but Manojlovic opposed the move because the story would be diluted he compared the move to the 1 of 5 million protests which had failed due to this move 124 Two days later Manojlovic said the protests wouldn t end until the demands were met 125 11 14 December Edit Ecological Uprising announced that on 11 December roadblocks would be held in fifty locations 126 Forty civic initiatives took part in the protest Manojlovic and his Kreni Promeni organisation did not participate 127 128 After the government adopted two main demands the protesters continued to demand Rio Tinto leave Serbia 129 130 Sporadic incidents occurred in Belgrade and Nis 131 In Belgrade a group of right wing and anti vaccine activists participated in the protest 132 and a group of pro government activists waved pro Rio Tinto banners 133 Protests in support of the demonstrators were held in Brussels Prague Washington D C Berlin New York City and London 134 135 Following the protest Mihajlovic said Cuta was supporting a violent change of government 136 A day later a protest occurred in Zrenjanin while on 14 December a few hundred secondary school students protested against Rio Tinto in Cacak 137 138 16 18 December Edit SEOS and Eco Brigade organised a protest in Jagodina on 16 December 139 A couple of hundred demonstrators that expressed their opposition to the opening of a lithium mine on the Morava Valley took part in the protest 140 Cuta announced on 16 December the following protest would be held on 18 December 141 Activists from several environmental organisations stated demanded the government to withdraw the document which would determine the spatial plan for Project Jadar 142 and said the protests should be radicalized if the demands were not met 143 The protest on 18 December began at 14 00 UTC 01 00 in front of the building of the Government of Serbia 144 protests were also held in several other locations in Serbia 145 146 The number of demonstrators was smaller in comparison with previous protests 147 148 In Uzice police identified multiple journalists and demonstrators that participated in the protest 149 24 25 December Edit A group of high school students organised another protest in opposition to Rio Tinto on 24 December 150 In co operation with several environmental organisations ZZS stated the following protest would be held on 25 December 151 Around 200 demonstrators took part in the protest 152 Another protest was held in Laznica a village located near Zagubica on the same day 153 It was organised by Ecological Uprising 153 2022 Edit 3 January Edit Demonstrators in Novi Sad on 3 January 2022 After Vucic stated Project Jadar would not be cancelled 154 SEOS announced it would organise a protest on 3 January 155 Ecological Uprising and Assembly of Free Serbia stated they would also take part in the protest 156 157 The protest lasted three hours and it was held in Gornje Nedeljice and other cities across Serbia and in London in front of the Rio Tinto building 158 An incident occurred in Preljina a village near Cacak in which a woman was hit by a car 159 In Belgrade a group of anti vaccine activists blocked the highway for around 15 minutes 160 Vucic stated after the protests that the government fulfilled the demands and the continuation of the protests is only political 161 162 8 12 January Edit The 8 January protests were held in seven locations across Serbia 163 Additionally the police recorded the demonstrators during the protests 164 Several incidents occurred during the protests in Belgrade and Novi Sad 165 166 Vucevic and Mihajlovic criticised the protests 167 168 A day later a protest occurred in Gornji Milanovac 169 On 10 January a group of We Won t Give Jadar activists threw eggs at the Rio Tinto building one activist was later detained 170 171 Protests continued on 12 January they were held in front of the building of the Government of Serbia 172 173 Ecological Uprising and SEOS demanded the government publish documents related to Rio Tinto and its spatial plan 174 175 15 16 January Edit Further protests were held on 15 January 176 A couple of thousand demonstrators attended the protests which took place in eleven locations 177 178 An incident occurred around 14 00 UTC 01 00 in Preljina when a group of people tried passing through the crowd of demonstrators 179 In Belgrade a driver tried to pass through a crowd of protesters but was forced to go back 177 In Sabac a driver injured one demonstrator 180 Marcelo who took part in the 2018 2020 protests participated in the protest in Belgrade 181 A day later a group of Serbian citizens held a protest in Brussels 182 18 22 January Edit An incident occurred in front of the building of the National Assembly on 18 January when Savo Manojlovic and other Kreni Promeni activists wanted to request an urgent verification of the people s initiative in the parliament regarding the ban on the exploitation of lithium 183 184 This prompted Manojlovic to organise a protest on 20 January Manojlovic demanded the government to repeal Rio Tinto s spatial plan and to introduce a moratorium on banning lithium and boron mining for the next 20 years 185 186 The protest took place in front of the Novi dvor 187 On the day of the protest Brnabic announced that the spatial plan had been scrapped 188 Manojlovic and Cuta then stated that the abolition of the spatial plan was allegedly done in an incorrect manner and claimed that Rio Tinto would come back after the April 2022 general election 189 190 SEOS and the Ecological Uprising organisation announced that they would organise a protest on 22 January in Loznica 191 192 A group of activists and environmental organisations took part in the protest 193 194 27 January 3 February Edit Kreni Promeni and several environmental activists organised the 27 January protest 195 196 It began in front of the building of the presidency after which a protest walk that concluded in front of the building of the government was held 197 The Eco Guard initiative organised a protest on 30 January several hundred demonstrators took part 198 The protest was also attended by Kreni Promeni and NDB 198 A minor protest was held in New Belgrade on 1 February 199 Further mass protests were held on 2 February in Valjevo 200 A day later police contacted Manojlovic who organised the protest on 2 February and told him further protests would be considered illegal Manojlovic ignored the notice and organised a protest on 3 February 201 Around 2 000 demonstrators took part in the protest 202 203 8 15 February Edit A protest was held on 8 February in Kragujevac it was organised by SEOS and Kreni Promeni who had announced they would camp outside the Novi dvor building until the government implements a moratorium on the mining of lithium and boron 204 Manojlovic later stated protestors would camp until the dissolution of the National Assembly which took place on 15 February 205 A protest was held on 10 February in front of Novi dvor 206 207 Activists held another protest on 13 February 208 A day before the dissolution of the National Assembly Manojlovic stated the protest on 15 February would take part in front of the Palace of Serbia 209 On the day of the protest police deployed a cordon around the Palace of Serbia to prevent the activists from approaching the building 210 Multiple incidents occurred one demonstrator was hit by a moving car while two more were run down by another car 211 212 Response and reactions EditSupport and opposition Edit The government s decision to support Rio Tinto s investment and adopt the modified expropriation law was met with opposition from environmental activists academics geologists and NGOs 213 A number of public figures such as Novak Đokovic Bojana Novakovic and Emir Kusturica voiced their support for the protests 214 215 216 Zoran Tomic a professor at the Faculty of Law in Belgrade stated the government allegedly committed three offences related to the protests 217 and on 11 December dean Ratko Ristic voiced his support for the protests 218 The environmental protests were also supported by Dveri whose members participated in the protests in Nis 219 the Serbian Party Oathkeepers SSZ 220 Liberation Movement 221 and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina LSV 222 Milos Jovanovic the president of the Democratic Party of Serbia DSS condemned the violence that took place on 27 November 223 Former President Boris Tadic and former Minister Goran Trivan voiced their support for the protests 224 225 Bishop Grigorije Duric also voiced his support for the protests 226 but Patriarch Porfirije called upon protesters to end the fight 227 Filip Karađorđevic also stated his support for the protest 228 According to an opinion poll that was published in early December 2021 a majority of respondents supported the protests 229 around 14 of Serbian Progressive Party SNS adherents supported the protests 230 Bratislav Jugovic a SNS MP stated the protests are justified but that Dragan Đilas and his clique abuse them 231 Croatian Member of the European Parliament MEP Ivan Vilibor Sincic leader of the Human Shield ZZ party criticised the government s approach to Rio Tinto 232 The president of the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media REM Olivera Zekic stated everyone who protests should be arrested 233 while the president of the far right Serbian Radical Party SRS Vojislav Seselj voiced his opposition to the protests by saying the blockades are being directed from outside Serbia and that these are not environmental protests 234 Nebojsa Krstic said members of Kreni Promeni should practice jumping from the bridge 235 Krstic also called for the arrest of Savo Manojlovic 236 MP Vladimir Đukanovic criticised the protests and stated his support for Rio Tinto 237 Government response Edit Vucic stated on 28 November he would wait for his legal team s opinion before signing the expropriation law 238 Following the 4 December protests Vucic proposed the amendments to the expropriation law but four days later he announced the expropriation law had been withdrawn 119 239 The National Assembly adopted the amendments for the law on referendum and people s initiative on 10 December 240 The same day Vucic announced the City Assembly of Loznica would abolish the spatial plan regarding Project Jadar which would delay Rio Tinto s start of operations until further notice 241 the plan was abolished two days later 242 Vucic who was initially supportive of Project Jadar said in January 2022 he would hope that the government would terminate the contracts with Rio Tinto 154 243 The We Won t Give Jadar and Protect Jadar environmental organisations assessed the moves as opportunistic 244 245 Protect Jadar stated Vucic should stop manipulating with empty promises 246 On 8 January Brnabic announced the government was close to annulling all permits given to Rio Tinto while Mihajlovic stated the Project Jadar had been stopped temporarily at the requests of the citizens 247 248 In December 2021 and January 2022 Brnabic gave mixed statements she said the government never made an agreement with Rio Tinto 249 but at the same time she said the government did give permits to Rio Tinto 250 251 Brnabic later announced the government had abolished the spatial plan 252 Brnabic accused Western governments of allegedly supporting the protests but their embassies said they had no involvement 253 254 Aftermath EditVesna Prodanovic the general director of Rio Sava Exploration stated on 23 December the company would plan to stop Project Jadar 255 Shortly after the announcement Gornje Nedeljice residents said Rio Tinto workers had abeen going home by home in Gornje Nedeljice and that the residents received SMS messages from them 256 Following the nullification of the Rio Tinto spatial plan its stock collapsed 8 Activists continued to say Rio Tinto continued to operate after Brnabic s statements in January although Rio Tinto publicly refuted the claims 257 258 Savo Manojlovic collected over 32 000 signatures for the people s initiative against the exploitation of lithium 259 he later said over 290 000 online signatures were also submitted 260 In mid November 2021 Cuta announced Ecological Uprising would participate in the 2022 general election 261 and on 14 November he signed an agreement with Zelenovic s ZZS party to participate on a joint list in the general election 262 Following the announcement their coalition was polled at 9 on the national level and 13 in Belgrade 263 In January 2022 the coalition was formalised under the name We Must 264 In the general election the coalition won around 5 of the popular vote and 13 seats in the National Assembly 265 An environmental protest was held in Novi Sad on 21 July 2022 266 Police intervened and a group of hooligans attacked demonstrators 267 268 The attacks were condemned by SPP Narodna DS Dveri and Together 269 Another protest that was 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