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2012 Malian coup d'état

February 13, 2023

The 2012 Malian coup d'état began on 21 March that year, when mutinying Malian soldiers, displeased with the management of the Tuareg rebellion, attacked several locations in the capital Bamako, including the presidential palace, state television, and military barracks. The soldiers, who said they had formed the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State,[7] declared the following day that they had overthrown the government of Amadou Toumani Touré, forcing him into hiding. The coup was followed by "unanimous" international condemnation, harsh sanctions by Mali's neighbors, and the swift loss of northern Mali to Tuareg forces, leading Reuters to describe the coup as "a spectacular own-goal".[8] On 6 April, the junta agreed with Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) negotiators that they would step down from power in return for the end of sanctions, giving power to a transitional government led by parliament speaker Dioncounda Traoré. In the following days, both Touré and coup leader Amadou Sanogo formally resigned;[9] however, as of 16 May, the junta was still "widely thought to have maintained overall control".[10] On 3 December 2013, a mass grave was discovered in Diago holding the remains of 21 soldiers that went missing the year before, loyal to the ousted president.[11]

2012 Malian coup d'état
Part of the Mali War

Malian President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted during the March 2012 coup d'état
Date21 March 2012 – 8 April 2012
Location
 Mali
12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W / 12.650; -8.000
Result
Belligerents

Government of Mali

  • 33rd Parachute Regiment[1]
  • Presidential Guard
 National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR)
Commanders and leaders

Amadou Toumani Touré
(President of Mali)

Sadio Gassama
(Brigadier General and Defense minister of Mali)		 Amadou Sanogo
(Captain and the leader of the CNRDR)
Amadou Konare
(Lieutenant and a spokesman for the CNRDR)[2]
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
34 killed
28 wounded[3]		 1 killed[4]
2 wounded[5]
40 unspecified people wounded[4][6]

Background

See also: Tuareg rebellion (2012)

Tuareg rebels launched a major offensive against Mali's security forces and military in a bid to seize the northern town of Kidal on 6 February 2012. Some loyalist Tuareg fled to the city of Bamako, fearing reprisals after violent demonstrations in the first week of February. The Tuareg rebels had been bolstered by an influx of battle-hardened, well-armed fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War, to which they had traveled to fight for Muammar Gaddafi, the Libyan leader who was deposed and killed.[12] On 8 February, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) seized the Mali-Algeria border town of Tinzaouaten as Malian soldiers crossed into Algeria.[13] Islamist Ansar Dine demanded the imposition of Islamic law in northern Mali, while the secular Tuareg nationalist Azawad National Liberation Movement (MNLA) have stated they want an autonomous, if not completely independent, homeland.[14]

The coup attempt followed weeks of protests of the government's handling of a nomad-led rebellion in the country's north, which had dropped Touré's popularity to "a new low".[15] Soldiers demanded more weapons and resources for their campaign against the rebels, and were dissatisfied with a lack of government support for the army,[16] some soldiers having been sent to the front without sufficient food.[15] Touré was to leave office when his term expires after the presidential election in April.

Factors that led to the coup:[17]

  • Bamako always had difficulty controlling the north of the country, a territory that had been disputed by the MNLA and its precursor groups since the 1960s.
  • Mali was going through a security crisis as AQIM members flooded in from Algeria and other neighboring countries.
  • Mali was going through a harsh food crisis that led to displaced populations, refugee camps, and starving women and children.

Timeline

Early events

21 March

On 21 March, defence minister Brigadier General Sadio Gassama[18] went to the Kati military camp,[19] 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Bamako, to defuse a protest planned for the next day by soldiers of the camp against perceived bad management of the conflict with the Tuareg rebellion in the north of Mali.[20] He was met with boos and stones were thrown at his car. He was sequestered, and his guards fired warning shots in the air.[20] The minister was released thanks to the intervention of the Kati zone commander ("commandant de zone").[20] The soldiers then stormed the weapons and ammunition reserves of the camp.[20] Two soldiers were injured,[21] but the presidency said Gassama was neither injured nor arrested.[22]

Later that day, armored vehicles sealed off the presidential palace, and reporters heard 10 minutes of automatic gunfire near the headquarters of the Malian state broadcaster, whose programmes went off the air. Soldiers blocked the path to the buildings.[23] The Associated Press spoke with a soldier who said that when soldiers entered the palace, Touré's bodyguards did not defend the building. The mutinying soldiers searched the area for Touré, but he was not caught.[24]

In the evening, after several hours, Mali's state broadcaster ORTM came back on the air with a brief message displayed against a backdrop of traditional Malian music and dance. "In a moment, there will be a statement by the military", the message read.[23] A riot broke out at a military garrison near the northern town of Gao, and a military student reportedly said recruits had shot into the air and took several of their senior commanding officers hostage.[25][26]

22 March

Angry soldiers took over the capital city, Bamako.[14] In the morning, Amadou Konare went on state television which identified him as the spokesperson of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR), formed by the renegade soldiers. Konare declared that the soldiers had seized power from 'the incompetent regime of Amadou Toumani Touré' and said it would look to hand over power to a new, democratically elected government.[27]

Later, Captain Amadou Sanogo, identified as CNRDR's president, also went on state television to declare a dusk-to-dawn curfew "until further notice". He urged calm and condemned any pillaging.[28] Soldiers were unable to find Touré.[29] In the morning, Kenya's foreign minister, who was visiting Mali at the time, reported that Bamako airport had been closed and that he could hear gunfire.[30] Sanogo also declared the land and air borders of Mali closed until further notice.[31]

A military official loyal to the President said the President was in good health, and that the Interior and the Defense Ministers were also safe – contrary to earlier reports that the defense minister had been arrested. Foreign Minister Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga was among several ministers arrested after rebels seized the Presidential palace and other parts of the capital.[32] Amnesty International reported that Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé had been arrested, and that the detained ministers were being held at the military camp in Kati.[33]

Later in the day it was revealed the president had sought refuge at an undisclosed army base with loyal soldiers.[24] The BBC reported that the Malian Army's elite force, the Red Berets, was still loyal to Touré.[34] Loyalists confirmed that Touré was "safe and in command" at a military camp somewhere in Bamako, under protection from his "Red Berets", a parachute regiment which he formerly served in.[4]

Rebel soldiers said during the evening they intended to launch an assault on the loyalist army camp in the capital.[35]

As the day progressed, the rebel soldiers looted the Presidential Palace, taking TVs and other goods, while their leader urged them to stop the celebratory gunfire, which had been responsible for at least 20 injuries in the capital.[36]

Tuareg advance

Inspired in part by the diversion caused by the military coup,[35] Tuareg rebels in the country's north launched incursions deeper into Mali, seizing towns and bases formerly held by government forces fighting the conflict that caused the coup. As military forces were engaged in consolidating their hold on the capital, the rebels were able to push southward with little opposition. According to the MNLA, Malian army forces retreated to Gao.[35]

23 March

The African Union suspended Mali, until "effective restoration of constitutional order is achieved without delay".

Several African leaders said they had been in touch with the ousted Malian president and that he was still safe and under the protection of forces that remained loyal to him at an undisclosed location outside Bamako.[37]

During the day, there were fears by the rebels that the Red Berets were preparing a counterattack against the TV station, and rebel forces set up defensive positions to repel the expected assault. The TV network went off the air several times as gunfire erupted around the station.[38]

According to the BBC's West Africa correspondent, a large number of low-ranking soldiers, possibly the majority, supported the coup, while the majority of the army's officers had not come out publicly to support the coup. Captain Sonogo said in an interview with the BBC that "We are not here to confiscate any power but we are here to have an army and security forces available to assume the national security.... So once this has been fixed, I'll be able to say 'Ok, go for election' in a short period of time. I promise."[39] A joint African Union and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) diplomatic mission met representatives of the junta, according to Mali's state television service.[14]

A group of prominent Malian political figures made an announcement condemning the coup as "a step backwards", including presidential candidate Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta.[40] Political parties that condemned the coup included the Alliance for Democracy in Mali, the Union for the Republic and Democracy, the Patriotic Movement for Renewal, the Union for Democracy and Development, the Union of Democratic Forces for Progress, the Solidarity and Progress Party, the Democracy and Justice Party, and the Party for Democracy and Progress.[41]

A total of 14 government officials and ministers were held hostage in the Kati military barracks outside Bamako.[14]

The Tuareg rebels and the Islamist rebel group Ansar Dine said they had surrounded Kidal. An official statement from the group read: "Thanks to Allah the Almighty and his blessings, we will soon take our land in Kidal."[14]

24 March

Sanogo stated that no soldiers of the Malian army remained loyal to Touré,[42] describing himself as "in total control".[43] However, an anonymous source from Sanogo's staff stated that Touré continued to be protected by members of the parachute battalion that had formed his presidential guard.[42] Meanwhile, The New York Times reported an observer describing the situation as "very fluid", and that rumours of a counter-coup continued throughout the day, exacerbated by the hour-long disappearance of the Malian television signal the previous night.[44] A US State Department official also noted that Mali faced a "near-total cutoff of foreign assistance", on which the nation is heavily dependent.[44]

Following reports that men in police and military uniforms were looting shops and stealing cars in Bamako, Sanogo appeared on national television to denounce the "vandalism and pillaging" and state that the perpetrators were opposition forces impersonating soldiers in order to turn public opinion against the coup.[43] Sanogo also announced his intention to seek peace talks with the Tuareg insurgents.[43] According to Mali's state television service, Sanogo also met French ambassador Christian Rouyer along with several other foreign dignitaries.[14]

25 March

The Agence France-Presse reported the streets of Bamako were calm but largely deserted due to fears of looting and a petrol (gasoline) shortage. Many businesses remained closed, with Sanogo calling for them to reopen on Tuesday, 27 March.[45]

It was announced that ECOWAS heads of state were planning to hold an emergency meeting in Abidjan on the 27th, the day on which the junta had called for striking civil servants to return to work.[14] A joint delegation from ECOWAS and the AU also began negotiations with the rebel soldiers to restore power to the elected government.[46] Meanwhile, Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga, the detained foreign minister, and 13 other imprisoned officials announced their intention to begin a hunger strike.[47]

The stranded Kenyan and Zimbabwean foreign ministers were evacuated from Mali to Nigeria.[14]

26 March

The Barack Obama administration in the U.S. formally suspended aid to Mali, stating that it would only resume when democracy was restored.[48] A thousand-person protest also gathered in Bamako to urge a return to democracy,[49] chanting "Down with Sanogo" and "Liberate the ORTM" (Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali).[50]

The Bamako-Sénou International Airport was "partially" reopened for civilian transport.[50]

27 March

Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara called on an ECOWAS meeting in Abidjan to send a "strong signal" to the mutinous soldiers that democracy must be restored;[51] he later described Mali's return to democracy as "non-negotiable".[15] Kadre Desire Ouedraogo, the head of the ECOWAS commission, described the coup as "a threat to the entire region".[51] Hundreds of Malian protesters demonstrated at the meeting, calling for a return to civilian rule.[51] Following the meeting, ECOWAS placed peacekeeping troops on standby, hinting at possible military intervention.[15]

Businesses and schools reopened following a call by the CNRDR for them to do so.[52]

A spokesperson for the French embassy confirmed that Ambassador Christian Rouyer had spoken with Touré by telephone, and that Touré had stated that he was safe.[51]

The Tuareg rebellion dismissed calls by Sanogo for a cease-fire and continued its latest offensive.[53]

28 March

Amadou Toumani Touré said in an interview with French radio station RFI : "I am free and in my country.... The most important thing for me is not my own position. What is important is democracy, institutions and Mali."[54]

Several thousand Malians took to the streets in the capital to show their support for the junta and reject "foreign interference" as the Economic Community of West African States said it was putting regional troops on standby for any necessary intervention.[54] A violent clash took place at the Labour Exchange, which was serving as an opposition headquarters; a number of coup opponents were reportedly injured by thrown rocks and then arrested by police.[55] Amnesty International called on the government to investigate the assaults and arrest the perpetrators.[56]

The CNRDR announced a new constitution. In one provision, the group pledged that it would not seek office in future elections, and that members of CNRDR would be barred from standing in elections.[57]

29 March

The five ECOWAS leaders abandoned their plans to visit Bamako mid-flight after several dozen junta supporters "stormed the airport runway".[58] Their scheduled talks instead took place in Abidjan.[58] ECOWAS announced later in the day that the junta had 72 hours to return power to constitutional authorities, or Mali would face the closure of its land borders and the freezing of its assets in ECOWAS member nations.[59]

Anti-Western sentiment was reported to rise in Bamako due to a perception that the U.S. and France were behind the proposed sanctions. A Radio France correspondent was detained by junta officers, handcuffed, and threatened with extrajudicial execution; he was released the following day.[60]

30 March

The MNLA announced its capture of the regional capital of Kidal, including a major military base. Sanogo called on Mali's neighbors to provide military aid to "save the civilian population and Mali's territorial integrity".[61] Sanogo responded that he "understands" the ECOWAS position and reiterated his promise to hold elections, but refused to give a timetable.[62]

The New York Times reported that civil servants had been unable to resume work due to widespread looting by coup soldiers, including the theft of most government computers and the cash from safes.[55]

31 March

Gao, a northern regional capital, was taken by the MNLA and Ansar Dine.[63] BBC News described the loss as "a serious blow to the coup leaders".[64]

Representatives of the CNRDR continued negotiations with ECOWAS under the mediation of President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso.[64]

1 April

Rebel forces were reported to have encircled Timbuktu, the last major Malian-controlled city of the Azawad.[65] The city was captured later in the day.[66]

Meeting one of ECOWAS's demands, Sanogo announced that the CNRDR would reinstate Mali's previous constitution, and begin "to organise free, open and democratic elections in which we will not participate".[66]

2 April

After the junta failed to meet the ECOWAS deadline for relinquishing power, "severe" sanctions against Mali began. The nation's account in the Central Bank of West African States was frozen, and Mali's land borders were closed. As Mali imports most of its petroleum from Côte d'Ivoire, this was expected to cause parts of the country to run out of fuel "within days"[67] as well as shutting down the country's gasoline-dependent electric grid.[68]

3 April

The UN Security Council began work on a resolution backing the ECOWAS sanctions against the junta.[69] The U.S. and the African Union joined ECOWAS in announcing a travel ban on the coup's leadership.[70]

The junta announced that it was considering charging Touré with financial misconduct and treason. Sanogo also stated that a "national meeting" would be held on 5 April to decide "what will be best for the country in a consensual, democratic fashion".[71]

Insurgents in Northern Mali looted 2,354 tons of food from World Food Programme warehouses in Gao, Timbuktu, and Kidal causing the organization to suspend food aid to northern Mali.[69] Looting of hospitals, hotels, government offices, and aid offices was reported across the region.[72] Two hundred thousand people had reportedly fled the fighting.[73]

4 April

The UN Security Council stated "strong condemnation of the forcible seizure of power from the democratically-elected government" and again called for "the immediate restoration of constitutional rule... and for the preservation of the electoral process."[74]

The coalition of Malian parties opposed to the junta refused to participate in Sanogo's proposed "national meeting".[74]

5 April

The fifteen nations of West Africa planned a military intervention against the junta and the Tuareg rebels. French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe said that France would help "on a logistical level".[75]

An MNLA spokesman announced the end of the group's military operations after the capture of Douentza, which the group considered "the frontier of Azawad".[75]

6 April

Main article: Azawad Declaration of Independence

The MNLA declared "irrevocably" the independence of Azawad from Mali.[76][77] The African Union and the European Union condemned the declaration, the former declaring it "null and of no value whatsoever".[78][79]

Amnesty International described Mali as "on the brink of a major humanitarian disaster" following the coup and rebellion due to aid agency pull-outs, widespread looting, and widespread reports of violence against girls and women in the north.[80]

Later in the day, ECOWAS and the coup leaders reached an agreement on a transition of power and lifting of sanctions, under which National Assembly of Mali Speaker Dioncounda Traoré would become interim president and oversee new elections.[81] Under the terms of the agreement, the mutinying soldiers would be given amnesty for their participation in the coup.[82]

Aftermath

Touré's resignation and later events

8 April

Amadou Toumani Touré submitted his formal resignation from the presidency to ECOWAS mediators on 8 April 2012,[82] stating, "More than anything, I do it out of the love I have for my country".[83] Amadou Sanogo resigned shortly after.[9]

9 April

Mali's constitutional court met to determine the interim president,[9] announcing that Dioncounda Traoré can assume the presidency for up to 40 days in order to organize elections.[84]

12 April

Coup leaders formally handed power to Traoré, and the imprisoned ministers and aides from Touré's administration were released. Following Traoré's inauguration, he pledged to "wage a total and relentless war" on the Tuareg rebels unless they released their control of northern Malian cities.[85]

17 April

Mali state television announced that Cheick Modibo Diarra has been appointed interim prime minister to help restore civilian rule.[86]

25 April

The new civilian government comprising 24 ministers was announced; three ministers (defence, interior and internal security) were from the military and considered to be close to the coup leaders. Sanogo stated that the junta would continue to play a "supervisory" role in the transition.[87]

29 April

ECOWAS announced a deadline of a 12-month transition until presidential and legislative elections, and that soldiers would be deployed to Mali to ensure a peaceful transition. Sanogo stated that his government would reject both decisions.[88]

30 April

Following reports that the leaders of the "Red Berets" (presidential guard) would be arrested by the junta, Red Berets assaulted OTRM offices and other locations in Mali in an apparent attempt at a countercoup, exchanging fire with pro-junta soldiers.[89] The fighting lasted through the night and resulted in at least 14 deaths and 40 injuries.[90]

The junta seized control of the primary base of anti-junta forces, ending the countercoup.[90] The New York Times described the victory over the countercoup as "a further step in the consolidation of [the junta's] control".[91]

2 May

The junta announced that at least 140 Red Berets had been captured following the counter-coup attempt,[92] although later reports put the number at 300, of which 20 died under torture.[93]

15 May

ECOWAS released a statement accusing the junta of blocking the return to civilian rule and threatening to re-impose sanctions.[10]

21 May

Soldiers allowed a group of pro-coup demonstrators into Traoré's office in Bamako.[94] The demonstrators, who had been carrying a mock coffin with Traoré's name written on it, attacked him, knocking him unconscious. He was brought to Point G Hospital but was not conscious when he was brought in, apparently suffering from a head injury.[95] Three protesters were killed and others wounded when Traoré's security fired on the attackers.[94]

Unity government

20 August - unity government

In an effort to restore stability to Mali following the military coup, a new government of national unity was formed on 20 August and approved by interim President Dioncounda Traoré.[96] Cheick Modibo Diarra, who led the interim government, remained as Prime Minister. The new cabinet consisted of 31 ministers, and five of those were viewed as close to the coup leader, Captain Sanogo.[97] Those who were selected to five posts in the new government were chosen by the military leadership, while at least four members of the previous transitional government, including the interior minister who was responsible for organizing elections, were not changed.[96] None of the selected ministers had close links to the ousted, democratically elected president.[98]

10 December - Diarra arrest and resignation

Following weeks in which he lost popular support and the backing of the High Islamic Council,[99] Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra was arrested by soldiers on 10 December and taken to a military base in Kati.[100] BBC News reported that the arrest had been ordered by Capt. Sanogo.[99] According to an eyewitness, soldiers "smashed in the door of the prime minister's residence and took him away a bit violently".[101]

Hours later, the Prime Minister announced his resignation and the resignation of his government on national television.[102] A military spokesman, Oumar Mariko, stated that Diarra had been seeking to "stay in power indefinitely", blocking the transition to democracy, and that he would be detained until a new prime minister was appointed by the president.[101] The New York Times wrote that the resignation "appeared to be the country’s second coup".[103] Mariko opposed the use of the term, telling reporters, "This is not a new coup d'etat".[104]

International reaction

In the days following the March coup d'état, it was "unanimously condemned" by the international community.[31]

Intergovernmental organisations

  •   United Nations: In New York, a UN spokesperson said U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is following the event with 'deep concern' and called for calm and for grievances to be resolved peacefully and within the democratic process. Ban also reaffirmed the UN's support for the constitutional order in the country.[105] The UN Security Council also called for "the release of all detained Malian officials" and the "immediate restoration of constitutional rule and the democratically elected government".[106]
  • African Union: Jean Ping, Chairperson of the African Union Commission, issued a statement that the AU "strongly condemns this act of rebellion, which seriously undermines constitutional legality and constitutes a significant setback for Mali and for the on-going democratic processes on the continent".[106]
  •   European Union: The European Union condemns the coup and asks for the restoration of the constitutional power as soon as possible. Development operations have also been suspended.[107][108]
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union: Mali was suspended from the IPU until "democracy is restored".[109]

National representatives

  •   Algeria: An Algerian government spokesman stated, "we condemn the use of force and firmly reject any unconstitutional changes... We believe that all internal issues in Mali need to be resolved through the country's legitimate institutions."[110]
  •   Angola: The Foreign Minister of Angola said about the coup: "We are against this kind of power seizure by the force of arms, we think it necessary that they go through the constitution and negotiation path and find a solution that satisfies all parties."[111]
  •   Argentina: The Foreign Minister of Argentina said: "The Argentine government expresses its profound solidarity with the people of Mali" and request "the strict respect for human rights, the immediate restoration of constitutional order and the legitimate continuation of the ongoing electoral process."[112]
  •   Brazil: The Ministry of External Relations stated that it is following the situation in Mali with "deep concern", called for the "immediate restoration of constitutional order and democracy" and urged the parties to exert "moderation, to peaceful dialogue and the rejection of the use of force".[113]
  •   Canada: Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird stated that "differences must be resolved by dialogue and democratic process, not by force" and called for a return to stability before next month's elections.[114] Canada suspended all aid programs involving direct payments to the government of Mali, while stating that Canadian International Development Agency programs in the country will remain active.[115]
  •   France: French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé announced France is suspending diplomatic cooperation with Mali.[116]
  •   Ghana: Ghana "condemned the unwarranted military seizure of power in Mali".[117]
  •   India: India "expresses its deep concern over the recent developments in Mali and calls for respect of the constitutional order and democratic process in that country".[118]
  •   Kenya: Kenyan Foreign Affairs minister Moses Wetangula, who was in Bamako at the time of the coup, said after his escape from the country: "This should be the last time such a coup takes place anywhere in the continent. It is not fair for young excited soldiers to drive democratically elected leaders out of office."[119]
  •   Niger: Niger stated its "total disapproval" of the coup and "condemned all unconstitutional changes".[120]
  •   Nigeria: The Nigerian government said it refused to recognize the "unconstitutional government" in Mali, and strongly condemned the coup.[121]
  •   Norway: Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre condemned the coup against Mali's legally elected government and president and urged the military to return power back to the legal authorities as soon as possible.
  •   People's Republic of China: China "condemned the coup".[122]
  •   Russia: Russia condemned the coup and "demanded that the junta leaders should restore the constitutional order and ensure the return of the democratically elected president to power".[123]
  •   Senegal: Senegal expressed its support of the ECOWAS and AU action against the coup, and called on West African nations to "restore, as quickly as possible, the rule of law in Mali".[124]
  •   South Africa: South Africa condemned the coup and closed its embassy in Bamako.[125]
  •   Uganda: President Yoweri Museveni condemned the coup, calling on Mali's military to return to its barracks and "let the people decide their future".[126]
  •   United Kingdom: Minister for Africa Henry Bellingham said the British government is 'deeply concerned' about reports of a coup attempt and condemns any action to undermine democratic rule and the Malian Constitution.[127]
  •   United States: U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said the United States condemns the military seizure of power and stands with the legitimately elected government of Touré.[128] All U.S. aid to Mali was suspended on 26 March.[48] However, on 20 April three U.S. military personnel that had been in the country assisting Mali's military before the coup were killed in a car accident in Bamako.[129] Conflicting reasons were offered for why the men had remained in the country, and three women identified by anonymous sources as Moroccan prostitutes were also killed in the vehicle.[130] One of the men was from INSCOM, while the other two were assigned to SOCOM, a special operations unit that is active in counter-terrorism missions.[131]
  •   Venezuela: Hugo Chávez's government stated "their unconditional solidarity with the people of Mali, while expressing his most resounding rejection of the coup".[132]

Other reactions

The coup occurred as the head of United Nations Office for West Africa, Said Djinnit, was in the capital for the AU summit and to help mediate the crisis. In response, the World Bank and the African Development Bank suspended development aid funds in support of the AU and ECOWAS reactions to the coup.[106]

Amnesty International noted its concern that the coup foreshadowed a "period of uncertainty on human rights", and called on Sanogo's forces to release their political prisoners from detention.[133] Human Rights Watch called on the CNRDR to "restore basic human rights protections" as well as set a firm timeline to return power to a democratically elected government.[134]

The multinational corporation Randgold Resources' shares fell 13% following the coup, as it owns three gold mines in Mali. However, it asserted that its mining operations in Loulo and Gounkoto and its joint venture in Morila have no disruptions.[135] Gold Fields suspended operations in the country.[136]

See also

References

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  3. ^ (in Arabic). Al Jazeera. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
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  11. ^ "Mali investigators find mass grave". BBC News. 4 December 2013.
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  15. ^ a b c d Laura Burke and Rukmini Callimachi (27 March 2012). "Bloc puts peacekeepers on standby after Mali coup". Albany Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
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  17. ^ Marc Fonbaustier, , 10 April 2012
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  19. ^ "Coup d'Etat au Mali: l'évolution de la situation en temps réel". RFI. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
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February 13, 2023
2012, malian, coup, état, began, march, that, year, when, mutinying, malian, soldiers, displeased, with, management, tuareg, rebellion, attacked, several, locations, capital, bamako, including, presidential, palace, state, television, military, barracks, soldi. The 2012 Malian coup d etat began on 21 March that year when mutinying Malian soldiers displeased with the management of the Tuareg rebellion attacked several locations in the capital Bamako including the presidential palace state television and military barracks The soldiers who said they had formed the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State 7 declared the following day that they had overthrown the government of Amadou Toumani Toure forcing him into hiding The coup was followed by unanimous international condemnation harsh sanctions by Mali s neighbors and the swift loss of northern Mali to Tuareg forces leading Reuters to describe the coup as a spectacular own goal 8 On 6 April the junta agreed with Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS negotiators that they would step down from power in return for the end of sanctions giving power to a transitional government led by parliament speaker Dioncounda Traore In the following days both Toure and coup leader Amadou Sanogo formally resigned 9 however as of 16 May the junta was still widely thought to have maintained overall control 10 On 3 December 2013 a mass grave was discovered in Diago holding the remains of 21 soldiers that went missing the year before loyal to the ousted president 11 2012 Malian coup d etatPart of the Mali WarMalian President Amadou Toumani Toure was ousted during the March 2012 coup d etatDate21 March 2012 8 April 2012Location Mali12 39 N 8 0 W 12 650 N 8 000 W 12 650 8 000ResultRenegade soldiers seize presidential palace state media and other buildings forcing President Toure into hiding Renegade soldiers claim successful coup declare nationwide curfew and suspend the constitution Tuareg insurgency takes control of Northern Mali and declares independent nation of Azawad December 2012 ouster of Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra and his governmentBelligerentsGovernment of Mali 33rd Parachute Regiment 1 Presidential GuardNational Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State CNRDR Commanders and leadersAmadou Toumani Toure President of Mali Sadio Gassama Brigadier General and Defense minister of Mali Amadou Sanogo Captain and the leader of the CNRDR Amadou Konare Lieutenant and a spokesman for the CNRDR 2 StrengthUnknownUnknownCasualties and losses34 killed28 wounded 3 1 killed 4 2 wounded 5 40 unspecified people wounded 4 6 Contents 1 Background 2 Timeline 2 1 Early events 2 1 1 21 March 2 1 2 22 March 2 1 2 1 Tuareg advance 2 1 3 23 March 2 1 4 24 March 2 1 5 25 March 2 1 6 26 March 2 1 7 27 March 2 1 8 28 March 2 1 9 29 March 2 1 10 30 March 2 1 11 31 March 2 1 12 1 April 2 1 13 2 April 2 1 14 3 April 2 1 15 4 April 2 1 16 5 April 2 1 17 6 April 3 Aftermath 3 1 Toure s resignation and later events 3 1 1 8 April 3 1 2 9 April 3 1 3 12 April 3 1 4 17 April 3 1 5 25 April 3 1 6 29 April 3 1 7 30 April 3 1 8 2 May 3 1 9 15 May 3 1 10 21 May 3 2 Unity government 3 2 1 20 August unity government 3 2 2 10 December Diarra arrest and resignation 4 International reaction 4 1 Intergovernmental organisations 4 2 National representatives 4 3 Other reactions 5 See also 6 ReferencesBackground EditSee also Tuareg rebellion 2012 Tuareg rebels launched a major offensive against Mali s security forces and military in a bid to seize the northern town of Kidal on 6 February 2012 Some loyalist Tuareg fled to the city of Bamako fearing reprisals after violent demonstrations in the first week of February The Tuareg rebels had been bolstered by an influx of battle hardened well armed fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War to which they had traveled to fight for Muammar Gaddafi the Libyan leader who was deposed and killed 12 On 8 February the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad MNLA seized the Mali Algeria border town of Tinzaouaten as Malian soldiers crossed into Algeria 13 Islamist Ansar Dine demanded the imposition of Islamic law in northern Mali while the secular Tuareg nationalist Azawad National Liberation Movement MNLA have stated they want an autonomous if not completely independent homeland 14 The coup attempt followed weeks of protests of the government s handling of a nomad led rebellion in the country s north which had dropped Toure s popularity to a new low 15 Soldiers demanded more weapons and resources for their campaign against the rebels and were dissatisfied with a lack of government support for the army 16 some soldiers having been sent to the front without sufficient food 15 Toure was to leave office when his term expires after the presidential election in April Factors that led to the coup 17 Bamako always had difficulty controlling the north of the country a territory that had been disputed by the MNLA and its precursor groups since the 1960s Mali was going through a security crisis as AQIM members flooded in from Algeria and other neighboring countries Mali was going through a harsh food crisis that led to displaced populations refugee camps and starving women and children Timeline EditEarly events Edit 21 March Edit On 21 March defence minister Brigadier General Sadio Gassama 18 went to the Kati military camp 19 15 kilometres 9 3 mi north of Bamako to defuse a protest planned for the next day by soldiers of the camp against perceived bad management of the conflict with the Tuareg rebellion in the north of Mali 20 He was met with boos and stones were thrown at his car He was sequestered and his guards fired warning shots in the air 20 The minister was released thanks to the intervention of the Kati zone commander commandant de zone 20 The soldiers then stormed the weapons and ammunition reserves of the camp 20 Two soldiers were injured 21 but the presidency said Gassama was neither injured nor arrested 22 Later that day armored vehicles sealed off the presidential palace and reporters heard 10 minutes of automatic gunfire near the headquarters of the Malian state broadcaster whose programmes went off the air Soldiers blocked the path to the buildings 23 The Associated Press spoke with a soldier who said that when soldiers entered the palace Toure s bodyguards did not defend the building The mutinying soldiers searched the area for Toure but he was not caught 24 In the evening after several hours Mali s state broadcaster ORTM came back on the air with a brief message displayed against a backdrop of traditional Malian music and dance In a moment there will be a statement by the military the message read 23 A riot broke out at a military garrison near the northern town of Gao and a military student reportedly said recruits had shot into the air and took several of their senior commanding officers hostage 25 26 22 March Edit Angry soldiers took over the capital city Bamako 14 In the morning Amadou Konare went on state television which identified him as the spokesperson of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State CNRDR formed by the renegade soldiers Konare declared that the soldiers had seized power from the incompetent regime of Amadou Toumani Toure and said it would look to hand over power to a new democratically elected government 27 Later Captain Amadou Sanogo identified as CNRDR s president also went on state television to declare a dusk to dawn curfew until further notice He urged calm and condemned any pillaging 28 Soldiers were unable to find Toure 29 In the morning Kenya s foreign minister who was visiting Mali at the time reported that Bamako airport had been closed and that he could hear gunfire 30 Sanogo also declared the land and air borders of Mali closed until further notice 31 A military official loyal to the President said the President was in good health and that the Interior and the Defense Ministers were also safe contrary to earlier reports that the defense minister had been arrested Foreign Minister Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga was among several ministers arrested after rebels seized the Presidential palace and other parts of the capital 32 Amnesty International reported that Prime Minister Cisse Mariam Kaidama Sidibe had been arrested and that the detained ministers were being held at the military camp in Kati 33 Later in the day it was revealed the president had sought refuge at an undisclosed army base with loyal soldiers 24 The BBC reported that the Malian Army s elite force the Red Berets was still loyal to Toure 34 Loyalists confirmed that Toure was safe and in command at a military camp somewhere in Bamako under protection from his Red Berets a parachute regiment which he formerly served in 4 Amadou Toumani Toure Rebel soldiers said during the evening they intended to launch an assault on the loyalist army camp in the capital 35 As the day progressed the rebel soldiers looted the Presidential Palace taking TVs and other goods while their leader urged them to stop the celebratory gunfire which had been responsible for at least 20 injuries in the capital 36 Tuareg advance Edit Inspired in part by the diversion caused by the military coup 35 Tuareg rebels in the country s north launched incursions deeper into Mali seizing towns and bases formerly held by government forces fighting the conflict that caused the coup As military forces were engaged in consolidating their hold on the capital the rebels were able to push southward with little opposition According to the MNLA Malian army forces retreated to Gao 35 23 March Edit The African Union suspended Mali until effective restoration of constitutional order is achieved without delay Several African leaders said they had been in touch with the ousted Malian president and that he was still safe and under the protection of forces that remained loyal to him at an undisclosed location outside Bamako 37 During the day there were fears by the rebels that the Red Berets were preparing a counterattack against the TV station and rebel forces set up defensive positions to repel the expected assault The TV network went off the air several times as gunfire erupted around the station 38 According to the BBC s West Africa correspondent a large number of low ranking soldiers possibly the majority supported the coup while the majority of the army s officers had not come out publicly to support the coup Captain Sonogo said in an interview with the BBC that We are not here to confiscate any power but we are here to have an army and security forces available to assume the national security So once this has been fixed I ll be able to say Ok go for election in a short period of time I promise 39 A joint African Union and Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS diplomatic mission met representatives of the junta according to Mali s state television service 14 A group of prominent Malian political figures made an announcement condemning the coup as a step backwards including presidential candidate Ibrahim Boubacar Keita 40 Political parties that condemned the coup included the Alliance for Democracy in Mali the Union for the Republic and Democracy the Patriotic Movement for Renewal the Union for Democracy and Development the Union of Democratic Forces for Progress the Solidarity and Progress Party the Democracy and Justice Party and the Party for Democracy and Progress 41 A total of 14 government officials and ministers were held hostage in the Kati military barracks outside Bamako 14 The Tuareg rebels and the Islamist rebel group Ansar Dine said they had surrounded Kidal An official statement from the group read Thanks to Allah the Almighty and his blessings we will soon take our land in Kidal 14 24 March Edit Sanogo stated that no soldiers of the Malian army remained loyal to Toure 42 describing himself as in total control 43 However an anonymous source from Sanogo s staff stated that Toure continued to be protected by members of the parachute battalion that had formed his presidential guard 42 Meanwhile The New York Times reported an observer describing the situation as very fluid and that rumours of a counter coup continued throughout the day exacerbated by the hour long disappearance of the Malian television signal the previous night 44 A US State Department official also noted that Mali faced a near total cutoff of foreign assistance on which the nation is heavily dependent 44 Following reports that men in police and military uniforms were looting shops and stealing cars in Bamako Sanogo appeared on national television to denounce the vandalism and pillaging and state that the perpetrators were opposition forces impersonating soldiers in order to turn public opinion against the coup 43 Sanogo also announced his intention to seek peace talks with the Tuareg insurgents 43 According to Mali s state television service Sanogo also met French ambassador Christian Rouyer along with several other foreign dignitaries 14 25 March Edit The Agence France Presse reported the streets of Bamako were calm but largely deserted due to fears of looting and a petrol gasoline shortage Many businesses remained closed with Sanogo calling for them to reopen on Tuesday 27 March 45 It was announced that ECOWAS heads of state were planning to hold an emergency meeting in Abidjan on the 27th the day on which the junta had called for striking civil servants to return to work 14 A joint delegation from ECOWAS and the AU also began negotiations with the rebel soldiers to restore power to the elected government 46 Meanwhile Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga the detained foreign minister and 13 other imprisoned officials announced their intention to begin a hunger strike 47 The stranded Kenyan and Zimbabwean foreign ministers were evacuated from Mali to Nigeria 14 26 March Edit The Barack Obama administration in the U S formally suspended aid to Mali stating that it would only resume when democracy was restored 48 A thousand person protest also gathered in Bamako to urge a return to democracy 49 chanting Down with Sanogo and Liberate the ORTM Office de Radiodiffusion Television du Mali 50 The Bamako Senou International Airport was partially reopened for civilian transport 50 27 March Edit Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara called on an ECOWAS meeting in Abidjan to send a strong signal to the mutinous soldiers that democracy must be restored 51 he later described Mali s return to democracy as non negotiable 15 Kadre Desire Ouedraogo the head of the ECOWAS commission described the coup as a threat to the entire region 51 Hundreds of Malian protesters demonstrated at the meeting calling for a return to civilian rule 51 Following the meeting ECOWAS placed peacekeeping troops on standby hinting at possible military intervention 15 Businesses and schools reopened following a call by the CNRDR for them to do so 52 A spokesperson for the French embassy confirmed that Ambassador Christian Rouyer had spoken with Toure by telephone and that Toure had stated that he was safe 51 The Tuareg rebellion dismissed calls by Sanogo for a cease fire and continued its latest offensive 53 28 March Edit Amadou Toumani Toure said in an interview with French radio station RFI I am free and in my country The most important thing for me is not my own position What is important is democracy institutions and Mali 54 Several thousand Malians took to the streets in the capital to show their support for the junta and reject foreign interference as the Economic Community of West African States said it was putting regional troops on standby for any necessary intervention 54 A violent clash took place at the Labour Exchange which was serving as an opposition headquarters a number of coup opponents were reportedly injured by thrown rocks and then arrested by police 55 Amnesty International called on the government to investigate the assaults and arrest the perpetrators 56 The CNRDR announced a new constitution In one provision the group pledged that it would not seek office in future elections and that members of CNRDR would be barred from standing in elections 57 29 March Edit The five ECOWAS leaders abandoned their plans to visit Bamako mid flight after several dozen junta supporters stormed the airport runway 58 Their scheduled talks instead took place in Abidjan 58 ECOWAS announced later in the day that the junta had 72 hours to return power to constitutional authorities or Mali would face the closure of its land borders and the freezing of its assets in ECOWAS member nations 59 Anti Western sentiment was reported to rise in Bamako due to a perception that the U S and France were behind the proposed sanctions A Radio France correspondent was detained by junta officers handcuffed and threatened with extrajudicial execution he was released the following day 60 30 March Edit The MNLA announced its capture of the regional capital of Kidal including a major military base Sanogo called on Mali s neighbors to provide military aid to save the civilian population and Mali s territorial integrity 61 Sanogo responded that he understands the ECOWAS position and reiterated his promise to hold elections but refused to give a timetable 62 The New York Times reported that civil servants had been unable to resume work due to widespread looting by coup soldiers including the theft of most government computers and the cash from safes 55 31 March Edit Gao a northern regional capital was taken by the MNLA and Ansar Dine 63 BBC News described the loss as a serious blow to the coup leaders 64 Representatives of the CNRDR continued negotiations with ECOWAS under the mediation of President Blaise Compaore of Burkina Faso 64 1 April Edit Rebel forces were reported to have encircled Timbuktu the last major Malian controlled city of the Azawad 65 The city was captured later in the day 66 Meeting one of ECOWAS s demands Sanogo announced that the CNRDR would reinstate Mali s previous constitution and begin to organise free open and democratic elections in which we will not participate 66 2 April Edit After the junta failed to meet the ECOWAS deadline for relinquishing power severe sanctions against Mali began The nation s account in the Central Bank of West African States was frozen and Mali s land borders were closed As Mali imports most of its petroleum from Cote d Ivoire this was expected to cause parts of the country to run out of fuel within days 67 as well as shutting down the country s gasoline dependent electric grid 68 3 April Edit The UN Security Council began work on a resolution backing the ECOWAS sanctions against the junta 69 The U S and the African Union joined ECOWAS in announcing a travel ban on the coup s leadership 70 The junta announced that it was considering charging Toure with financial misconduct and treason Sanogo also stated that a national meeting would be held on 5 April to decide what will be best for the country in a consensual democratic fashion 71 Insurgents in Northern Mali looted 2 354 tons of food from World Food Programme warehouses in Gao Timbuktu and Kidal causing the organization to suspend food aid to northern Mali 69 Looting of hospitals hotels government offices and aid offices was reported across the region 72 Two hundred thousand people had reportedly fled the fighting 73 4 April Edit The UN Security Council stated strong condemnation of the forcible seizure of power from the democratically elected government and again called for the immediate restoration of constitutional rule and for the preservation of the electoral process 74 The coalition of Malian parties opposed to the junta refused to participate in Sanogo s proposed national meeting 74 5 April Edit The fifteen nations of West Africa planned a military intervention against the junta and the Tuareg rebels French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe said that France would help on a logistical level 75 An MNLA spokesman announced the end of the group s military operations after the capture of Douentza which the group considered the frontier of Azawad 75 6 April Edit Main article Azawad Declaration of Independence The MNLA declared irrevocably the independence of Azawad from Mali 76 77 The African Union and the European Union condemned the declaration the former declaring it null and of no value whatsoever 78 79 Amnesty International described Mali as on the brink of a major humanitarian disaster following the coup and rebellion due to aid agency pull outs widespread looting and widespread reports of violence against girls and women in the north 80 Later in the day ECOWAS and the coup leaders reached an agreement on a transition of power and lifting of sanctions under which National Assembly of Mali Speaker Dioncounda Traore would become interim president and oversee new elections 81 Under the terms of the agreement the mutinying soldiers would be given amnesty for their participation in the coup 82 Aftermath EditToure s resignation and later events Edit 8 April Edit Amadou Toumani Toure submitted his formal resignation from the presidency to ECOWAS mediators on 8 April 2012 82 stating More than anything I do it out of the love I have for my country 83 Amadou Sanogo resigned shortly after 9 9 April Edit Mali s constitutional court met to determine the interim president 9 announcing that Dioncounda Traore can assume the presidency for up to 40 days in order to organize elections 84 12 April Edit Coup leaders formally handed power to Traore and the imprisoned ministers and aides from Toure s administration were released Following Traore s inauguration he pledged to wage a total and relentless war on the Tuareg rebels unless they released their control of northern Malian cities 85 17 April Edit Mali state television announced that Cheick Modibo Diarra has been appointed interim prime minister to help restore civilian rule 86 25 April Edit The new civilian government comprising 24 ministers was announced three ministers defence interior and internal security were from the military and considered to be close to the coup leaders Sanogo stated that the junta would continue to play a supervisory role in the transition 87 29 April Edit ECOWAS announced a deadline of a 12 month transition until presidential and legislative elections and that soldiers would be deployed to Mali to ensure a peaceful transition Sanogo stated that his government would reject both decisions 88 30 April Edit Following reports that the leaders of the Red Berets presidential guard would be arrested by the junta Red Berets assaulted OTRM offices and other locations in Mali in an apparent attempt at a countercoup exchanging fire with pro junta soldiers 89 The fighting lasted through the night and resulted in at least 14 deaths and 40 injuries 90 The junta seized control of the primary base of anti junta forces ending the countercoup 90 The New York Times described the victory over the countercoup as a further step in the consolidation of the junta s control 91 2 May Edit The junta announced that at least 140 Red Berets had been captured following the counter coup attempt 92 although later reports put the number at 300 of which 20 died under torture 93 15 May Edit ECOWAS released a statement accusing the junta of blocking the return to civilian rule and threatening to re impose sanctions 10 21 May Edit Soldiers allowed a group of pro coup demonstrators into Traore s office in Bamako 94 The demonstrators who had been carrying a mock coffin with Traore s name written on it attacked him knocking him unconscious He was brought to Point G Hospital but was not conscious when he was brought in apparently suffering from a head injury 95 Three protesters were killed and others wounded when Traore s security fired on the attackers 94 Unity government Edit 20 August unity government Edit In an effort to restore stability to Mali following the military coup a new government of national unity was formed on 20 August and approved by interim President Dioncounda Traore 96 Cheick Modibo Diarra who led the interim government remained as Prime Minister The new cabinet consisted of 31 ministers and five of those were viewed as close to the coup leader Captain Sanogo 97 Those who were selected to five posts in the new government were chosen by the military leadership while at least four members of the previous transitional government including the interior minister who was responsible for organizing elections were not changed 96 None of the selected ministers had close links to the ousted democratically elected president 98 10 December Diarra arrest and resignation Edit Following weeks in which he lost popular support and the backing of the High Islamic Council 99 Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra was arrested by soldiers on 10 December and taken to a military base in Kati 100 BBC News reported that the arrest had been ordered by Capt Sanogo 99 According to an eyewitness soldiers smashed in the door of the prime minister s residence and took him away a bit violently 101 Hours later the Prime Minister announced his resignation and the resignation of his government on national television 102 A military spokesman Oumar Mariko stated that Diarra had been seeking to stay in power indefinitely blocking the transition to democracy and that he would be detained until a new prime minister was appointed by the president 101 The New York Times wrote that the resignation appeared to be the country s second coup 103 Mariko opposed the use of the term telling reporters This is not a new coup d etat 104 International reaction EditIn the days following the March coup d etat it was unanimously condemned by the international community 31 Intergovernmental organisations Edit United Nations In New York a UN spokesperson said U N Secretary General Ban Ki moon is following the event with deep concern and called for calm and for grievances to be resolved peacefully and within the democratic process Ban also reaffirmed the UN s support for the constitutional order in the country 105 The UN Security Council also called for the release of all detained Malian officials and the immediate restoration of constitutional rule and the democratically elected government 106 African Union Jean Ping Chairperson of the African Union Commission issued a statement that the AU strongly condemns this act of rebellion which seriously undermines constitutional legality and constitutes a significant setback for Mali and for the on going democratic processes on the continent 106 European Union The European Union condemns the coup and asks for the restoration of the constitutional power as soon as possible Development operations have also been suspended 107 108 Inter Parliamentary Union Mali was suspended from the IPU until democracy is restored 109 National representatives Edit Algeria An Algerian government spokesman stated we condemn the use of force and firmly reject any unconstitutional changes We believe that all internal issues in Mali need to be resolved through the country s legitimate institutions 110 Angola The Foreign Minister of Angola said about the coup We are against this kind of power seizure by the force of arms we think it necessary that they go through the constitution and negotiation path and find a solution that satisfies all parties 111 Argentina The Foreign Minister of Argentina said The Argentine government expresses its profound solidarity with the people of Mali and request the strict respect for human rights the immediate restoration of constitutional order and the legitimate continuation of the ongoing electoral process 112 Brazil The Ministry of External Relations stated that it is following the situation in Mali with deep concern called for the immediate restoration of constitutional order and democracy and urged the parties to exert moderation to peaceful dialogue and the rejection of the use of force 113 Canada Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird stated that differences must be resolved by dialogue and democratic process not by force and called for a return to stability before next month s elections 114 Canada suspended all aid programs involving direct payments to the government of Mali while stating that Canadian International Development Agency programs in the country will remain active 115 France French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe announced France is suspending diplomatic cooperation with Mali 116 Ghana Ghana condemned the unwarranted military seizure of power in Mali 117 India India expresses its deep concern over the recent developments in Mali and calls for respect of the constitutional order and democratic process in that country 118 Kenya Kenyan Foreign Affairs minister Moses Wetangula who was in Bamako at the time of the coup said after his escape from the country This should be the last time such a coup takes place anywhere in the continent It is not fair for young excited soldiers to drive democratically elected leaders out of office 119 Niger Niger stated its total disapproval of the coup and condemned all unconstitutional changes 120 Nigeria The Nigerian government said it refused to recognize the unconstitutional government in Mali and strongly condemned the coup 121 Norway Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Store condemned the coup against Mali s legally elected government and president and urged the military to return power back to the legal authorities as soon as possible People s Republic of China China condemned the coup 122 Russia Russia condemned the coup and demanded that the junta leaders should restore the constitutional order and ensure the return of the democratically elected president to power 123 Senegal Senegal expressed its support of the ECOWAS and AU action against the coup and called on West African nations to restore as quickly as possible the rule of law in Mali 124 South Africa South Africa condemned the coup and closed its embassy in Bamako 125 Uganda President Yoweri Museveni condemned the coup calling on Mali s military to return to its barracks and let the people decide their future 126 United Kingdom Minister for Africa Henry Bellingham said the British government is deeply concerned about reports of a coup attempt and condemns any action to undermine democratic rule and the Malian Constitution 127 United States U S State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said the United States condemns the military seizure of power and stands with the legitimately elected government of Toure 128 All U S aid to Mali was suspended on 26 March 48 However on 20 April three U S military personnel that had been in the country assisting Mali s military before the coup were killed in a car accident in Bamako 129 Conflicting reasons were offered for why the men had remained in the country and three women identified by anonymous sources as Moroccan prostitutes were also killed in the vehicle 130 One of the men was from INSCOM while the other two were assigned to SOCOM a special operations unit that is active in counter terrorism missions 131 Venezuela Hugo Chavez s government stated their unconditional solidarity with the people of Mali while expressing his most resounding rejection of the coup 132 Other reactions Edit The coup occurred as the head of United Nations Office for West Africa Said Djinnit was in the capital for the AU summit and to help mediate the crisis In response the World Bank and the African Development Bank suspended development aid funds in support of the AU and ECOWAS reactions to the coup 106 Amnesty International noted its concern that the coup foreshadowed a period of uncertainty on human rights and called on Sanogo s forces to release their political prisoners from detention 133 Human Rights Watch called on the CNRDR to restore basic human rights protections as well as set a firm timeline to return power to a democratically elected government 134 The multinational corporation Randgold Resources shares fell 13 following the coup as it owns three gold mines in Mali However it asserted that its mining operations in Loulo and Gounkoto and its joint venture in Morila have no disruptions 135 Gold Fields suspended operations in the country 136 See also Edit Mali portal1968 Malian coup d etat 1991 Malian coup d etat 2020 Malian coup d etat 2021 Malian coup d etat List of coups d etat and coup attempts since 2010References Edit Schneider James 22 March 2012 Mali s CNRDR An Accidental Coup Think Africa Press Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Adam Nossiter 22 March 2012 Soldiers Declare Coup in Mali The New York Times Retrieved 22 March 2012 الاتحاد الأفريقي يعلق عضوية مالي in Arabic Al Jazeera 24 March 2012 Archived from the original on 21 March 2014 Retrieved 24 March 2012 a b c Serge Daniel 22 March 2012 Mali president holed up in barracks as junta digs in The Daily Star Retrieved 23 March 2012 UN Chief Following Mali Events With Deep Concern Voice of America 21 March 2012 Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 UPDATE 6 Soldiers say they seize power in Mali Reuters 9 February 2009 Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Afua Hirsch 22 March 2012 Mali rebels claim to have ousted regime in coup The Guardian UK Retrieved 24 March 2012 Cheick Dioura and Adama Diarra 31 March 2012 Mali Rebels Assault Gao Northern Garrison Huffington Post Reuters Retrieved 5 April 2012 a b c Mali court meets to choose interim president Al Jazeera 9 April 2012 Retrieved 9 April 2012 a b Ecowas threatens Mali coup leaders with new sanctions BBC News 14 May 2012 Retrieved 16 May 2012 Mali investigators find mass grave BBC News 4 December 2013 Tuareg rebels attack Mali town of Kidal Al Jazeera 6 February 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Malian rebels seize key border town civilians flee Reuters 9 February 2012 Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 Retrieved 7 March 2012 a b c d e f g h Mali army claims upper hand over rebels amid coup disarray Thomas Morfin Agence France Presse 25 March 2012 Retrieved 25 May 2020 a b c d Laura Burke and Rukmini Callimachi 27 March 2012 Bloc puts peacekeepers on standby after Mali coup Albany Times Associated Press Retrieved 27 March 2012 Mali Soldiers Attack Palace in Coup Bid Reuters 22 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Marc Fonbaustier Mali a case study of a complex african crisis 10 April 2012 Biographie de Sadio Gassama Primature Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Coup d Etat au Mali l evolution de la situation en temps reel RFI 22 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 a b c d Sortie musclee des militaires de Kati dans la journee d hier Une mutinerie aux allures de coup d Etat maliweb 22 March 2012 Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 UN Chief Following Mali Events With Deep Concern Voice of America 21 March 2012 Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Retrieved 26 March 2012 Dementi formel Le Ministre de la Defense n est ni blesse ni arrete Il est a son bureau ou il poursuit calmement sa journee de travail Formal denial The Defense Minister is neither injured nor arrested He is at his office where he continues to work quietly 21 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 a b Mali s state broadcaster back on air RTE 21 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 a b Martin Vogl 17 September 2009 Mali Coup Associated Press Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Soldiers mutiny at military base in Mali Associated Press 21 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 permanent dead link Possible Mali coup as soldiers storm TV station The Guardian London Associated Press 21 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Renegade Mali soldiers say seize power depose Toure Reuters 22 March 2012 Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Renegade Mali soldiers declare immediate curfew Reuters 22 March 2012 Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Soldiers overthrow government in Mali USA Today Associated Press 22 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Ndonga Wambui 26 November 2008 Situation in Mali Worsening allAfrica Retrieved 22 March 2012 a b Au Mali le front des putschistes se fragilise Le Monde in French 24 March 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Mali president safe after fleeing from overnight rebel coup Al Arabiya 24 February 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Mali Coup heralds period of uncertainty on human rights Amnesty International 23 March 2012 Archived from the original on 11 March 2013 Retrieved 3 April 2012 Mali soldiers loot presidential palace after coup BBC 23 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 a b c David Lewis and Adama Diarra 22 March 2012 Mali rebels advance in north mutineers seek president Reuters Retrieved 23 March 2012 Mali soldiers loot presidential palace after coup BBC News 22 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Heinlein Peter Ababa Addis 23 March 2012 African Union Suspends Mali Hears President Toure Safe Voice of America Retrieved 23 March 2012 Mali state TV goes off air fear of countercoup Newsday New York 23 March 2012 Retrieved 26 March 2012 Mali coup leader Sanogo will not cling to power BBC 23 March 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Malian Politicians Slam Military Takeover VOA Breaking News Voice of America 20 August 2009 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Malian political parties condemn coup d etat Xinhua News Agency 24 March 2012 Archived from the original on 28 August 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 a b Martin Vogl 24 March 2012 Mali Coup Amadou Sanogo Coup Leader Says He Is Firmly in Control Huffington Post Retrieved 24 March 2012 a b c Mali coup leader Amadou Sanogo in complete control BBC News 24 March 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 a b Adam Nossiter 24 March 2012 Coup Leaders in Mali Struggle to Assert Their Control The New York Times Retrieved 24 March 2012 Confusion reigns in wake of Mali coup d etat France 24 Agence France Presse 25 March 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Uncertainty in Mali after military coup Al Jazeera 25 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Mali officials stage hunger strike to protest coup Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Associated Press 25 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 a b Bradley Klapper 26 March 2012 US cuts off aid to Mali s government after coup Associated Press Retrieved 26 March 2012 Mali protesters seek return to order after coup Detroit Free Press Associated Press 26 March 2012 Retrieved 26 March 2012 a b Martin Vogl 26 March 2012 Mali Coup Leaders Partially Reopen Airport The Guardian London Associated Press Retrieved 26 March 2012 a b c d West African leaders say they will send strong signal to Mali coup group The Washington Post Associated Press 27 March 2012 Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 Retrieved 27 March 2012 Thomas Morfin 27 March 2012 Malians go back to work as regional leaders weigh coup Agence France Presse Retrieved 27 March 2012 permanent dead link Serge Daniel 27 March 2012 Mali Northern Rebels Fight on Despite Coup in Capital Agence France Presse Retrieved 27 March 2012 a b Mali coup I m free and in Mali says ousted leader Toure BBC News 28 March 2012 Retrieved 27 March 2012 a b Adam Nossiter 20 March 2012 Pressed on All Sides Leader of Coup in Mali Digs In 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rebels seize key garrison town of Gao BBC News 31 March 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2012 Rebels seize Mali s main northern city Witnesses Agence France Presse 1 April 2011 Retrieved 31 March 2012 a b Malian coup leader to restore constitution Al Jazeera 1 April 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2012 Mali coup leaders call for transition talks Al Jazeera 4 April 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2012 K Larson 2 April 2012 W Africa bloc imposes sanctions on Mali post coup Associated Press Retrieved 2 April 2012 a b UN Council Hammers out Condemnation of Mali Conflict Agence France Presse 3 April 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2012 Mali Junta Calls National Meeting The New York Times Agence France Presse 3 April 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2012 Mali s junta may charge President Toure with treason BBC News 3 April 2012 Retrieved 4 April 2012 George Fominyen 3 April 2012 WFP suspends some operations in Mali after food aid looted alert net Reuters Archived from the original on 25 November 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2012 Mali 200 000 flee fighting UN World Food Programme suspends aid in north Agence France Presse 3 April 2012 Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 Retrieved 3 April 2012 a b Andre Viollaz 4 April 2012 UN urges return of Mail government end to fighting Agence France Presse Retrieved 4 April 2012 a b Rukmini Callimachi 5 April 2012 Tuareg rebels in Mali declare cease fire as Mali s neighbors prepare military intervention Yahoo News Associated Press Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2012 Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad north of Mali Al Arabiya 6 April 2012 Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 Retrieved 6 April 2012 Mali s Tuareg rebels declare independence The Hindu Chennai India Associated Press 6 April 2012 Retrieved 6 April 2012 permanent dead link Felix Bate 6 April 2012 Mali rebels declare independent Azawad Reuters Retrieved 6 April 2012 Rukmini Callimachi 6 April 2012 The Associated Press Mali s Tuareg rebels declare independence Retrieved 6 April 2012 Amnesty warns Mali is on brink of major disaster BBC News 5 April 2012 Retrieved 5 April 2012 Felix Bate 6 April 2012 Mali junta agrees power handover deal with neighbors Reuters Retrieved 6 April 2012 a b Mali s president resigns after coup The Guardian London Reuters 8 April 2012 Retrieved 8 April 2012 Mali awaits next step after president coup leader resign The Daily Star 10 April 2012 Retrieved 9 April 2012 Martin Vogl 10 April 2012 Court clears way for new interim president in Mali Huffington Post Associated Press Retrieved 10 April 2012 Mali s new leader threatens total war against Tuareg rebels The Telegraph London 13 April 2012 Retrieved 14 April 2012 Mali names Microsoft Africa chief as interim PM Reuters 17 April 2011 Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 Retrieved 17 April 2012 Mali gives military personnel key government posts BBC News 25 April 2012 Retrieved 29 April 2012 Mali coup leader rejects ECOWAS troop deployment France 24 Agence France Presse 29 April 2012 Retrieved 29 April 2012 Gunshots fired in Malian capital Bamako BBC News 30 April 2012 Retrieved 30 April 2012 a b Mali coup Junta forces overrun rivals camp BBC News 1 May 2012 Retrieved 29 April 2012 Adam Nossiter 1 May 2012 Mali Uprising Proves No Threat to Junta Leader s Vision of Authority The New York Times Retrieved 29 April 2012 Mali junta forces hunt down counter coup soldiers BBC News 2 May 2012 Retrieved 16 May 2012 Mali Red Beret soldier shot dead Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine a b Mali President Dioncounda Traore in hospital after attack BBC News 21 May 2012 Retrieved 20 May 2012 Interim president of Mali injured witness says Associated Press 21 May 2012 Retrieved 21 May 2012 a b Mali forms new caretaker government Reuters 21 August 2012 Retrieved 21 August 2012 Mali forms new unity government under PM Diarra BBC 20 August 2012 Retrieved 21 August 2012 Mali announces new govt 5 months after coup CBS News 20 August 2012 Retrieved 21 August 2012 permanent dead link a b Mali PM Cheick Modibo Diarra resigns after army arrest BBC News 11 December 2012 Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2012 Mali s PM arrested by junta Associated Press 10 December 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2012 a b Mali PM Cheick Modibo Diarra arrested by soldiers The Telegraph 11 December 2012 Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2012 Mali PM resigns after being arrested by troops Agence France Presse 10 December 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2012 Nossiter Adam 11 December 2012 Mali s Prime Minister Arrested by Military The New York Times Retrieved 11 December 2012 Mali PM s resignation not a coup Agence France Presse 11 December 2012 Retrieved 11 December 2012 New York 21 March 2012 Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary General on Mali United Nations 21 March 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2012 a b c International condemnation for Mali coup Al Jazeera 23 March 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Coup d Etat au Mali l evolution de la situation en temps reel in French Radio France Internationale 16 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 EU suspends Mali development aid after coup Agence France Presse 23 March 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2012 Gloria Nakiyimba 31 March 2012 Mali Suspended From International MPs Body AllAfrica com Retrieved 31 March 2012 Algeria voices deep concern over Mali coup ahram org Agence France Presse 22 March 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2012 Angola Govt Condemns Coup d Etat in Mali allAfrica 24 March 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2012 Cancilleria llamo a la inmediata restauracion del legitimo orden constitucional en Mali ambito com 24 March 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2012 Sublevacao Militar no Mali Ministry of External Relations of Brazil Retrieved 23 March 2012 in Portuguese Baird Ablonczy React to Mali Coup Attempt Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada 21 March 2012 Retrieved 23 March 2012 Canada Suspends Aid to Government of Mali Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada 24 March 2012 Retrieved 27 March 2012 France suspends cooperation with Mali after coup Yahoo News Reuters Retrieved 22 March 2012 Ghana condemns coup in Mali ghanaweb com 24 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 India worried over military coup in Mali firstpost com 23 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Dave Opiyo 25 March 2012 Wetang ula rescued from Mali coup hell The Daily Nation Retrieved 25 March 2012 Niger denounces Mali coup news24 com 23 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Victor Iluyemi 22 March 2012 Nigeria rejects coup in Mali wants ECOWAS AU UN to strongly condemn it Worldstagegroup com Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Mali coup leaders face growing criticism United Press International 24 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Igor Yazon 23 March 2012 Coup in Mali situation remains unclear Voice of Russia Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Mali coup Senegal expresses solidarity with ordinary Malian citizens Afrique en Ligne 25 March 2012 Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 South Africa condemns Mali coup News24 Agence France Presse 22 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Ugandan president condemns Mali coup calls for restoration of people power Xinhua News Agency 1 April 2012 Archived from the original on 20 April 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2012 UK condemns coup attempt in Mali 22 March 2012 Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 Retrieved 22 March 2012 U S State Department statement on the situation in Mali 22 March 2012 Retrieved 22 March 2012 Whitlock Craig Mysterious fatal crash offers rare look at U S commando presence in Mali The Washington Post 8 July 2012 Retrieved 17 January 2013 Kelley Michael Three Prostitutes Were Involved in that Fatal US Army Car Crash In Mali Business Insider 9 July 2012 Retrieved 17 January 2013 Vogl Martin 3 service members killed in Mali car crash Army Times 20 April 2012 Retrieved 17 January 2013 Venezuela rechaza golpe de Estado en Mali y pide respeto a la vida de Toure Univision 23 March 2012 Archived from the original on 6 July 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Mali Coup heralds period of uncertainty on human rights Amnesty International 23 March 2012 Archived from the original on 11 March 2013 Retrieved 25 March 2012 Mali Coup Leaders Must Respect Rights Human Rights Watch 23 March 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2012 permanent dead link Randgold Resources shares plunge after a coup in Mali BBC 22 March 2012 Retrieved 24 March 2012 Gold Fields says committed to Mali despite unrest Reuters 26 March 2012 Retrieved 26 March 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2012 Malian coup d 27etat amp oldid 1116331238, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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