1986 Chinese student demonstrations

Student demonstrations took place in a number of Chinese cities from December 1986 until mid-January 1987.^[1] The demonstrations started in the city of Hefei before spreading to other cities such as Shanghai and Nanjing.^[2] The movement was heavily influenced by the Chinese intellectuals Fang Lizhi and Wang Ruowang, who were critical of the Chinese government's lack of political reforms.^[3] The demonstrations quickly dissipated by mid-January before achieving any of its stated goals.^[4] The lack of response from Hu Yaobang, who was the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at the time, would result in his removal from power on January 15, 1987, and his replacement by Zhao Ziyang.^[5]

Background

The 1986 student demonstrations took place in the context of economic difficulties caused by an inflation rate of 16% which led to large increases in living costs.^[6] There was also a view that there was corruption within the government which made it difficult for people without connections to get ahead, many of these accusations of corruption targeted the children of Deng Xiaoping.^[7] During this time astrophysics professor and vice president of the University of Science and Technology of China Fang Lizhi was giving a series of lectures at universities in Shanghai and Ningbo in which he encouraged to "open in all directions" which meant that he believed that China should open up to the ideals of academic freedom, freedom of speech and freedom of the press that he associated with the West.^[8] He also stated that the rights in the Chinese constitution should be "actual rights" and not just on-paper rights. The speeches encouraged many students to use their right to demonstrate and assemble in order to protest the government.^[9] Students from around the country were able to listen to these speeches when audio recordings were spread throughout college campuses.^[10] In response to these comments Fang Lizhi was pressured to attend a conference in Anhui province where he was heavily criticized by Wan Li and other high ranking provincial officials over his earlier comments.^[11]

Demonstrations

The demonstrations began at the University of Science and Technology in the city of Hefei on December 5, 1986, in response to students' demands to nominate their own candidates for the National People's Congress instead of choosing from a government selected list.^[12] From there protests spread to other cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Nanjing, Kunming, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Guangzhou, and Beijing.^[13] On December 19 after several days of protesting the Shanghai government called in the police and ordered them to use force to remove the student demonstrators, an act that angered students across the country.^[14] In response to the tactics of the Shanghai government, students in Hefei engaged in a sit-in on December 23 in front of the Hefei municipal government building with the demand that the Hefei municipal government rebuke the actions of the Shanghai government.^[15] Fang Lizhi, who had a great deal of influence amongst the students, worked as a mediator between the government and students in Hefei and was able to get the students back to class and end their sit-in on the condition that the Anhui officials would forward the student demands to the Shanghai government.^[16] According to Fang, his involvement in this instance was later used as evidence by the party that he was the one behind these demonstrations.^[17]

According to sociologist Julia Kwong, the demonstrations were never able to gain widespread support; the biggest demonstrations in Beijing and Shanghai numbered 30,000 in total and some demonstrations only numbered in the hundreds, such as the protests in Guangzhou.^[18] In total 150 Chinese universities out of 1016 took part in the demonstration across 17 cities with 2% of the student population taking part.^[19] The goals of the protestors were portrayed in western media like The Washington Post as being a pro-democracy movement but the students had many other grievances that had little to do with democracy and were reported by Hong Kong media.^[20][21] These grievances varied depending on the campus with students in Beijing protesting that lights were turned off after 11:00 whereas students in Nanjing criticized the inclusion of political studies in their curriculum.^[22] The protesters also focused on the problem of corruption and cronyism in the government, which affected students abilities to gain employment and slowed Chinese economic growth.^[23] Some of the student demonstrators did hold discussions with the government but they were largely ineffectual. The Shanghai students were unable to have any of their four demands met after a six-hour meeting with the Party Secretary of Shanghai Jiang Zemin.^[24] By mid-January all of the demonstrations had stopped, and the students returned to their campuses.^[25]

Aftermath

Hu Yaobang's response to the demonstrations was a major factor in him being forced to resign his position as General Secretary on January 16, 1987, as he was perceived as being overly liberal by Deng Xiaoping.^[26] He was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as General Secretary of the CCP. Fang Lizhi was fired from his position as Vice President of USTC on January 12, 1987, and was subsequently expelled from the communist party on January 19.^[27] This also led to the launch of a campaign against "bourgeois liberalization" at the suggestion of Deng Xiaoping in order to stop what he viewed as the excessive liberalization that had occurred under Hu Yaobang.^[28] The removal of Hu Yaobang would have lasting consequences as his removal was used by students during the 1989 demonstrations. Many of the students who took part in these demonstrations would go on to participate in the 1989 demonstrations, an example of this is the student leader Li Lu who participated in both 1986 and 1989 demonstrations.^[29]

References

1. Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine, Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 401.
2. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 400.
3. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 400.
4. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 401.
5. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 401.
6. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 400.
7. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 400.
8. Fang Lizhi, The Most Wanted Man in China: My Journey from Scientist to Enemy of the State (New York: Henry Holt and Co.),252.
9. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 252-53.
10. Eddie Cheng, Standoff at Tiananmen (Colorado: Sensys Corp), 33.
11. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 255.
12. Julia Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China: A Democratic Movement?," Asian Survey 28 (1988): 970.
13. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 970.
14. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 260.
15. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 261.
16. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 261.
17. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 262.
18. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 971-73.
19. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 972.
20. Daniel Southerland "China Shows New Concern at Protests; State Press Attacks Latest Demonstrations; Workers Arrested," The Washington Post, December 29, 1986.
21. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
22. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
23. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 979.
24. Kwong, "The 1986 Student Demonstrations in China," 978.
25. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 401.
26. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 402.
27. Fang, The Most Wanted Man in China, 264.
28. Pantsov and Levine, Deng Xiaoping, 403.
29. Li Lu, Moving the Mountain: My Life in China From the Cultural Revolution to Tiananmen Square (London: Macmillan, 1990),102.