1904 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1904 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
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County Results
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Following the state’s delayed readmission to the Union, Virginia was unique among ex-Confederate states in not having a period of Republican control during Reconstruction, due to the failure of the Underwood Constitution to pass in 1868[1] and the consequent support for the Conservative Party that fused prewar Democrats and Whigs in the first postwar elections and consistently controlled the state legislature after readmission. From 1879, however, a fusion with the “Readjuster” faction of the state Democratic Party would revitalize the Republicans[1] until 1883, although the state GOP would remain competitive in statewide elections — only narrowly failing to carry the state in 1888[1] — until the Cleveland Administration eliminated federal oversight while the Walton Act created the secret ballot and began large-scale black disenfranchisement.[2]
However, despite its dominant position, the Democratic Party was deeply divided between the conservative Gold Democrats of a state whose economy was already substantially influenced by the rapidly industrializing Northeast, and a Populist-influenced faction centered in the state’s rural areas.[2] Northern and Southwest Virginia were supportive of the Republican policies of the gold standard and high tariffs,[2] and trended towards William McKinley in 1896 and 1900 — ultimately becoming the mainstay of a “lily-white” Jim Crow state Republican Party for the ensuing half-century, allowing the party to remain more viable than in any other ex-Confederate state except North Carolina and Tennessee where extremely loyal Unionist Republicanism remained.[3]
Following the 1900 election, a new constitution was drafted with a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests that served to reduce voter turnout dramatically.[4] The new constitution was supposedly a response to persistent electoral fraud, common in the Black Belt as it was in other Southern states.[5] After much debate over how rigidly to disenfranchise black voters, alongside the question of whether poor whites should be disenfranchised,[4] the ultimately produced Constitution featured some of the most stringent poll tax and literacy requirements in the former Confederacy. These stringent suffrage requirements would mean Virginia’s 1900 turnout would not be equaled until 1952, by which time the state’s population had almost doubled.[a]
From the earliest polls, it was clear that Democratic candidate, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker was always going to carry Virginia.[6] Neither candidate campaigned in the state during the fall. Virginia ultimately voted for Parker over the Republican candidate, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt. Parker won the state by a margin of 24.90 percentage points.
Results edit
| 1904 United States presidential election in Virginia[7] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democratic | Alton B. Parker | 80,649 | 61.84% | 12 | |
| Republican | Theodore Roosevelt (inc.) | 48,180 | 36.95% | 0 | |
| Prohibition | Silas C. Swallow | 1,379 | 1.06% | 0 | |
| Socialist | Eugene V. Debs | 202 | 0.15% | 0 | |
| Totals | 130,410 | 100.0% | 12 | ||
Results by county edit
| 1904 United States presidential election in Virginia by counties and independent cities[8][9] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County or Independent City | Alton Brooks Parker Democratic | Theodore Roosevelt Republican | Silas Comfort Swallow Prohibition | Eugene Victor Debs Socialist | Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack County | 1,517 | 82.67% | 256 | 13.95% | 62 | 3.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,261 | 68.72% | 1,835 |
| Albemarle County | 1,069 | 76.74% | 309 | 22.18% | 15 | 1.08% | 0 | 0.00% | 760 | 54.56% | 1,393 |
| Alexandria County | 157 | 61.09% | 99 | 38.52% | 1 | 0.39% | 0 | 0.00% | 58 | 22.57% | 257 |
| Alleghany County | 782 | 52.52% | 665 | 44.66% | 42 | 2.82% | 0 | 0.00% | 117 | 7.86% | 1,489 |
| Amelia County | 320 | 77.11% | 76 | 18.31% | 19 | 4.58% | 0 | 0.00% | 244 | 58.80% | 415 |
| Amherst County | 878 | 82.91% | 177 | 16.71% | 4 | 0.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 701 | 66.19% | 1,059 |
| Appomattox County | 684 | 87.80% | 93 | 11.94% | 2 | 0.26% | 0 | 0.00% | 591 | 75.87% | 779 |
| Augusta County | 1,582 | 57.57% | 1,096 | 39.88% | 70 | 2.55% | 0 | 0.00% | 486 | 17.69% | 2,748 |
| Bath County | 325 | 57.12% | 239 | 42.00% | 4 | 0.70% | 1 | 0.18% | 86 | 15.11% | 569 |
| Bedford County | 1,301 | 66.82% | 560 | 28.76% | 86 | 4.42% | 0 | 0.00% | 741 | 38.06% | 1,947 |
| Bland County | 339 | 45.02% | 407 | 54.05% | 7 | 0.93% | 0 | 0.00% | -68 | -9.03% | 753 |
| Botetourt County | 818 | 54.14% | 664 | 43.94% | 29 | 1.92% | 0 | 0.00% | 154 | 10.19% | 1,511 |
| Brunswick County | 593 | 79.49% | 149 | 19.97% | 4 | 0.54% | 0 | 0.00% | 444 | 59.52% | 746 |
| Buchanan County | 307 | 35.37% | 561 | 64.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -254 | -29.26% | 868 |
| Buckingham County | 595 | 59.03% | 405 | 40.18% | 8 | 0.79% | 0 | 0.00% | 190 | 18.85% | 1,008 |
| Campbell County | 674 | 79.20% | 158 | 18.57% | 14 | 1.65% | 5 | 0.59% | 516 | 60.63% | 851 |
| Caroline County | 501 | 60.65% | 317 | 38.38% | 8 | 0.97% | 0 | 0.00% | 184 | 22.28% | 826 |
| Carroll County | 874 | 40.78% | 1,265 | 59.03% | 4 | 0.19% | 0 | 0.00% | -391 | -18.25% | 2,143 |
| Charles City County | 129 | 62.02% | 78 | 37.50% | 1 | 0.48% | 0 | 0.00% | 51 | 24.52% | 208 |
| Charlotte County | 517 | 69.96% | 210 | 28.42% | 12 | 1.62% | 0 | 0.00% | 307 | 41.54% | 739 |
| Chesterfield County | 597 | 78.04% | 151 | 19.74% | 16 | 2.09% | 1 | 0.13% | 446 | 58.30% | 765 |
| Clarke County | 444 | 82.99% | 67 | 12.52% | 23 | 4.30% | 1 | 0.19% | 377 | 70.47% | 535 |
| Craig County | 335 | 65.30% | 161 | 31.38% | 17 | 3.31% | 0 | 0.00% | 174 | 33.92% | 513 |
| Culpeper County | 798 | 79.01% | 209 | 20.69% | 3 | 0.30% | 0 | 0.00% | 589 | 58.32% | 1,010 |
| Cumberland County | 334 | 85.42% | 51 | 13.04% | 6 | 1.53% | 0 | 0.00% | 283 | 72.38% | 391 |
| Dickenson County | 577 | 45.61% | 684 | 54.07% | 4 | 0.32% | 0 | 0.00% | -107 | -8.46% | 1,265 |
| Dinwiddie County | 406 | 77.04% | 119 | 22.58% | 2 | 0.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 287 | 54.46% | 527 |
| Elizabeth City County | 600 | 73.35% | 211 | 25.79% | 7 | 0.86% | 0 | 0.00% | 389 | 47.56% | 818 |
| Essex County | 430 | 45.55% | 513 | 54.34% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.11% | -83 | -8.79% | 944 |
| Fairfax County | 774 | 63.91% | 422 | 34.85% | 12 | 0.99% | 3 | 0.25% | 352 | 29.07% | 1,211 |
| Fauquier County | 1,216 | 77.16% | 357 | 22.65% | 3 | 0.19% | 0 | 0.00% | 859 | 54.51% | 1,576 |
| Floyd County | 450 | 30.57% | 1,012 | 68.75% | 9 | 0.61% | 1 | 0.07% | -562 | -38.18% | 1,472 |
| Fluvanna County | 394 | 74.34% | 135 | 25.47% | 1 | 0.19% | 0 | 0.00% | 259 | 48.87% | 530 |
| Franklin County | 1,166 | 56.03% | 874 | 42.00% | 41 | 1.97% | 0 | 0.00% | 292 | 14.03% | 2,081 |
| Frederick County | 858 | 71.38% | 316 | 26.29% | 28 | 2.33% | 0 | 0.00% | 542 | 45.09% | 1,202 |
| Giles County | 721 | 53.73% | 588 | 43.82% | 33 | 2.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 133 | 9.91% | 1,342 |
| Gloucester County | 474 | 72.37% | 173 | 26.41% | 6 | 0.92% | 2 | 0.31% | 301 | 45.95% | 655 |
| Goochland County | 298 | 52.19% | 273 | 47.81% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 25 | 4.38% | 571 |
| Grayson County | 867 | 45.04% | 1,054 | 54.75% | 4 | 0.21% | 0 | 0.00% | -187 | -9.71% | 1,925 |
| Greene County | 214 | 40.61% | 311 | 59.01% | 2 | 0.38% | 0 | 0.00% | -97 | -18.41% | 527 |
| Greensville County | 356 | 77.56% | 100 | 21.79% | 3 | 0.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 256 | 55.77% | 459 |
| Halifax County | 1,198 | 65.75% | 594 | 32.60% | 30 | 1.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 604 | 33.15% | 1,822 |
| Hanover County | 527 | 66.04% | 261 | 32.71% | 10 | 1.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 266 | 33.33% | 798 |
| Henrico County | 890 | 76.26% | 248 | 21.25% | 16 | 1.37% | 13 | 1.11% | 642 | 55.01% | 1,167 |
| Henry County | 718 | 62.22% | 422 | 36.57% | 14 | 1.21% | 0 | 0.00% | 296 | 25.65% | 1,154 |
| Highland County | 304 | 45.58% | 352 | 52.77% | 11 | 1.65% | 0 | 0.00% | -48 | -7.20% | 667 |
| Isle of Wight County | 584 | 77.45% | 168 | 22.28% | 2 | 0.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 416 | 55.17% | 754 |
| James City County | 98 | 71.01% | 34 | 24.64% | 6 | 4.35% | 0 | 0.00% | 64 | 46.38% | 138 |
| King and Queen County | 390 | 74.43% | 134 | 25.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 256 | 48.85% | 524 |
| King George County | 279 | 59.49% | 188 | 40.09% | 2 | 0.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 91 | 19.40% | 469 |
| King William County | 304 | 60.44% | 195 | 38.77% | 4 | 0.80% | 0 | 0.00% | 109 | 21.67% | 503 |
| Lancaster County | 350 | 77.78% | 93 | 20.67% | 7 | 1.56% | 0 | 0.00% | 257 | 57.11% | 450 |
| Lee County | 780 | 36.81% | 1,329 | 62.72% | 10 | 0.47% | 0 | 0.00% | -549 | -25.91% | 2,119 |
| Loudoun County | 1,558 | 75.19% | 442 | 21.33% | 72 | 3.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,116 | 53.86% | 2,072 |
| Louisa County | 514 | 62.53% | 296 | 36.01% | 11 | 1.34% | 1 | 0.12% | 218 | 26.52% | 822 |
| Lunenburg County | 433 | 80.04% | 96 | 17.74% | 6 | 1.11% | 6 | 1.11% | 337 | 62.29% | 541 |
| Madison County | 538 | 64.82% | 292 | 35.18% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 246 | 29.64% | 830 |
| Mathews County | 467 | 76.94% | 119 | 19.60% | 21 | 3.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 348 | 57.33% | 607 |
| Mecklenburg County | 1,021 | 76.25% | 296 | 22.11% | 22 | 1.64% | 0 | 0.00% | 725 | 54.14% | 1,339 |
| Middlesex County | 416 | 72.85% | 151 | 26.44% | 4 | 0.70% | 0 | 0.00% | 265 | 46.41% | 571 |
| Montgomery County | 650 | 45.84% | 725 | 51.13% | 42 | 2.96% | 1 | 0.07% | -75 | -5.29% | 1,418 |
| Nansemond County | 678 | 78.11% | 186 | 21.43% | 4 | 0.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 492 | 56.68% | 868 |
| Nelson County | 847 | 75.16% | 269 | 23.87% | 10 | 0.89% | 1 | 0.09% | 578 | 51.29% | 1,127 |
| New Kent County | 127 | 62.56% | 75 | 36.95% | 1 | 0.49% | 0 | 0.00% | 52 | 25.62% | 203 |
| Norfolk County | 1,345 | 57.63% | 977 | 41.86% | 1 | 0.04% | 11 | 0.47% | 368 | 15.77% | 2,334 |
| Northampton County | 592 | 73.00% | 210 | 25.89% | 9 | 1.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 382 | 47.10% | 811 |
| Northumberland County | 532 | 70.00% | 225 | 29.61% | 3 | 0.39% | 0 | 0.00% | 307 | 40.39% | 760 |
| Nottoway County | 470 | 84.08% | 86 | 15.38% | 3 | 0.54% | 0 | 0.00% | 384 | 68.69% | 559 |
| Orange County | 568 | 72.91% | 201 | 25.80% | 10 | 1.28% | 0 | 0.00% | 367 | 47.11% | 779 |
| Page County | 741 | 47.08% | 804 | 51.08% | 21 | 1.33% | 8 | 0.51% | -63 | -4.00% | 1,574 |
| Patrick County | 737 | 53.29% | 616 | 44.54% | 30 | 2.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 121 | 8.75% | 1,383 |
| Pittsylvania County | 1,718 | 69.27% | 650 | 26.21% | 111 | 4.48% | 1 | 0.04% | 1,068 | 43.06% | 2,480 |
| Powhatan County | 240 | 60.30% | 156 | 39.20% | 2 | 0.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 84 | 21.11% | 398 |
| Prince Edward County | 576 | 84.46% | 101 | 14.81% | 5 | 0.73% | 0 | 0.00% | 475 | 69.65% | 682 |
| Prince George County | 189 | 67.02% | 92 | 32.62% | 1 | 0.35% | 0 | 0.00% | 97 | 34.40% | 282 |
| Prince William County | 724 | 75.57% | 228 | 23.80% | 6 | 0.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 496 | 51.77% | 958 |
| Princess Anne County | 420 | 79.10% | 109 | 20.53% | 2 | 0.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 311 | 58.57% | 531 |
| Pulaski County | 732 | 48.09% | 764 | 50.20% | 6 | 0.39% | 20 | 1.31% | -32 | -2.10% | 1,522 |
| Rappahannock County | 400 | 72.07% | 151 | 27.21% | 4 | 0.72% | 0 | 0.00% | 249 | 44.86% | 555 |
| Richmond County | 377 | 66.73% | 185 | 32.74% | 3 | 0.53% | 0 | 0.00% | 192 | 33.98% | 565 |
| Roanoke County | 630 | 56.96% | 427 | 38.61% | 48 | 4.34% | 1 | 0.09% | 203 | 18.35% | 1,106 |
| Rockbridge County | 996 | 51.58% | 911 | 47.18% | 23 | 1.19% | 1 | 0.05% | 85 | 4.40% | 1,931 |
| Rockingham County | 1,604 | 51.15% | 1,441 | 45.95% | 88 | 2.81% | 3 | 0.10% | 163 | 5.20% | 3,136 |
| Russell County | 987 | 41.26% | 1,396 | 58.36% | 9 | 0.38% | 0 | 0.00% | -409 | -17.10% | 2,392 |
| Scott County | 1,164 | 39.38% | 1,773 | 59.98% | 17 | 0.58% | 2 | 0.07% | -609 | -20.60% | 2,956 |
| Shenandoah County | 1,098 | 47.39% | 1,189 | 51.32% | 30 | 1.29% | 0 | 0.00% | -91 | -3.93% | 2,317 |
| Smyth County | 848 | 39.02% | 1,312 | 60.38% | 12 | 0.55% | 1 | 0.05% | -464 | -21.35% | 2,173 |
| Southampton County | 924 | 76.94% | 260 | 21.65% | 16 | 1.33% | 1 | 0.08% | 664 | 55.29% | 1,201 |
| Spotsylvania County | 330 | 56.80% | 237 | 40.79% | 13 | 2.24% | 1 | 0.17% | 93 | 16.01% | 581 |
| Stafford County | 301 | 43.56% | 384 | 55.57% | 6 | 0.87% | 0 | 0.00% | -83 | -12.01% | 691 |
| Surry County | 323 | 66.19% | 154 | 31.56% | 11 | 2.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 169 | 34.63% | 488 |
| Sussex County | 253 | 72.70% | 93 | 26.72% | 2 | 0.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 160 | 45.98% | 348 |
| Tazewell County | 803 | 35.33% | 1,462 | 64.32% | 5 | 0.22% | 3 | 0.13% | -659 | -28.99% | 2,273 |
| Warren County | 540 | 76.49% | 151 | 21.39% | 13 | 1.84% | 2 | 0.28% | 389 | 55.10% | 706 |
| Warwick County | 108 | 60.00% | 71 | 39.44% | 1 | 0.56% | 0 | 0.00% | 37 | 20.56% | 180 |
| Washington County | 1,344 | 41.62% | 1,872 | 57.97% | 13 | 0.40% | 0 | 0.00% | -528 | -16.35% | 3,229 |
| Westmoreland County | 392 | 68.06% | 181 | 31.42% | 3 | 0.52% | 0 | 0.00% | 211 | 36.63% | 576 |
| Wise County | 897 | 36.11% | 1,572 | 63.29% | 9 | 0.36% | 6 | 0.24% | -675 | -27.17% | 2,484 |
| Wythe County | 1,065 | 43.33% | 1,384 | 56.31% | 8 | 0.33% | 1 | 0.04% | -319 | -12.98% | 2,458 |
| York County | 186 | 66.67% | 69 | 24.73% | 24 | 8.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 117 | 41.94% | 279 |
| Alexandria City | 738 | 79.18% | 187 | 20.06% | 7 | 0.75% | 0 | 0.00% | 551 | 59.12% | 932 |
| Bristol City | 297 | 67.04% | 133 | 30.02% | 12 | 2.71% | 1 | 0.23% | 164 | 37.02% | 443 |
| Buena Vista City | 125 | 59.52% | 79 | 37.62% | 6 | 2.86% | 0 | 0.00% | 46 | 21.90% | 210 |
| Charlottesville City | 391 | 83.55% | 71 | 15.17% | 6 | 1.28% | 0 | 0.00% | 320 | 68.38% | 468 |
| Danville City | 836 | 85.39% | 101 | 10.32% | 41 | 4.19% | 1 | 0.10% | 735 | 75.08% | 979 |
| Fredericksburg City | 352 | 73.33% | 124 | 25.83% | 4 | 0.83% | 0 | 0.00% | 228 | 47.50% | 480 |
| Lynchburg City | 995 | 76.48% | 292 | 22.44% | 13 | 1.00% | 1 | 0.08% | 703 | 54.04% | 1,301 |
| Manchester City | 285 | 79.17% | 66 | 18.33% | 7 | 1.94% | 2 | 0.56% | 219 | 60.83% | 360 |
| Newport News City | 744 | 65.21% | 335 | 29.36% | 27 | 2.37% | 35 | 3.07% | 409 | 35.85% | 1,141 |
| Norfolk City | 2,559 | 83.19% | 457 | 14.86% | 37 | 1.20% | 23 | 0.75% | 2,102 | 68.34% | 3,076 |
| Petersburg City | 924 | 85.95% | 144 | 13.40% | 7 | 0.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 780 | 72.56% | 1,075 |
| Portsmouth City | 1,151 | 80.66% | 247 | 17.31% | 21 | 1.47% | 8 | 0.56% | 904 | 63.35% | 1,427 |
| Radford City | 184 | 63.01% | 100 | 34.25% | 6 | 2.05% | 2 | 0.68% | 84 | 28.77% | 292 |
| Richmond City | 3,749 | 85.40% | 569 | 12.96% | 42 | 0.96% | 30 | 0.68% | 3,180 | 72.44% | 4,390 |
| Roanoke City | 1,268 | 69.71% | 506 | 27.82% | 45 | 2.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 762 | 41.89% | 1,819 |
| Staunton City | 458 | 70.46% | 162 | 24.92% | 30 | 4.62% | 0 | 0.00% | 296 | 45.54% | 650 |
| Williamsburg City | 103 | 72.54% | 37 | 26.06% | 2 | 1.41% | 0 | 0.00% | 66 | 46.48% | 142 |
| Winchester City | 394 | 71.25% | 146 | 26.40% | 13 | 2.35% | 0 | 0.00% | 248 | 44.85% | 553 |
| Totals | 80,649 | 61.64% | 48,180 | 36.82% | 2,013 | 1.54% | 202 | 0.15% | 32,469 | 24.82% | 130,842 |
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ This takes into account the fact that the Nineteenth Amendment had doubled the electorate by enfranchising women.
References edit
- ^ a b c Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865–1968. pp. 217–221. ISBN 1107158435.
- ^ a b c Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History. 4 (3): 295–317.
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 210, 242 ISBN 978-0-691-16324-6
- ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
- ^ Perman, Michael (2001). Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908. pp. 195–196. ISBN 080784909X.
- ^ "A Conservative Estimate". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. July 20, 1904. p. 6.
- ^ "1904 Presidential General Election Results — Virginia". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote 1896-1932, pp. 354-361 ISBN 9780804716963
- ^ "Popular Vote for Eugene V. Debs (1904)". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)