2012 Maine Question 1
Maine Question 1 was a voter referendum on an initiated state statute that occurred on November 6, 2012. The referendum was held to determine whether or not to legalize same-sex marriage. The referendum passed with a 53-47% vote legalizing same-sex marriage in Maine.
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An Act to Allow Marriage Licenses for Same-Sex Couples and Protect Religious Freedom | |||||||||||||||||||
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The law took effect on December 29, 2012.[1]
Background edit
In 2009, same-sex marriage legalization, "An Act To End Discrimination in Civil Marriage and Affirm Religious Freedom", was passed by the legislature and signed into law by Governor John Baldacci.[2] A 2009 people's veto referendum to reject the law passed 53 to 47 percent, invalidating the law before it took effect.[3]
On June 30, 2011, EqualityMaine and Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) announced plans to place a voter initiative in support of same-sex marriage on Maine's November 2012 ballot.[4] Supporters delivered more than 105,000 petition signatures for the initiative to the Secretary of State's office on January 26, 2012, exceeding the minimum of 57,277 signatures requirement.[5][6] The Secretary of State announced on February 23 that the office verified 85,216 signatures, qualifying the initiative for the November 2012 ballot.[7]
Under Maine's constitution, a valid initiative must be sent to the voters unless enacted in the proposed form by the Legislature at the same session during which it was presented. In March 2012, the Maine Legislature voted to indefinitely postpone the initiative without debate, effectively putting it on the November ballot.[8]
Ballot question edit
On June 14, 2012, Maine Secretary of State Charlie Summers, who opposed same-sex marriage,[9] released the draft wording of the question as it would appear on the ballot, beginning a 30-day public comment period, at the end of which he had ten days to determine the wording of the question.[10] He proposed the following wording:
Do you want to allow same-sex couples to marry?
The petitions that supporters circulated was as follows:[11]
Do you favor a law allowing marriage licenses for same-sex couples, and that protects religious freedom by ensuring that no religion or clergy be required to perform such a marriage in violation of their religious beliefs?
Opponents of the initiative claimed that the latter part of the circulated question is unnecessary, as the religious freedom to refuse to perform same-sex marriages is guaranteed by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. They also criticized the wording for failing to mention redefining marriage. Supporters of the initiative said the Secretary of State's proposed wording "fails to address important parts of the initiative that will be on the ballot in November". Though they concede the First Amendment point made by the measure's opponents, they asked Summers, whose good faith they did not question,[9] to restore the reference to protecting religious freedom because they claim opponents "distort the facts around what the approval of same-sex marriage will do, including the possibility that churches would lose their tax-exempt status by refusing to perform same-sex marriages."[9]
The final wording Summers chose is "Do you want to allow the State of Maine to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples?" Representatives of both sides of the issue stated they had no major problems with Summers' decision.[12]
Campaign edit
EqualityMaine and Mainers United for Marriage began the campaign for the initiative on May 15, 2012.[13]
By June 28, Mainers United for Marriage had raised more than $1 million, with 64 percent of contributions coming from within Maine.[14]
On July 23, the Maine ACLU and Mainers United for Marriage held a press conference to announce the formation of the group Republicans United for Marriage as part of an effort to attract more Republican support of the initiative. Fifteen Republicans appeared at the conference, including three current state legislators. One of those, Rep. Stacey Fitts of Pittsfield, had voted against the 2009 same-sex marriage law passed by the previous Legislature but stated that he has now changed his mind after discussions with gay persons that he knows and his family. Fitts also said he felt his new views were a "perfect match" with his Republican philosophy of small government.[15] Pastor Bob Emerich, a spokesman for initiative opponents, dismissed the announcement as "insignificant" and questioned "why these people even call themselves Republicans."[16]
President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, endorsed the initiative on October 24.[17]
On October 25, Richard Malone, former Catholic Bishop of Portland, stated that supporting the initiative was "unfaithful to Catholic doctrine" and that Catholics whose conscience was formed through scripture could not justify voting for any candidate or referendum that opposes the teachings of the Church. He said that Catholics for Marriage Equality did not speak for the Catholic Church.[18]
Democratic U.S. Representatives Chellie Pingree and Mike Michaud both stated they intended to vote in favor of the referendum, while Republican U.S. Senators Susan Collins and Olympia Snowe both stated that their policy was to not comment on state level issues. Governor Paul LePage, through his spokeswoman, also declined to offer his views on the referendum.[19] Collins and Snowe would both state their support for same-sex marriage after the referendum.[20][21]
The referendum was declared passed on November 6, 2012 by the Associated Press, and opposition group Protect Marriage Maine conceded defeat at 1:30 am on November 7, 2012.[22] 53% of Maine voted in favor.[23]
Polling edit
Many opinion polls were done to estimate the results of the referendum. Polling were as follows.
| Date of opinion poll | Conducted by | Sample size (likely voters) | Yes | No | Undecided | Margin of Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 28–31, 2011[24] | Public Policy Polling | 673 | 48% | 35% | 17% | ±3.8% |
| March 2–4, 2012[25] | Public Policy Polling | 1,256 | 47% | 32% | 21% | ±2.8% |
| June 13–14, 2012[26][27] | MassINC Polling Group | 506 | 55% | 36% | 9% | ±4.4% |
| June 20–25, 2012[28] | Critical Insights | 615 | 57% | 35% | 8% | ±4% |
| September 12–16, 2012[29] | Critical Insights | 618 | 57% | 36% | 7% | ±4% |
| September 15–17, 2012[30][31] | Maine People's Resource Center | 856 | 53% | 43% | 4% | ±3.35% |
| September 17–18, 2012[32] | Public Policy Polling | 804 | 52% | 44% | 4% | ±3.5% |
| September 24–28, 2012[33] | Pan Atlantic SMS Group | 400 | 56.6% | 39% | 4.5% | ±4.9% |
| October 30–31, 2012[34][35] | Critical Insights | 613 | 55% | 42% | 3% | ±4% |
| November 1–2, 2012[36] | Public Policy Polling | 1633 | 52% | 45% | 3% | ±2.4% |
| November 1–3, 2012[37] | Maine People's Resource Center | 905 | 50.5% | 46.5% | 2.9% | ±3.26% |
Results edit
52.6% of voters voted to legalize same-sex marriage while 47.4% of voters voted not to which resulted in Maine legalizing same-sex marriage.[23]
| County | Yes | Votes | No | Votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Androscoggin | 44.60% | 24,052 | 55.4% | 28,598 |
| Aroostook | 33.16% | 11,181 | 66.84% | 22,562 |
| Cumberland | 65.12% | 105,415 | 34.88% | 56,865 |
| Franklin | 46.65% | 7,639 | 53.35% | 8,702 |
| Hancock | 56.91% | 17,254 | 43.09% | 13,149 |
| Kennebec | 48.75% | 30,780 | 51.25% | 32,372 |
| Knox | 55.13% | 12,129 | 44.87% | 9,876 |
| Lincoln | 51.86% | 10,661 | 48.14% | 9,849 |
| Oxford | 45.89% | 13,358 | 54.11% | 15,810 |
| Penobscot | 46.91% | 36,062 | 53.09% | 40,865 |
| Piscataquis | 37.41% | 3,347 | 62.59% | 5,600 |
| Sagadahoc | 54.63% | 11,309 | 45.37% | 9,330 |
| Somerset | 40.28% | 9,934 | 59.72% | 14,767 |
| Waldo | 51.25% | 10,724 | 48.75% | 10,212 |
| Washington | 40.90% | 6,512 | 59.1% | 9,240 |
| York | 56.63% | 60,413 | 43.37% | 46,252 |
| Total | 52.60% | 370,770 | 47.40% | 334,049 |
Aftermath edit
Supporters of same-sex marriage celebrated the passage of the referendum.[39] After the referendum Matt McTighe, campaign manager of Mainers United for Marriage, announced that " A lot of families in Maine just became more stable and secure”.[40] Brian Brown, president of the National Organization for Marriage, instead stated that "“Americans remain strongly in favor of marriage as the union of one man and one woman. The election results reflect the political and funding advantages our opponents enjoyed in these very liberal states”.[41] The law officially took effect on December 29, 2012.[1]
See also edit
Other same-sex marriage referendums edit
- Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, 2017
- 2016 Bermudian same-sex union and marriage referendum
- 2013 Croatian constitutional referendum
- Irish same-sex marriage referendum, 2015
- 2015 Slovak same-sex marriage referendum
- 2015 Slovenian same-sex marriage referendum
- 2021 Swiss same-sex marriage referendum
- United States:
References edit
- ^ a b "Maine Marriage Equality Law to Take Effect December 29". www.advocate.com. December 3, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ "Latest News: Office of Governor Paul LePage". www.maine.gov. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
- ^ Goodnough, Abby (November 4, 2009). "Gay Rights Rebuke May Change Approach (Published 2009)". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
- ^ Sharp, David (June 30, 2011). "Gay marriage supporters aiming for 2012 referendum". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Bureau, REBEKAH METZLER State House (August 18, 2011). "Language for same-sex marriage petitions approved". Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinel. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ Cover, Susan M. (June 15, 2012). "'Do you want to allow same-sex couples to marry?'". Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinel. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ Harrison, Judy (February 23, 2012). "Secretary of state says same-sex marriage will be on the ballot". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ . WMTV. March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Supporters want a wordier same-sex marriage question on November's ballot". June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
- ^ "Draft of Maine same-sex marriage question released". June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
- ^ Russell, Eric (August 17, 2011). "Signature-gathering campaign to begin on Maine same-sex marriage initiative". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Harrison, Judy (July 26, 2012). "Final wording of same-sex marriage question issued". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
- ^ Harrison, Judy (May 16, 2012). "Same-sex marriage supporters kick off Maine campaign by going door to door". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage supporters say they've raised $1 million". June 28, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ "Same-sex marriage advocates introduce Republican supporters". July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- ^ "Marriage equality group unveils Republican supporters". July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- ^ Stone, Matthew (October 25, 2012). . Bangor Daily News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ "Former Maine bishop says voting for gay marriage 'unfaithful to Catholic doctrine'". October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ "Most Maine top elected officials steer clear of gay-marriage issue". Kennebec Journal. November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
- ^ Lisa Desjardins (April 5, 2013). "Now out of Senate, Snowe supports same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ Moretto, Mario (June 25, 2014). "Susan Collins becomes fourth GOP senator to publicly support same-sex marriage". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ Cover, Susan (November 7, 2012). "Mainers vote to legalize same-sex marriage". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- ^ a b . November 8, 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
- ^ Maine Question 1 narrowly leads; voters want gay marriage
- ^ Maine Has Voters Remorse on Governor LePage
- ^ WBUR Poll: Angus King Heavy Favorite To Replace Sen. Snowe
- ^ WBUR Maine 2012 Poll
- ^ Support remains in state for legal same-sex marriage, survey shows
- ^ Poll: King support drops, but he still holds big lead; Obama widens gap
- ^ Maine People's Resource Center - Public Opinion Survey
- ^ New poll shows 53% support same-sex marriage
- ^ Maine narrowly favors gay marriage legalization
- ^ Newest poll shows King with 26-point lead in Senate race
- ^ Poll: Romney slicing into Obama's lead in Maine
- ^ Romney, gay marriage opponents make up ground in poll of Maine voters November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Obama, King, gay marriage favored in Maine
- ^ MAINE PEOPLE’S RESOURCE CENTER - PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY
- ^ "Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions, Elections and Voting, Results, 2012 Referendum Election". www.maine.gov. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
- ^ Brumfield, Ben (November 7, 2012). "Voters approve same-sex marriage for the first time | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ Eckholm, Erik (November 7, 2012). "In Maine and Maryland, Victories at the Ballot Box for Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ "Maryland, Maine, Washington approve gay marriage". Reuters. November 7, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
External links edit
- Bureau of Corporations, Elections and Commissions - November 6, 2012 - General (Presidential) and Referendum Election
- An Act To Allow Marriage Licenses for Same-sex Couples and Protect Religious Freedom