110 metres hurdles
The 110 metres hurdles, or 110-metre hurdles, is a hurdling track and field event for men. It is included in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympic Games. The female counterpart is the 100 metres hurdles. As part of a racing event, ten hurdles of 42 inches (106.7 cm) in height are evenly spaced along a straight course of 110 metres. They are positioned so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner. Fallen hurdles do not carry a fixed time penalty for the runners, but they have a significant pull-over weight which slows down the run. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 110 metres hurdles begins in the starting blocks.
| Athletics 110 metres hurdles | |
|---|---|
A 110m hurdles heat of the Decathlon at Osaka 2007 | |
| World records | |
| Men | Aries Merritt 12.80 (2012) |
| Olympic records | |
| Men | Liu Xiang 12.91 (2004) |
| World Championship records | |
| Men | Colin Jackson 12.91 (1993) |
For the 110 m hurdles, the first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13.72 metres (45 ft) from the starting line. The next nine hurdles are set at a distance of 9.14 metres (30 ft) from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 14.02 metres (46 ft) long.
The Olympic Games have included the 110 metre hurdles in their program since 1896. The equivalent hurdles race for women was run over a course of 80 metres from 1932 to 1968. Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics, the women's race was set at 100 metres. In the early 20th century, the race was often contested as 120 yard hurdles, thus the imperial units distances between hurdles.
The fastest 110 metre hurdlers run the distance in around 13 seconds. Aries Merritt of the United States holds the current world record of 12.80 seconds, set at the Memorial Van Damme meet on 7 September 2012 in Belgium.
History
For the first hurdles races in England around 1830, wooden barriers were placed along a stretch of 100 yards (91.44 m).
The first standards were attempted in 1864 in Oxford and Cambridge: The length of the course was set to 120 yards (109.7 m) and over its course, runners were required to clear ten 42 inches (106.7 cm) high hurdles; the height and spacing of the hurdles have been related to Imperial units ever since. After the length of the course was rounded up to 110 metres in France in 1888, the standardisation was essentially complete, except that in Germany, 1 metre high hurdles were used until 1907.
The massively constructed hurdles of the early days were first replaced in 1895 with somewhat lighter T-shaped hurdles that runners were able to knock over.
However, until 1935, runners were disqualified if they knocked down more than three hurdles, and records were only recognized if the runner had left all hurdles standing.
In 1935, the T-shaped hurdles were replaced by L-shaped ones that easily fall forward if bumped into and therefore reduce the risk of injury. However, these hurdles are weighted, so it is disadvantageous to hit them.
The current running style where the first hurdle is taken on the run with the upper body lowered instead of being jumped over and with three steps each between the hurdles was first used by the 1900 Olympic champion, Alvin Kraenzlein. The 110 metre hurdles have been an Olympic discipline since 1896.
Women's history
Women ran the event occasionally in the 1920s, but it never became generally accepted.
From 1926 to 1968, women competed in the 80 metre hurdles, which was increased to 100 metres starting in 1961 on a trial basis, and was officially implemented in competition in 1969.
Currently, women run the 110 metre distance at the World Athletics Relays shuttle hurdle relay, which features two men and two women participating together. The event debuted at the 2019 event.
Other events
In 1900 and 1904, the Olympics also included a 200-metre hurdles event, and the IAAF recognized world records for the 200 metre hurdles until 1960. Don Styron held the world record in the event for over 50 years, until Andy Turner broke the record in a specially arranged race at the Manchester City Games in 2010: Styron still holds the world record in the 220 yard low hurdles as of 2021.
Technique
The sprint hurdles are a very rhythmic race because both men and women take 3 steps (meaning 4 foot strikes) between each hurdle, no matter whether running 110/100 metres outdoors, or the shorter distances indoors (55 or 60 metres). In addition, the distance from the starting line to the first hurdle - while shorter for women - is constant for both sexes whether indoors or outdoors, so sprint hurdlers do not need to change their stride pattern between indoor and outdoor seasons. One difference between indoor and outdoors is the shorter finishing distance from the last (5th) hurdle indoors, compared to longer distance from the last (10th) hurdle outdoors to the finish line.
Top male hurdlers traditionally took 8 strides from the starting blocks to the first hurdle (indoors and outdoors). The 8-step start persisted from (at least) the 1950s to the end of the 20th century and included such World- and Olympic champions as Harrison Dillard, Rod Milburn, Greg Foster, Renaldo Nehemiah, Roger Kingdom, Allen Johnson, Mark Crear, Mark McCoy, and Colin Jackson. However, beginning in the 2000s, some hurdle coaches embraced a transition to a faster 7-step start, teaching the men to lengthen their first few strides out of the starting blocks. Cuban hurdler Dayron Robles set his 2008 world record of 12.87 using a 7-step start. Chinese star Liu Xiang won the 2004 Olympics and broke the world record in 2006 utilizing an 8-step approach, but he switched to 7-steps by the 2011 outdoor season. After the 2010 outdoor season, American Jason Richardson trained to switch to a 7-step start and went on to win the 2011 World Championship. American Aries Merritt trained in Fall 2011 to switch from 8 to 7, and then had his greatest outdoor season in 2012 - running 8 races in under 13 seconds - capped by winning the London 2012 Olympics and then setting a world record of 12.80.[1]
Of the 10 men with the fastest 110m hurdle times in 2012, seven used 7-steps, including the top 4: Aries Merritt, Liu Xiang, Jason Richardson, and David Oliver. Hurdle technique experts believe the off-season training required to produce the power and speed necessary to reach the first hurdle in 7 steps, yields greater endurance over the last half of the race. That added endurance allows hurdlers to maintain their top speed to the finish, resulting in a faster time.
Junior level competition
In American high school track and field and at many international Under-20 athletics competitions, the 110 metres hurdles are mostly the same as their professional counterparts. The main difference between the high school hurdles and college-level/ professional hurdles is the height. High school hurdles are 39 inches (99.1 cm) inches high while college height hurdles are 42 inches (106.7 cm) tall. This change in height drastically changes the requirements placed on the hurdler to clear the barrier with the same amount of speed. High school hurdling technique is the same as professional except on the higher hurdles everything is exaggerated. As a high schooler makes the transition from the 39’s to the 42’s there are many things they must adjust to, the most prevailing issue is getting down after clearing the hurdle. 39-inch hurdlers are used to the normal sprinting motion right after they get off the hurdle but for a newly transitioned 42-inch hurdler that extra half a second can feel very foreign. The second major difference in technique between 39’s and 42’s is the take-off distance. When a high school hurdler approaches his first hurdle they are putting as much power into each step as possible and attempting to gain all the speed they can so by their eighth step they’ll be about six inches away from the hurdle. When attempting to clear a 42-inch hurdle the athlete can no longer run headfirst into the hurdle with disregard for the height of the hurdle. The newly made college hurdler needs to learn how to shorten their strides so they can take off the ground from farther away to clear a 42-inch barrier.
Both before and after this change of technique world class hurdler, Aries Merritt was an elite level hurdler, at the peak of his high school career Aries Merritt achieved a still standing Wheeler High school record of 13.91 seconds. Almost all top level American hurdlers started their careers in high school including Roger Kingdom at Vienna high school and many more.[2]
The world record in the 110m hurdles at the 39-inch height is 12.72 by Sasha Zhoya, achieved at the 2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles in Nairobi, Kenya on 21 August 2021.
Milestones
- First official IAAF world record: 15.0 seconds, Forrest Smithson (USA), 1908
- First under 15 seconds: 14.8 seconds, Earl Thomson (CAN), 1920
- First under 14 seconds: 13.7 seconds, Forrest Towns (USA), 1936
- First under 13.5 seconds: 13.4 seconds, Jack Davis (USA), 1956
- First under 13 seconds: 12.93 seconds, Renaldo Nehemiah (USA), 1981
- First under 12.9 seconds: 12.88 seconds, Liu Xiang (CHN), 2006
All-time top 25
- Correct as of August 2022.[3]
| Ath.# | Perf.# | Time (s) | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 12.80 | +0.3 | Aries Merritt | United States | 07 SEP 2012 | Brussels | [4] |
| 2 | 2 | 12.81 | +1.8 | Grant Holloway | United States | 26 JUN 2021 | Eugene | [5] |
| 3 | 3 | 12.84 | +1.6 | Devon Allen | United States | 12 JUN 2022 | New York City | [6] |
| 4 | 4 | 12.87 | +0.9 | Dayron Robles | Cuba | 12 JUN 2008 | Ostrava | |
| 5 | 5 | 12.88 | +1.1 | Liu Xiang | China | 11 JUL 2006 | Lausanne | |
| 5 | 12.88 | +0.5 | Robles #2 | 18 JUL 2008 | Saint-Denis | |||
| 6 | 7 | 12.89 | +0.5 | David Oliver | United States | 16 JUL 2010 | Saint-Denis | |
| 7 | 8 | 12.90 | +1.1 | Dominique Arnold | United States | 11 JUL 2006 | Lausanne | |
| 8 | 12.90 | +1.6 | Oliver #2 | 03 JUL 2010 | Eugene | |||
| 8 | 8 | 12.90 | +0.7 | Omar McLeod | Jamaica | 24 JUN 2017 | Kingston | [7] |
| 9 | 11 | 12.91 | +0.5 | Colin Jackson | Great Britain | 20 AUG 1993 | Stuttgart | |
| 11 | 12.91 | +0.3 | Liu #2 | 27 AUG 2004 | Athens | |||
| +0.2 | Robles #3 | 22 JUL 2008 | Stockholm | |||||
| 10 | 14 | 12.92 | −0.1 | Roger Kingdom | United States | 16 AUG 1989 | Zürich | |
| +0.9 | Allen Johnson | United States | 23 JUN 1996 | Atlanta | ||||
| 16 | 12.92 | +0.2 | Johnson #2 | 23 AUG 1996 | Brussels | |||
| +1.5 | Liu #3 | 02 JUN 2007 | New York City | |||||
| ±0.0 | Robles #4 | 23 SEP 2007 | Stuttgart | |||||
| −0.3 | Merritt #2 | 08 AUG 2012 | London | |||||
| 12 | 20 | 12.92 | +0.6 | Sergey Shubenkov | Russia | 02 JUL 2018 | Székesfehérvár | [8] |
| 13 | 21 | 12.93 | −0.1 | Renaldo Nehemiah | United States | 19 AUG 1981 | Zürich | |
| 21 | 12.93 | ±0.0 | Johnson #3 | 07 AUG 1997 | Athens | |||
| −0.6 | Liu #4 | 09 SEP 2006 | Stuttgart | |||||
| +0.1 | Robles #5 | 21 AUG 2008 | Beijing | |||||
| +1.7 | Oliver #3 | 27 JUN 2010 | Des Moines | |||||
| −0.3 | Oliver #4 | 19 AUG 2010 | Zürich | |||||
| +1.2 | Merritt #3 | 30 JUN 2012 | Eugene | |||||
| +0.6 | Merritt #4 | 13 JUL 2012 | London | |||||
| ±0.0 | Merritt #5 | 20 JUL 2012 | Monaco | |||||
| 14 | 12.94 | +1.6 | Jack Pierce | United States | 22 JUN 1996 | Atlanta | ||
| +1.5 | Hansle Parchment | Jamaica | 06 JUL 2014 | Saint-Denis | [9] | |||
| +0.5 | Orlando Ortega | Cuba | 04 JUL 2015 | Saint-Denis | [10] | |||
| 17 | 12.95 | +1.5 | Terrence Trammell | United States | 02 JUN 2007 | New York City | ||
| +0.3 | Pascal Martinot-Lagarde | France | 18 JUL 2014 | Monaco | [11] | |||
| 19 | 12.97 | +1.0 | Ladji Doucoure | France | 15 JUL 2005 | Angers | ||
| 20 | 12.98 | +0.6 | Mark Crear | United States | 05 JUL 1999 | Zagreb | ||
| +1.5 | Jason Richardson | United States | 30 JUN 2012 | Eugene | ||||
| 22 | 12.99 | +1.2 | Ronnie Ash | United States | 29 JUN 2014 | Sacramento | [12] | |
| ±0.0 | Rasheed Broadbell | Jamaica | 26 AUG 2022 | Lausanne | [13] | |||
| 24 | 13.00 | +0.5 | Tony Jarrett | Great Britain | 20 AUG 1993 | Stuttgart | ||
| +0.6 | Anier Garcia | Cuba | 25 SEP 2000 | Sydney | ||||
| +0.8 | Daniel Roberts | United States | 07 JUN 2019 | Austin | [14] | |||
| ±0.0 | Trey Cunningham | United States | 10 JUN 2022 | Eugene | [15] | |||
| +0.3 | Freddie Crittenden | United States | 20 AUG 2022 | Freeport | [16] |
Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second does not count for record purposes. Below is a list of all wind-assisted times equal or superior to 12.94:
- Roger Kingdom (USA) ran 12.87 sec (+2.6) in Barcelona on 10 September 1989.
- Liu Xiang (CHN) ran 12.87 sec (+2.4) in Eugene, Oregon on 2 June 2012.
- David Oliver (USA) ran 12.89 sec (+3.2) in Eugene, Oregon on 6 July 2008.
- Renaldo Nehemiah (USA) ran 12.91 sec (+3.5) in Champaign, Illinois on 1 June 1979.
- Colin Jackson (GBR) ran 12.94 sec (+2.8) A in Sestriere on 31 July 1994.
Most successful athletes
Athletes with two or more victories at the Olympic Games & World Championships:
5 wins:
- Allen Johnson has won the most 110 m hurdles titles at Olympic and World level, one Olympic (1996) & four World (1995, 1997, 2001, 2003)
3 wins:
- Greg Foster, three World Championship titles, 1983, 1987 & 1991 (also won Olympic silver in 1984)
2 wins:
- Lee Calhoun (USA), two Olympic victories, 1956, 1960
- Roger Kingdom (USA), two Olympic victories, 1984 and 1988
- Colin Jackson (GBR), two World Championship victories, 1993 and 1999 (also won Olympic Silver in 1988)
- Liu Xiang (CHN), Olympic, 2004, World, 2007
- Omar McLeod (JAM), Olympic, 2016, World, 2017
Olympic Games medalists
World Championships medalists
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) | 11 | 6 | 8 | 25 |
| 2 | Great Britain (GBR) | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 |
| 3 | China (CHN) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Jamaica (JAM) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | France (FRA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Russia (RUS) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 7 | Barbados (BRB) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Cuba (CUB) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| – | Authorised Neutral Athletes (ANA) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 9 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 11 | Haiti (HAI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Slovakia (SVK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (13 entries) | 18 | 18 | 19 | 55 | |
Season's bests
Notes and references
- ^ Source for switch from 8-step start to 7-step start amongst men is Track & Field News magazine, March 2013 (Vol. 66, no. 3), "Is the 8-Step Hurdle Approach Gone?", by Jon Hendershott; pp. 7-8; interviews with Aires Merritt's coach Andreas Behm and Renaldo Nehemiah.
- ^ "From High School to College". Hurdles First. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ "All-time men's best 110m hurdles". alltime-athletics.com. 7 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
- ^ Bob Ramsak (7 September 2012). "12.80!! Merritt stuns with World record in 110m Hurdles in Brussels - Samsung Diamond League - FINAL, Part 2". IAAF. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
- ^ Jonathan Gault (26 June 2021). "Grant Holloway Runs 12.81, 2nd Fastest Ever in 110m Hurdles". Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ Karen Rosen (13 June 2022). "Allen pips Holloway and advances to No.3 all time in New York". World Athletics. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ Kayon Raynor (24 June 2017). "Athletics: Olympic champion McLeod sets sizzling 110m hurdles pace". Reuters. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ^ Bob Ramsak (3 July 2018). "Shubenkov scorches to 12.92 world lead at Gyulai Memorial". IAAF. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ^ "110m Hurdles Results" (PDF). static.sportresult.com. 4 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ Mike Rowbottom (18 July 2014). "Kiplagat shows his class with 3:27.64 in Monaco - IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
- ^ "USA Track & Field - Complete Results".
- ^ "110m Hurdles Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 26 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ "110m Hurdles Results" (PDF). cloudfront.net. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
- ^ "Fahnbulleh takes sprint double at NCAA Championships". World Athletics. 11 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "Miller-Uibo delights home crowd as nine more records fall at NACAC Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
External links
- IAAF list of 110-metres-hurdles records in XML