Otuken
Otuken or Otugen (Old Turkic: 𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐱁, romanized: Ötüken yïš,[1] "Ötüken forest", 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰼, Ötüken jer, "Land of Ötüken", Old Uyghur: 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁 Ötüken yïš;[2] Chinese: 於都斤) was the capital of the Xiongnu,[3][4] First Turkic Khaganate and Uyghur Khaganate. It has an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism. Otuken (Ötüken) is also one of the names given to Mother Earth.
Ordu-Baliq was built on the ruins of the Göktürk imperial capital.
Otuken is located within the borders of the Arkhangai Province and Övörkhangai Province of present-day Mongolia.[5]
Otuken and nature edit
According to this ancient belief, the mood of the Yer-sub and Ötüken could be seen in the trees' condition. If the trees are healthy and strong and are bearing a lot of fruit, it is believed that Ötüken is satisfied with humans. A prayer dedicated to Ötüken was once directed to a grand tree.[citation needed]
Otugen existed in the middle of the Universe and her residence was in Central Asia on Khangan Plateau. This place was called "The Otuken (Ötüken) Homeland".
Mountain edit
The word was used to describe the sacred mountain of the ancient Turks. It was mentioned by Bilge Khagan in the Orkhon inscriptions as "the place from where the tribes can be controlled". A force called qut was believed to emanate from this mountain, granting the local potentate the divine right to rule all the Turkic tribes.[6]
Although never identified precisely, Ötüken probably stretched "from the Khangai Range of Central Mongolia to the Sayan Mountains of Tuva, at the centre of which is the Orkhon Valley",[7] which for centuries was regarded as the seat of the imperial power of the steppes.
Old records edit
- Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, by Mahmud al-Kashgari; "Ötüken (اتوكان) is a name of a place in the deserts of land of Tatars. It's close to land of Uyghurs."[8]
- Orkhon Inscriptions
The inscriptions clearly show the sacred importance of the region, as evidenced by the statement of Tonyukuk: "If you stay in the land of the Ötüken, and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Ötüken Mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!"[9]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Bilge kagan’s Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG
- ^ Alyılmaz, Cengiz (2013). "Karı Çor Tigin Inscription". International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education (in Turkish). 2/2 (2): 1–61. doi:10.7884/teke.188.
- ^ "ASYA HUN DEVLETİ (BÜYÜK HUN İMPARATORLUĞU) (M.Ö. 220 – M.S.216 ) — Dijital Hoca".
- ^ "Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber".
- ^ "Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber".
- ^ Franke, Herbert. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-21447-5. Page 347.
- ^ Jarich G. Oosten, Henri J. M. Claessen. Ideology and the Formation of Early States. Brill Academic Publishers, 1996. ISBN 90-04-10470-4. Pages 124-125.
- ^ TDK Divanü Lugati't-Türk Veri Tabanı[permanent dead link]
- ^ Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 390–403. doi:10.2307/605932. JSTOR 605932.
Bibliography edit
- C. E. Bosworth: Artikel „ÖTÜKEN“ in: Encyclopaedia of Islam; Leiden. Digitale Edition