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Bellatrix

March 11, 2023

For other uses, see Bellatrix (disambiguation).

Bellatrix is the third-brightest star in the constellation of Orion, positioned 5° west of the red supergiant Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). It has the Bayer designation γ Orionis, which is Latinized to Gamma Orionis. With a slightly variable magnitude of around 1.6, it is typically the 25th-brightest star in the night sky. Located at a distance of 250±10 light-years from the Sun, it is a blue giant star around 7.7 times as massive as the sun with 5.75 times its diameter.

Bellatrix
Location of γ Orionis (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Orion
Pronunciation /ˈbɛlətrɪks/ /bɛˈleɪtrɪks/[1]
Right ascension 05h 25m 07.86325s[2]
Declination +06° 20′ 58.9318″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V) 1.64[3] (1.59 - 1.64[4])
Characteristics
Spectral type B2 III[5] or B2V[6]
U−B color index −0.86[3]
B−V color index −0.21[3]
Variable type Suspected[4]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)+18.2[7] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −8.11[2] mas/yr
Dec.: −12.88[2] mas/yr
Parallax (π)12.92 ± 0.52 mas[2]
Distance250 ± 10 ly
(77 ± 3 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−2.78[8]
Details
Mass7.7[9] M☉
Radius5.75[9] R☉
Luminosity9,211[9] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)3.60[10] cgs
Temperature21,800[9] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.07[9] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)52[11] km/s
Age25.2[12] Myr
Other designations
Bellatrix, Amazon Star[13], Al Najīd[13], γ Orionis, Gamma Ori, γ Ori, 24 Ori, NSV 1972, BD+06°919, FK5 201, HD 35468, HIP 25336, HR 1790, SAO 112740[14]
Database references
SIMBADdata

Nomenclature

 
Bellatrix is a bright star in the constellation of Orion (top right).

The traditional name Bellatrix is from the Latin bellātrix "female warrior"; it first appeared in the works of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi and Johannes Hispalensis, where it originally referred to Capella, but was transferred to Gamma Orionis by the Vienna school of astronomers in the 15th century, and appeared in contemporary reprints of the Alfonsine tables.[15] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[16] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016[17] included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Bellatrix for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[18] The designation of Bellatrix as γ Orionis (Latinized to Gamma Orionis) was made by Johann Bayer in 1603. The "gamma" designation is commonly given to the third-brightest star in each constellation.

Standard star

Bellatrix has been used as both a photometric and spectral standard star, but both characteristics have been shown to be unreliable.

In 1963, Bellatrix was included with a set of bright stars used to define the UBV magnitude system. These are used for comparison with other stars to check for variability, and so by definition, the apparent magnitude of Bellatrix was set to 1.64.[19] However, when an all-sky photometry survey was carried out in 1988, this star was suspected to be variable. It was measured ranging in apparent magnitude from 1.59 to 1.64,[20] and appears to be a low amplitude, possibly irregular variable.[21]

Physical properties

 
From left to right, the stars Bellatrix, the Sun, and Algol B

The spectral types for O and early B stars were defined more rigorously in 1971 and Bellatrix was used as a standard for the B2 III type.[22] The expected brightness of Bellatrix from this spectral type is about one magnitude brighter than calculated from its apparent magnitude and Hipparcos distance.[23] Analysis of the observed characteristics of the star indicate that it should be a B2 main sequence star, not the giant that it appears from its spectral type.[6] Close analysis of high resolution spectra suggest that it is a spectroscopic binary composed of two similar stars less luminous than a B2 giant.[24]

Bellatrix is a massive star with about 7.7 times the mass and 5.8 times the radius of the Sun.[9] It has an estimated age of approximately 25 million years[12]—old enough for a star of this mass to consume the hydrogen at its core and begin to evolve away from the main sequence into a giant star.[25] The effective temperature of the outer envelope of this star is 22,000 K,[10] which is considerably hotter than the 5,778 K on the Sun. This high temperature gives this star the blue-white hue that occurs with B-type stars.[26] It shows a projected rotational velocity of around 52 km/s.[11]

Companions

Bellatrix was thought to belong to the Orion OB1 association of stars that share a common motion through space, along with the stars of Orion's Belt: Alnitak (Zeta Orionis), Alnilam (Epsilon Orionis), and Mintaka (Delta Orionis). However, this is no longer believed to be the case, as Bellatrix is now known to be much closer than the rest of the group.[25] It is not known to have a stellar companion,[27] although researchers Maria-Fernanda Nieva and Norbert Przybilla raised the possibility it might be a spectroscopic binary.[24] A 2011 search for nearby companions failed to conclusively find any objects that share a proper motion with Bellatrix. Three nearby candidates were all found to be background stars.[28]

Some researchers suspected that Bellatrix was a member of 32 Orionis group. The 32 Ori group should be termed the Bellatrix Cluster on the basis that the sky position and distance of Bellatrix are similar to those of the 32 Ori group.[29] The proper motion of Bellatrix deviates significantly from the mean motion of the group, leaving its membership in question. However, it may be possible to reconcile membership if the divergent velocity is the result of an unseen companion. For example, a face-on orbit with a black hole companion orbiting ~102 AU from the star with a period measured in centuries could account for the discrepancy.[30]

Etymology and cultural significance

Bellatrix was also called the Amazon Star, which Richard Hinckley Allen proposed came from a loose translation of the Arabic name Al Najīd, the Conqueror.[13] A c.1275 Arabic celestial globe records the name as المرزم "the lion".[31] Bellatrix is one of the four navigational stars in Orion that are used for celestial navigation.[32]

In the 17th century catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated Menkib al Jauza al Aisr, which was translated into Latin as Humerus Sinister Gigantis.[33]

The Wardaman people of northern Australia know Bellatrix as Banjan, the sparkling pigment used in ceremonies conducted by Rigel the Red Kangaroo Leader in a songline when Orion is high in the sky. The other stars of Orion are his ceremonial tools and entourage. Betelgeuse is Ya-jungin "Owl Eyes Flicking", watching the ceremonies.[34]

To the Inuit, the appearance of Betelgeuse and Bellatrix high in the southern sky after sunset marked the beginning of spring and lengthening days in late February and early March. The two stars were known as Akuttujuuk "those (two) placed far apart", referring to the distance between them, mainly to people from North Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  2. ^ a b c d e van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  3. ^ a b c Crawford, D. L.; Barnes, J. V.; Golson, J. C. (December 1971), "Four-color, Hbeta, and UBV photometry for bright B-type stars in the northern hemisphere", Astronomical Journal, 76: 1058–1071, Bibcode:1971AJ.....76.1058C, doi:10.1086/111220
  4. ^ a b Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  5. ^ Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973), "Spectral Classification", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11: 29, Bibcode:1973ARA&A..11...29M, doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333
  6. ^ a b Levenhagen, R. S.; Leister, N. V. (2006). "Spectroscopic analysis of southern B and Be stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 371 (1): 252–262. arXiv:astro-ph/0606149. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.371..252L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10655.x. S2CID 16492030.
  7. ^ Wilson, R. E. (1953), "General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities", Washington, Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C., Bibcode:1953GCRV..C......0W
  8. ^ Lamers, H. J. G. L. M.; Harzevoort, J. M. A. G.; Schrijver, H.; Hoogerwerf, R.; Kudritzki, R. P. (1997). "The effect of rotation on the absolute visual magnitudes of OB stars measured with Hipparcos". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 325: L25. Bibcode:1997A&A...325L..25L.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Challouf, M.; Nardetto, N.; Mourard, D.; Graczyk, D.; Aroui, H.; Chesneau, O.; Delaa, O.; Pietrzyński, G.; Gieren, W.; Ligi, R.; Meilland, A.; Perraut, K.; Tallon-Bosc, I.; McAlister, H.; Ten Brummelaar, T.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N.; Farrington, C.; Vargas, N.; Scott, N. (2014). "Improving the surface brightness-color relation for early-type stars using optical interferometry⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A104. arXiv:1409.1351. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A.104C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423772. S2CID 14624307.
  10. ^ a b Lefever, K.; et al. (June 2010), "Spectroscopic determination of the fundamental parameters of 66 B-type stars in the field-of-view of the CoRoT satellite", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 515: A74, arXiv:0910.2851, Bibcode:2010A&A...515A..74L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911956, S2CID 54028925
  11. ^ a b Simón-Díaz, S.; Herrero, A. (2014). "The IACOB project. I. Rotational velocities in northern Galactic O- and early B-type stars revisited. The impact of other sources of line-broadening". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 562: A135. arXiv:1311.3360. Bibcode:2014A&A...562A.135S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322758. S2CID 119278062.
  12. ^ a b Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (2011). "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 410 (1): 190–200. arXiv:1007.4883. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.410..190T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x. S2CID 118629873.
  13. ^ a b c Allen, Richard H. (1963). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc. p. 237. ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
  14. ^ "BELLATRIX -- Variable Star", SIMBAD, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg
  15. ^ Kunitzsch, Paul (1986). "The Star Catalogue Commonly Appended to the Alfonsine Tables". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 17 (49): 89–98. Bibcode:1986JHA....17...89K. doi:10.1177/002182868601700202. S2CID 118597258.
  16. ^ "IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  17. ^ "Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  18. ^ "IAU Catalog of Star Names". from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  19. ^ Johnson, H. L. (1963). "Photometric Systems". Basic Astronomical Data: Stars and Stellar Systems: 204. Bibcode:1963bad..book..204J.
  20. ^ Krisciunas, K. (May 1994), "Further Photometry of alpha Ori and gamma Ori", Information Bulletin on Variable Stars, 4028: 1, Bibcode:1994IBVS.4028....1K
  21. ^ Krisciunas, K. (May 1994). "Further Photometry of alpha Ori and gamma Ori". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 4028: 1. Bibcode:1994IBVS.4028....1K.
  22. ^ Walborn, Nolan R. (1971). "Some Spectroscopic Characteristics of the OB Stars: An Investigation of the Space Distribution of Certain OB Stars and the Reference Frame of the Classification". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 23: 257. Bibcode:1971ApJS...23..257W. doi:10.1086/190239.
  23. ^ Schröder, S. E.; Kaper, L.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M.; Brown, A. G. A. (2004). "On the Hipparcos parallaxes of O stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 428: 149–157. arXiv:astro-ph/0408370. Bibcode:2004A&A...428..149S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20047185. S2CID 55115943.
  24. ^ a b Nieva, Maria-Fernanda; Przybilla, Norbert (2012). "Present-day cosmic abundances. A comprehensive study of nearby early B-type stars and implications for stellar and Galactic evolution and interstellar dust models". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539A: 143–63. arXiv:1203.5787. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.143N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118158. S2CID 119206639.
  25. ^ a b Kaler, James B., "BELLATRIX (Gamma Orionis)", Stars, University of Illinois, retrieved 2012-12-27
  26. ^ , Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16
  27. ^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976
  28. ^ Janson, Markus; et al. (August 2011), "High-contrast Imaging Search for Planets and Brown Dwarfs around the Most Massive Stars in the Solar Neighborhood", The Astrophysical Journal, 736 (2): 89, arXiv:1105.2577, Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...89J, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/89, S2CID 119217803
  29. ^ Bouy, H.; Alves, J. (December 2015). "Cosmography of OB stars in the solar neighbourhood". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 584: A26. Bibcode:2015A&A...584A..26B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527058. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 123265789.
  30. ^ Bell, Cameron P. M.; et al. (June 2017). "A stellar census of the nearby, young 32 Orionis group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 468 (1): 1198–1220. arXiv:1703.00015. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.468.1198B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx535.
  31. ^ Dorn, Bernhard (July 1830). "Description of the Celestial Globe belonging to Major-General Sir John Malcolm, G.C.B., K.L.S., &c. &c., deposited in the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland". Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 (2): 371–392. doi:10.1017/S0950473700000513.
  32. ^ Bennett, George G. (2011), Complete On-Board Celestial Navigation 2011-2015, DoctorZed Publishing, p. 172, ISBN 978-0-9870924-0-3
  33. ^ Knobel, E. B. (June 1895). "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 55 (8): 429. Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K. doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.
  34. ^ Harney, Bill Yidumduma; Cairns, Hugh C. (2004) [2003]. Dark Sparklers (Revised ed.). Merimbula, New South Wales: Hugh C. Cairns. pp. 139–40. ISBN 0-9750908-0-1.
  35. ^ MacDonald, John (1998). The Arctic sky: Inuit astronomy, star lore, and legend. Toronto, Ontario/Iqaluit, NWT: Royal Ontario Museum/Nunavut Research Institute. pp. 52–54, 119. ISBN 9780888544278.

External links

 
Look up bellatrix in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

March 11, 2023
bellatrix, other, uses, disambiguation, third, brightest, star, constellation, orion, positioned, west, supergiant, betelgeuse, alpha, orionis, bayer, designation, orionis, which, latinized, gamma, orionis, with, slightly, variable, magnitude, around, typicall. For other uses see Bellatrix disambiguation Bellatrix is the third brightest star in the constellation of Orion positioned 5 west of the red supergiant Betelgeuse Alpha Orionis It has the Bayer designation g Orionis which is Latinized to Gamma Orionis With a slightly variable magnitude of around 1 6 it is typically the 25th brightest star in the night sky Located at a distance of 250 10 light years from the Sun it is a blue giant star around 7 7 times as massive as the sun with 5 75 times its diameter BellatrixLocation of g Orionis circled Observation dataEpoch J2000 Equinox J2000Constellation OrionPronunciation ˈ b ɛ l e t r ɪ k s b ɛ ˈ l eɪ t r ɪ k s 1 Right ascension 05h 25m 07 86325s 2 Declination 06 20 58 9318 2 Apparent magnitude V 1 64 3 1 59 1 64 4 CharacteristicsSpectral type B2 III 5 or B2V 6 U B color index 0 86 3 B V color index 0 21 3 Variable type Suspected 4 AstrometryRadial velocity Rv 18 2 7 km sProper motion m RA 8 11 2 mas yr Dec 12 88 2 mas yrParallax p 12 92 0 52 mas 2 Distance250 10 ly 77 3 pc Absolute magnitude MV 2 78 8 DetailsMass7 7 9 M Radius5 75 9 R Luminosity9 211 9 L Surface gravity log g 3 60 10 cgsTemperature21 800 9 KMetallicity Fe H 0 07 9 dexRotational velocity v sin i 52 11 km sAge25 2 12 MyrOther designationsBellatrix Amazon Star 13 Al Najid 13 g Orionis Gamma Ori g Ori 24 Ori NSV 1972 BD 06 919 FK5 201 HD 35468 HIP 25336 HR 1790 SAO 112740 14 Database referencesSIMBADdata Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Standard star 3 Physical properties 4 Companions 5 Etymology and cultural significance 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksNomenclature Edit Bellatrix is a bright star in the constellation of Orion top right The traditional name Bellatrix is from the Latin bellatrix female warrior it first appeared in the works of Abu Ma shar al Balkhi and Johannes Hispalensis where it originally referred to Capella but was transferred to Gamma Orionis by the Vienna school of astronomers in the 15th century and appeared in contemporary reprints of the Alfonsine tables 15 In 2016 the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names WGSN 16 to catalog and standardize proper names for stars The WGSN s first bulletin of July 2016 17 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN which included Bellatrix for this star It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names 18 The designation of Bellatrix as g Orionis Latinized to Gamma Orionis was made by Johann Bayer in 1603 The gamma designation is commonly given to the third brightest star in each constellation Standard star EditBellatrix has been used as both a photometric and spectral standard star but both characteristics have been shown to be unreliable In 1963 Bellatrix was included with a set of bright stars used to define the UBV magnitude system These are used for comparison with other stars to check for variability and so by definition the apparent magnitude of Bellatrix was set to 1 64 19 However when an all sky photometry survey was carried out in 1988 this star was suspected to be variable It was measured ranging in apparent magnitude from 1 59 to 1 64 20 and appears to be a low amplitude possibly irregular variable 21 Physical properties Edit From left to right the stars Bellatrix the Sun and Algol B The spectral types for O and early B stars were defined more rigorously in 1971 and Bellatrix was used as a standard for the B2 III type 22 The expected brightness of Bellatrix from this spectral type is about one magnitude brighter than calculated from its apparent magnitude and Hipparcos distance 23 Analysis of the observed characteristics of the star indicate that it should be a B2 main sequence star not the giant that it appears from its spectral type 6 Close analysis of high resolution spectra suggest that it is a spectroscopic binary composed of two similar stars less luminous than a B2 giant 24 Bellatrix is a massive star with about 7 7 times the mass and 5 8 times the radius of the Sun 9 It has an estimated age of approximately 25 million years 12 old enough for a star of this mass to consume the hydrogen at its core and begin to evolve away from the main sequence into a giant star 25 The effective temperature of the outer envelope of this star is 22 000 K 10 which is considerably hotter than the 5 778 K on the Sun This high temperature gives this star the blue white hue that occurs with B type stars 26 It shows a projected rotational velocity of around 52 km s 11 Companions EditBellatrix was thought to belong to the Orion OB1 association of stars that share a common motion through space along with the stars of Orion s Belt Alnitak Zeta Orionis Alnilam Epsilon Orionis and Mintaka Delta Orionis However this is no longer believed to be the case as Bellatrix is now known to be much closer than the rest of the group 25 It is not known to have a stellar companion 27 although researchers Maria Fernanda Nieva and Norbert Przybilla raised the possibility it might be a spectroscopic binary 24 A 2011 search for nearby companions failed to conclusively find any objects that share a proper motion with Bellatrix Three nearby candidates were all found to be background stars 28 Some researchers suspected that Bellatrix was a member of 32 Orionis group The 32 Ori group should be termed the Bellatrix Cluster on the basis that the sky position and distance of Bellatrix are similar to those of the 32 Ori group 29 The proper motion of Bellatrix deviates significantly from the mean motion of the group leaving its membership in question However it may be possible to reconcile membership if the divergent velocity is the result of an unseen companion For example a face on orbit with a black hole companion orbiting 102 AU from the star with a period measured in centuries could account for the discrepancy 30 Etymology and cultural significance EditBellatrix was also called the Amazon Star which Richard Hinckley Allen proposed came from a loose translation of the Arabic name Al Najid the Conqueror 13 A c 1275 Arabic celestial globe records the name as المرزم the lion 31 Bellatrix is one of the four navigational stars in Orion that are used for celestial navigation 32 In the 17th century catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket this star was designated Menkib al Jauza al Aisr which was translated into Latin as Humerus Sinister Gigantis 33 The Wardaman people of northern Australia know Bellatrix as Banjan the sparkling pigment used in ceremonies conducted by Rigel the Red Kangaroo Leader in a songline when Orion is high in the sky The other stars of Orion are his ceremonial tools and entourage Betelgeuse is Ya jungin Owl Eyes Flicking watching the ceremonies 34 To the Inuit the appearance of Betelgeuse and Bellatrix high in the southern sky after sunset marked the beginning of spring and lengthening days in late February and early March The two stars were known as Akuttujuuk those two placed far apart referring to the distance between them mainly to people from North Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula 35 See also EditList of brightest stars List of nearest bright stars Historical brightest starsReferences Edit Kunitzsch Paul Smart Tim 2006 A Dictionary of Modern star Names A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations 2nd rev ed Cambridge Massachusetts Sky Pub ISBN 978 1 931559 44 7 a b c d e van Leeuwen F November 2007 Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 2 653 664 arXiv 0708 1752 Bibcode 2007A amp A 474 653V doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20078357 S2CID 18759600 a b c Crawford D L Barnes J V Golson J C December 1971 Four color Hbeta and UBV photometry for bright B type stars in the northern hemisphere Astronomical Journal 76 1058 1071 Bibcode 1971AJ 76 1058C doi 10 1086 111220 a b Samus N N Durlevich O V et al 2009 VizieR Online Data Catalog General Catalogue of Variable Stars Samus 2007 2013 VizieR On line Data Catalog B GCVS Originally Published in 2009yCat 102025S 1 Bibcode 2009yCat 102025S Morgan W W Keenan P C 1973 Spectral Classification Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11 29 Bibcode 1973ARA amp A 11 29M doi 10 1146 annurev aa 11 090173 000333 a b Levenhagen R S Leister N V 2006 Spectroscopic analysis of southern B and Be stars Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 371 1 252 262 arXiv astro ph 0606149 Bibcode 2006MNRAS 371 252L doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2006 10655 x S2CID 16492030 Wilson R E 1953 General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities Washington Carnegie Institute of Washington D C Bibcode 1953GCRV C 0W Lamers H J G L M Harzevoort J M A G Schrijver H Hoogerwerf R Kudritzki R P 1997 The effect of rotation on the absolute visual magnitudes of OB stars measured with Hipparcos Astronomy and Astrophysics 325 L25 Bibcode 1997A amp A 325L 25L a b c d e f Challouf M Nardetto N Mourard D Graczyk D Aroui H Chesneau O Delaa O Pietrzynski G Gieren W Ligi R Meilland A Perraut K Tallon Bosc I McAlister H Ten Brummelaar T Sturmann J Sturmann L Turner N Farrington C Vargas N Scott N 2014 Improving the surface brightness color relation for early type stars using optical interferometry Astronomy amp Astrophysics 570 A104 arXiv 1409 1351 Bibcode 2014A amp A 570A 104C doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201423772 S2CID 14624307 a b Lefever K et al June 2010 Spectroscopic determination of the fundamental parameters of 66 B type stars in the field of view of the CoRoT satellite Astronomy and Astrophysics 515 A74 arXiv 0910 2851 Bibcode 2010A amp A 515A 74L doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200911956 S2CID 54028925 a b Simon Diaz S Herrero A 2014 The IACOB project I Rotational velocities in northern Galactic O and early B type stars revisited The impact of other sources of line broadening Astronomy amp Astrophysics 562 A135 arXiv 1311 3360 Bibcode 2014A amp A 562A 135S doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201322758 S2CID 119278062 a b Tetzlaff N Neuhauser R Hohle M M 2011 A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 410 1 190 200 arXiv 1007 4883 Bibcode 2011MNRAS 410 190T doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2010 17434 x S2CID 118629873 a b c Allen Richard H 1963 Star Names Their Lore and Meaning reprint ed New York NY Dover Publications Inc p 237 ISBN 0 486 21079 0 BELLATRIX Variable Star SIMBAD Centre de Donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Kunitzsch Paul 1986 The Star Catalogue Commonly Appended to the Alfonsine Tables Journal for the History of Astronomy 17 49 89 98 Bibcode 1986JHA 17 89K doi 10 1177 002182868601700202 S2CID 118597258 IAU Working Group on Star Names WGSN Retrieved 22 May 2016 Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names No 1 PDF Retrieved 28 July 2016 IAU Catalog of Star Names Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 Retrieved 28 July 2016 Johnson H L 1963 Photometric Systems Basic Astronomical Data Stars and Stellar Systems 204 Bibcode 1963bad book 204J Krisciunas K May 1994 Further Photometry of alpha Ori and gamma Ori Information Bulletin on Variable Stars 4028 1 Bibcode 1994IBVS 4028 1K Krisciunas K May 1994 Further Photometry of alpha Ori and gamma Ori Information Bulletin on Variable Stars 4028 1 Bibcode 1994IBVS 4028 1K Walborn Nolan R 1971 Some Spectroscopic Characteristics of the OB Stars An Investigation of the Space Distribution of Certain OB Stars and the Reference Frame of the Classification Astrophysical Journal Supplement 23 257 Bibcode 1971ApJS 23 257W doi 10 1086 190239 Schroder S E Kaper L Lamers H J G L M Brown A G A 2004 On the Hipparcos parallaxes of O stars Astronomy and Astrophysics 428 149 157 arXiv astro ph 0408370 Bibcode 2004A amp A 428 149S doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20047185 S2CID 55115943 a b Nieva Maria Fernanda Przybilla Norbert 2012 Present day cosmic abundances A comprehensive study of nearby early B type stars and implications for stellar and Galactic evolution and interstellar dust models Astronomy amp Astrophysics 539A 143 63 arXiv 1203 5787 Bibcode 2012A amp A 539A 143N doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201118158 S2CID 119206639 a b Kaler James B BELLATRIX Gamma Orionis Stars University of Illinois retrieved 2012 12 27 The Colour of Stars Australia Telescope Outreach and Education Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation December 21 2004 archived from the original on 2012 03 18 retrieved 2012 01 16 Eggleton P P Tokovinin A A September 2008 A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 389 2 869 879 arXiv 0806 2878 Bibcode 2008MNRAS 389 869E doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2008 13596 x S2CID 14878976 Janson Markus et al August 2011 High contrast Imaging Search for Planets and Brown Dwarfs around the Most Massive Stars in the Solar Neighborhood The Astrophysical Journal 736 2 89 arXiv 1105 2577 Bibcode 2011ApJ 736 89J doi 10 1088 0004 637X 736 2 89 S2CID 119217803 Bouy H Alves J December 2015 Cosmography of OB stars in the solar neighbourhood Astronomy amp Astrophysics 584 A26 Bibcode 2015A amp A 584A 26B doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201527058 ISSN 0004 6361 S2CID 123265789 Bell Cameron P M et al June 2017 A stellar census of the nearby young 32 Orionis group Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 468 1 1198 1220 arXiv 1703 00015 Bibcode 2017MNRAS 468 1198B doi 10 1093 mnras stx535 Dorn Bernhard July 1830 Description of the Celestial Globe belonging to Major General Sir John Malcolm G C B K L S amp c amp c deposited in the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 2 371 392 doi 10 1017 S0950473700000513 Bennett George G 2011 Complete On Board Celestial Navigation 2011 2015 DoctorZed Publishing p 172 ISBN 978 0 9870924 0 3 Knobel E B June 1895 Al Achsasi Al Mouakket on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 55 8 429 Bibcode 1895MNRAS 55 429K doi 10 1093 mnras 55 8 429 Harney Bill Yidumduma Cairns Hugh C 2004 2003 Dark Sparklers Revised ed Merimbula New South Wales Hugh C Cairns pp 139 40 ISBN 0 9750908 0 1 MacDonald John 1998 The Arctic sky Inuit astronomy star lore and legend Toronto Ontario Iqaluit NWT Royal Ontario Museum Nunavut Research Institute pp 52 54 119 ISBN 9780888544278 External links Edit Look up bellatrix in Wiktionary the free dictionary Spectrum of Bellatrix Navigational Stars Portals Astronomy Stars Outer space Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bellatrix amp oldid 1135669739, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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