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İznik

April 10, 2024

İznik (Turkish pronunciation: [izˈnik]) is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 753 km2,[3] and its population is 44,236 (2022).[1] The town is at the site of the ancient Greek city of Nicaea, from which the modern name derives. The town lies in a fertile basin at the eastern end of Lake İznik, with ranges of hills to the north and south. As the crow flies, the town is only 90 kilometres (56 miles) southeast of Istanbul but by road it is 200 km (124 miles) around the Gulf of İzmit. It is 80 km (50 miles) by road from Bursa.

İznik
District and municipality
Lake İznik
Map showing İznik District in Bursa Province
İznik
Location in Turkey
İznik
İznik (Marmara)
Coordinates: 40°25′45″N 29°43′16″E / 40.42917°N 29.72111°E / 40.42917; 29.72111
CountryTurkey
ProvinceBursa
Government
 • MayorKağan Mehmet Usta (AKP)
Area
753 km2 (291 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
44,236
 • Density59/km2 (150/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
16860
Area code0224
Websitewww.iznik.bel.tr

İznik has been a district centre of the province of Bursa since 1930 but belonged to the district of Kocaeli between 1923 and 1927. It was a township of Yenişehir (connected to Bilecik before 1926) district between 1927 and 1930.

Ancient Nicaea was ringed with walls that still survive to this day, despite having been pierced in places to now accommodate roads. Inside the walls stands the Ayasofya Mosque where the Second Council of Nicaea was held in A.D. 787.

Etymology edit

İznik derives from the Ancient Greek name of the city, Νίκαια Nikaia (Latinized as Nicaea), prefixed with εἰς eis, meaning 'to' or 'into'. The Ottoman Turkish spelling is ازنيق : iznîq.

History edit

 
Iznik Wall at Yenişehir Gate
For the history before the Ottoman conquest, see Nicaea.

In 1331, Orhan captured the city from the Byzantines and for a short period the town became the capital of the expanding Ottoman Emirate.[4] The large church of Hagia Sophia in the centre of the town was converted into the Orhan Mosque[5] and a medrese (theological school-Süleyman Paşa Medresesi) and hamam (bathhouse) were built nearby.[6] In 1334 Orhan built another mosque and an imaret (soup kitchen) just outside the Yenisehir gate (Yenişeh Kapısı) on the south side of the town.[7]

 
Hagia Sophia of İznik
 
Iznik Süleyman Paşa Medresesi

The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta stayed in Iznik at the end of 1331 soon after the capture of the town by Orhan.[8] According to Ibn Battuta, the town was in ruins and only inhabited by a small number of people in the service of the sultan. Within the city walls were gardens and cultivated plots with each house surrounded by an orchard. The town produced fruit, walnuts, chestnuts and large sweet grapes.[7][9]

A census in 1520 recorded 379 Muslim and 23 Christian households while another one taken a century later in 1624 recorded 351 Muslim and 10 Christian households. Assuming five members for each household, these figures suggest that the population was around 2,000. Estimates made in the 18th and 19th centuries arrived at similar numbers.[10] The town was poor and the population small even when ceramic production was at its peak during the second half of the 16th century.[11]

The Byzantine city is estimated to have had a population of 20,000–30,000 but in the Ottoman period the town was never prosperous and occupied only a small fraction of the walled area. It was, however, a centre for the production of highly decorated fritware vessels and what are known as İznik tiles during the 16th and 17th centuries.

In 1677 the English clergyman John Covel visited Iznik and found only a third of the town occupied.[12] In 1745 the English traveller Richard Pococke reported that Iznik was no more than a village.[13] A succession of visitors described the town in unflattering terms. For example in 1779, the Italian archaeologist Domenico Sestini wrote that Iznik was nothing but an abandoned town with no life, no noise and no movement.[7][14] In 1797 James Dallaway described Iznik as "a wretched village of long lanes and mud walls...".[7][15]

The town was seriously damaged by the Greek Army in 1921 during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922); the population became refugees and many historical buildings and mosques were damaged or destroyed.[16]

 
Panoramic view of İznik (ancient Nicaea) with Lake İznik in the background.

Pottery and tiles edit

 
Iznik tiles inside the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne
Main article: Iznik pottery

Iznik's main period of importance came in the 16th century with the development of a pottery and tile making industry. Iznik ceramic tiles (Turkish: İznik Çini.) were used to decorate many of the mosques designed by Mimar Sinan in Istanbul. However, the ceramics industry declined in the 17th century[17] and İznik was reduced to a minor agricultural settlement when it was bypassed by the railway in the 19th century.

 
Iznik Museum in Nilüfer Hatun Soup Kitchen
 
Exterior of Eşrefoğlu complex
 
Şeyh Kutbuddin Mosque with mausoleum

Main sights edit

A number of monuments were erected by the early Ottomans in the period between the conquest in 1331 and 1402 when the town was sacked by Timur. Among those that have survived are:

  • İznik was originally ringed with 5 km (3 mi) of walls that were about 10 m (33 ft) high and enclosed within a double ditch on the landward sides. The walls incorporated over 100 towers. Large gates on the three landward sides of the walls provided the only entrances to the city. The western part of the walls rose up beside the lake which is sufficiently large that it cannot easily be blockaded from the land. Today the walls are ruined but enough still survives for them to provide a pleasant walking route.[18]
  • Yeşil Mosque (Green Mosque) The mosque was built for Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha, the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire between 1378 and 1391. It is located near the Lefke Gate on the east side of the town. Damaged in 1922 during the Greco-Turkish War, it was restored between 1956 and 1969.[7][19]
  • Hagia Sophia, also known as Aya Sofya,[20] (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, "'Holy Wisdom') is a Byzantine-era former church which was built by Justinian I in the middle of the city in the 6th century.[21] It was here that the Second Council of Nicaea, a gathering of Christian bishops, was held in AD 787. After controversial rebuilding, it is now the Ayasofya Mosque (Turkish: Ayasofya Cami).[22]
  • Hacı Özbek Mosque (1333). This mosque was built only three years after the conquest. The portico on the west side of the building was demolished in 1940 to widen the road.[23]
  • Nilüfer Hatun Soup Kitchen (Nilüfer Hatun Imareti) Built in 1388, the building was abandoned for many years but was restored in 1955 and is now a museum.[24]
  • Süleyman Pasha Madrasa (mid 14th century). This is one of two surviving medreses in the town. It was restored in the 19th century and again in 1968.[25]
  • Mausoleum of Çandarlı Hayreddin Pasha (14th century). The main chamber contains fifteen sarcophagi. A lower room contains three more sarcophagi including that of Hayreddin Pasha. It is located in a cemetery outside the Lefke gate to the east of the town.[26]
  • Kilns Slight traces remain of the kilns used to make the pottery and tiles that once made İznik famous.

Several monuments survived into the 20th century but were destroyed during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). These include:

  • Church of the Koimesis/Dormition (6th–8th century but rebuilt after the 1065 earthquake). The only church in the town that was not transformed into a mosque,[27] it was decorated with 11th-century Byzantine mosaics which survive only in photographs.[28][29]
  • Eşrefzâde Rumi Mosque (15th century). Eşrefzâde Rumi was married to the daughter of Hacı Bayram-ı Veli. He founded a sufi sect and after his death in 1469–70 his tomb became a pilgrimage site.[7] The mosque has been restored and the tomb is decorated with Iznik tiles.[30]
  • Seyh Kutbeddin Mosque and Mausoleum (15th century). The mosque and mausoleum have been rebuilt.[31][32]

Composition edit

There are 46 neighbourhoods in İznik District:[33]

Sport edit

The İznik Ultramarathon is a 130 km (81 mi) endurance running event that has taken place around Lake İznik every April since 2012. It is the country's longest single-stage athletics competition.[34]

International relations edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

İznik is twinned with:[35]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ Raby 1989, pp. 19–20.
  5. ^ Tsivikis, Nikolaos (23 March 2007), "Nicaea, Church of Hagia Sophia", Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor, Foundation of the Hellenic World, retrieved 20 September 2014
  6. ^ St. Sophia Museum, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  7. ^ a b c d e f Raby 1989, p. 20.
  8. ^ Dunn 2005, p. 158 note 20. Raby (1989, p. 20) suggests a date between 1334 and 1339.
  9. ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, pp. 323–324; Gibb 1962, p. 453
  10. ^ Raby 1989, pp. 20–21.
  11. ^ Raby 1989, p. 21.
  12. ^ Covel 1893, p. 281.
  13. ^ Pococke 1745, p. 123.
  14. ^ Sestini 1789, pp. 219–220.
  15. ^ Dallaway 1797, p. 169.
  16. ^ Uyan, Ayhan (28 November 2011), İznik'te Milli Mücadelede Yunan Tahribatı, iznikrehber.com, retrieved 19 June 2013
  17. ^ "Iznik and Ottoman ceramics". Mini-site.louvre.fr. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  18. ^ "Walls of Nicaea". The Byzantine Legacy. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  19. ^ Green Mosque, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  20. ^ "İznikte Gezilecek Yerler". Türkiye'nin En Güncel Gezi ve Seyahat Sitesi, GeziPedia.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  21. ^ Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Nicæa"
  22. ^ "Ayasofya Orhan Camiisindeki restorasyon sorunları ufak tefekmiş! haberi". Arkeolojik Haber. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  23. ^ Haci Özbek Mosque, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  24. ^ Nilüfer Hatun Soup Kitchen, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  25. ^ Süleyman Pasa Madrasa, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  26. ^ Tomb of Çandarli Hayreddin Pasa, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  27. ^ Kastrinakis, Nikos (16 June 2005), "Nicaea (Byzantium), Dormition Church", Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor, Foundation of the Hellenic World, retrieved 20 September 2014
  28. ^ Mango 1959.
  29. ^ Kanaki, Elena (22 June 2005), "Nicaea (Byzantium), Church of the Dormition, Mosaics", Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor, Foundation of the Hellenic World, retrieved 20 September 2014
  30. ^ Esrefzade Rumi Mosque, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  31. ^ Seyh Kutbeddin Mosque and Tomb, ArchNet, retrieved 20 September 2014
  32. ^ "Şeyh Kutbettin Camii ve Türbesi / Osmanlı mimarisi".
  33. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  34. ^ "İznik'te maraton heyecanı başladı". Sabah (in Turkish). 14 April 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  35. ^ "Kardeş Şehirler". iznik.bel.tr (in Turkish). İznik. Retrieved 18 January 2020.

Sources edit

  • Covel, John (1893). "Extracts from the diaries of John Covel (1670–1679)". In Bent, J. Theodore (ed.). Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant. London: Hakluyt Society.
  • Dallaway, James (1797). Constantinople Ancient and Modern: with excursions to the shores and islands of the archipelago and to the Troad. London: T. Cadell, junr. & W. Davies.
  • Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R., eds. (1854). Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah, Volume 2 (in Arabic and French). Paris: Société Asiatic.
  • Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24385-4. First published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.
  • Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1962). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2). London: Hakluyt Society.
  • Mango, Cyril (1959). "The date of the narthex mosaics of the Church of the Dormition at Nicaea". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13: 245–252. doi:10.2307/1291137. JSTOR 1291137.
  • Pococke, Richard (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries. Vol. 2 part 2. London: self published.
  • Raby, Julian (1989). "İznik, 'Une village au milieu des jardins'". In Petsopoulos, Yanni (ed.). Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey. London: Alexandra Press. pp. 19–22. ISBN 978-1-85669-054-6.
  • Sestini, Domenico (1789). Voyage dans la Grèce asiatique, à la péninsule de Cyzique, à Brusse et à Nicée: avec des détails sur l'histoire naturelle de ces contrées (in French). London and Paris: Leroy.

Further reading edit

  • Alioğlu, E. Fusun (2001). "Similarities between early Ottoman architecture and local architecture or Byzantine architecture in Iznik". ICOMOS International Millennium Congress. More than two thousand years in the history of architecture, Session 2, Historic Towns (PDF). UNESCO-ICOMOS.
  • Alioğlu, E.Fusun (2001). "Establishing the sustainable identity of a historical city field of research: Iznik". ICOMOS International Millennium Congress. More than two thousand years in the history of architecture, Session 2, Historic Towns (PDF). UNESCO-ICOMOS.
  • Raby, Julian (1976). "A seventeenth century description of İznik-Nicaea". Istanbuler Mitteilungen. 26: 149–188.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to İznik.
  •   Iznik travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Iznik, ArchNet. Information on the historic buildings in the town.
  • 300+ photographs of the town and sights

April 10, 2024
iznik, turkish, pronunciation, izˈnik, municipality, district, bursa, province, turkey, area, population, 2022, town, site, ancient, greek, city, nicaea, from, which, modern, name, derives, town, lies, fertile, basin, eastern, lake, with, ranges, hills, north,. Iznik Turkish pronunciation izˈnik is a municipality and district of Bursa Province Turkey 2 Its area is 753 km2 3 and its population is 44 236 2022 1 The town is at the site of the ancient Greek city of Nicaea from which the modern name derives The town lies in a fertile basin at the eastern end of Lake Iznik with ranges of hills to the north and south As the crow flies the town is only 90 kilometres 56 miles southeast of Istanbul but by road it is 200 km 124 miles around the Gulf of Izmit It is 80 km 50 miles by road from Bursa IznikDistrict and municipalityLake IznikMap showing Iznik District in Bursa ProvinceIznikLocation in TurkeyShow map of TurkeyIznikIznik Marmara Show map of MarmaraCoordinates 40 25 45 N 29 43 16 E 40 42917 N 29 72111 E 40 42917 29 72111CountryTurkeyProvinceBursaGovernment MayorKagan Mehmet Usta AKP Area753 km2 291 sq mi Population 2022 1 44 236 Density59 km2 150 sq mi Time zoneUTC 3 TRT Postal code16860Area code0224Websitewww wbr iznik wbr bel wbr trIznik has been a district centre of the province of Bursa since 1930 but belonged to the district of Kocaeli between 1923 and 1927 It was a township of Yenisehir connected to Bilecik before 1926 district between 1927 and 1930 Ancient Nicaea was ringed with walls that still survive to this day despite having been pierced in places to now accommodate roads Inside the walls stands the Ayasofya Mosque where the Second Council of Nicaea was held in A D 787 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Pottery and tiles 4 Main sights 5 Composition 6 Sport 7 International relations 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External linksEtymology editIznik derives from the Ancient Greek name of the city Nikaia Nikaia Latinized as Nicaea prefixed with eἰs eis meaning to or into The Ottoman Turkish spelling is ازنيق izniq History edit nbsp Iznik Wall at Yenisehir GateFor the history before the Ottoman conquest see Nicaea In 1331 Orhan captured the city from the Byzantines and for a short period the town became the capital of the expanding Ottoman Emirate 4 The large church of Hagia Sophia in the centre of the town was converted into the Orhan Mosque 5 and a medrese theological school Suleyman Pasa Medresesi and hamam bathhouse were built nearby 6 In 1334 Orhan built another mosque and an imaret soup kitchen just outside the Yenisehir gate Yeniseh Kapisi on the south side of the town 7 nbsp Hagia Sophia of Iznik nbsp Iznik Suleyman Pasa MedresesiThe Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta stayed in Iznik at the end of 1331 soon after the capture of the town by Orhan 8 According to Ibn Battuta the town was in ruins and only inhabited by a small number of people in the service of the sultan Within the city walls were gardens and cultivated plots with each house surrounded by an orchard The town produced fruit walnuts chestnuts and large sweet grapes 7 9 A census in 1520 recorded 379 Muslim and 23 Christian households while another one taken a century later in 1624 recorded 351 Muslim and 10 Christian households Assuming five members for each household these figures suggest that the population was around 2 000 Estimates made in the 18th and 19th centuries arrived at similar numbers 10 The town was poor and the population small even when ceramic production was at its peak during the second half of the 16th century 11 The Byzantine city is estimated to have had a population of 20 000 30 000 but in the Ottoman period the town was never prosperous and occupied only a small fraction of the walled area It was however a centre for the production of highly decorated fritware vessels and what are known as Iznik tiles during the 16th and 17th centuries In 1677 the English clergyman John Covel visited Iznik and found only a third of the town occupied 12 In 1745 the English traveller Richard Pococke reported that Iznik was no more than a village 13 A succession of visitors described the town in unflattering terms For example in 1779 the Italian archaeologist Domenico Sestini wrote that Iznik was nothing but an abandoned town with no life no noise and no movement 7 14 In 1797 James Dallaway described Iznik as a wretched village of long lanes and mud walls 7 15 The town was seriously damaged by the Greek Army in 1921 during the Greco Turkish War 1919 1922 the population became refugees and many historical buildings and mosques were damaged or destroyed 16 nbsp Panoramic view of Iznik ancient Nicaea with Lake Iznik in the background Pottery and tiles edit nbsp Iznik tiles inside the Selimiye Mosque in EdirneMain article Iznik pottery Iznik s main period of importance came in the 16th century with the development of a pottery and tile making industry Iznik ceramic tiles Turkish Iznik Cini were used to decorate many of the mosques designed by Mimar Sinan in Istanbul However the ceramics industry declined in the 17th century 17 and Iznik was reduced to a minor agricultural settlement when it was bypassed by the railway in the 19th century nbsp Iznik Museum in Nilufer Hatun Soup Kitchen nbsp Exterior of Esrefoglu complex nbsp Seyh Kutbuddin Mosque with mausoleumMain sights editA number of monuments were erected by the early Ottomans in the period between the conquest in 1331 and 1402 when the town was sacked by Timur Among those that have survived are Iznik was originally ringed with 5 km 3 mi of walls that were about 10 m 33 ft high and enclosed within a double ditch on the landward sides The walls incorporated over 100 towers Large gates on the three landward sides of the walls provided the only entrances to the city The western part of the walls rose up beside the lake which is sufficiently large that it cannot easily be blockaded from the land Today the walls are ruined but enough still survives for them to provide a pleasant walking route 18 Yesil Mosque Green Mosque The mosque was built for Candarli Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha the first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire between 1378 and 1391 It is located near the Lefke Gate on the east side of the town Damaged in 1922 during the Greco Turkish War it was restored between 1956 and 1969 7 19 Hagia Sophia also known as Aya Sofya 20 Greek Ἁgia Sofia Holy Wisdom is a Byzantine era former church which was built by Justinian I in the middle of the city in the 6th century 21 It was here that the Second Council of Nicaea a gathering of Christian bishops was held in AD 787 After controversial rebuilding it is now the Ayasofya Mosque Turkish Ayasofya Cami 22 Haci Ozbek Mosque 1333 This mosque was built only three years after the conquest The portico on the west side of the building was demolished in 1940 to widen the road 23 Nilufer Hatun Soup Kitchen Nilufer Hatun Imareti Built in 1388 the building was abandoned for many years but was restored in 1955 and is now a museum 24 Suleyman Pasha Madrasa mid 14th century This is one of two surviving medreses in the town It was restored in the 19th century and again in 1968 25 Mausoleum of Candarli Hayreddin Pasha 14th century The main chamber contains fifteen sarcophagi A lower room contains three more sarcophagi including that of Hayreddin Pasha It is located in a cemetery outside the Lefke gate to the east of the town 26 Kilns Slight traces remain of the kilns used to make the pottery and tiles that once made Iznik famous Several monuments survived into the 20th century but were destroyed during the Greco Turkish War 1919 1922 These include Church of the Koimesis Dormition 6th 8th century but rebuilt after the 1065 earthquake The only church in the town that was not transformed into a mosque 27 it was decorated with 11th century Byzantine mosaics which survive only in photographs 28 29 Esrefzade Rumi Mosque 15th century Esrefzade Rumi was married to the daughter of Haci Bayram i Veli He founded a sufi sect and after his death in 1469 70 his tomb became a pilgrimage site 7 The mosque has been restored and the tomb is decorated with Iznik tiles 30 Seyh Kutbeddin Mosque and Mausoleum 15th century The mosque and mausoleum have been rebuilt 31 32 Composition editThere are 46 neighbourhoods in Iznik District 33 Aydinlar Bayindir Beyler Boyalica Cakirca Camdibi Camoluk Campinar Candarli Cicekli Derbent Derekoy Dirazali Elbeyli Elmali Esrefzade Golluce Gurmuzlu Haciosman Hisardere Hocakoy Ihsaniye Inikli Karatekin Kaynarca Kirinti Kutluca Mahmudiye Mahmut Celebi Mecidiye Muskule Mustafa Kemal Pasa Mustafali Omerli Orhaniye Osmaniye Sansarak Sariagil Selcuk Serefiye Suleymaniye Tacir Yeni Yeniserefiye Yesilcami YuruklerSport editThe Iznik Ultramarathon is a 130 km 81 mi endurance running event that has taken place around Lake Iznik every April since 2012 It is the country s longest single stage athletics competition 34 International relations editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey Iznik is twinned with 35 nbsp Jingdezhen China nbsp Khulo Georgia nbsp Nikaia Greece nbsp Pithiviers France nbsp Spandau Berlin Germany nbsp Talas Kyrgyzstan nbsp Tutin SerbiaReferences edit a b Address based population registration system ADNKS results dated 31 December 2022 Favorite Reports XLS TUIK Retrieved 12 July 2023 Buyuksehir Ilce Belediyesi Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory Retrieved 12 July 2023 Il ve Ilce Yuz olcumleri General Directorate of Mapping Retrieved 12 July 2023 Raby 1989 pp 19 20 Tsivikis Nikolaos 23 March 2007 Nicaea Church of Hagia Sophia Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World Asia Minor Foundation of the Hellenic World retrieved 20 September 2014 St Sophia Museum ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 a b c d e f Raby 1989 p 20 Dunn 2005 p 158 note 20 Raby 1989 p 20 suggests a date between 1334 and 1339 Defremery amp Sanguinetti 1854 pp 323 324 Gibb 1962 p 453 Raby 1989 pp 20 21 Raby 1989 p 21 Covel 1893 p 281 Pococke 1745 p 123 Sestini 1789 pp 219 220 Dallaway 1797 p 169 Uyan Ayhan 28 November 2011 Iznik te Milli Mucadelede Yunan Tahribati iznikrehber com retrieved 19 June 2013 Iznik and Ottoman ceramics Mini site louvre fr Retrieved 2 September 2022 Walls of Nicaea The Byzantine Legacy Retrieved 29 August 2022 Green Mosque ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Iznikte Gezilecek Yerler Turkiye nin En Guncel Gezi ve Seyahat Sitesi GeziPedia net in Turkish Retrieved 27 June 2020 Hazlitt Classical Gazetteer Nicaea Ayasofya Orhan Camiisindeki restorasyon sorunlari ufak tefekmis haberi Arkeolojik Haber 25 January 2019 Retrieved 29 August 2022 Haci Ozbek Mosque ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Nilufer Hatun Soup Kitchen ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Suleyman Pasa Madrasa ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Tomb of Candarli Hayreddin Pasa ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Kastrinakis Nikos 16 June 2005 Nicaea Byzantium Dormition Church Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World Asia Minor Foundation of the Hellenic World retrieved 20 September 2014 Mango 1959 Kanaki Elena 22 June 2005 Nicaea Byzantium Church of the Dormition Mosaics Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World Asia Minor Foundation of the Hellenic World retrieved 20 September 2014 Esrefzade Rumi Mosque ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Seyh Kutbeddin Mosque and Tomb ArchNet retrieved 20 September 2014 Seyh Kutbettin Camii ve Turbesi Osmanli mimarisi Mahalle Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory Retrieved 12 July 2023 Iznik te maraton heyecani basladi Sabah in Turkish 14 April 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 Kardes Sehirler iznik bel tr in Turkish Iznik Retrieved 18 January 2020 Sources editCovel John 1893 Extracts from the diaries of John Covel 1670 1679 In Bent J Theodore ed Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant London Hakluyt Society Dallaway James 1797 Constantinople Ancient and Modern with excursions to the shores and islands of the archipelago and to the Troad London T Cadell junr amp W Davies Defremery C Sanguinetti B R eds 1854 Voyages d Ibn Batoutah Volume 2 in Arabic and French Paris Societe Asiatic Dunn Ross E 2005 The Adventures of Ibn Battuta University of California Press ISBN 0 520 24385 4 First published in 1986 ISBN 0 520 05771 6 Gibb H A R ed 1962 The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭuṭa A D 1325 1354 Volume 2 London Hakluyt Society Mango Cyril 1959 The date of the narthex mosaics of the Church of the Dormition at Nicaea Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13 245 252 doi 10 2307 1291137 JSTOR 1291137 Pococke Richard 1745 A Description of the East and Some Other Countries Vol 2 part 2 London self published Raby Julian 1989 Iznik Une village au milieu des jardins In Petsopoulos Yanni ed Iznik The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey London Alexandra Press pp 19 22 ISBN 978 1 85669 054 6 Sestini Domenico 1789 Voyage dans la Grece asiatique a la peninsule de Cyzique a Brusse et a Nicee avec des details sur l histoire naturelle de ces contrees in French London and Paris Leroy Further reading editAlioglu E Fusun 2001 Similarities between early Ottoman architecture and local architecture or Byzantine architecture in Iznik ICOMOS International Millennium Congress More than two thousand years in the history of architecture Session 2 Historic Towns PDF UNESCO ICOMOS Alioglu E Fusun 2001 Establishing the sustainable identity of a historical city field of research Iznik ICOMOS International Millennium Congress More than two thousand years in the history of architecture Session 2 Historic Towns PDF UNESCO ICOMOS Raby Julian 1976 A seventeenth century description of Iznik Nicaea Istanbuler Mitteilungen 26 149 188 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iznik nbsp Iznik travel guide from Wikivoyage Iznik ArchNet Information on the historic buildings in the town 300 photographs of the town and sights Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iznik amp oldid 1215982935, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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