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Dong Son culture

June 02, 2023

The Dong Son culture or the Lạc Việt culture (named for modern village Đông Sơn, a village in Thanh Hóa, Vietnam) was a Bronze Age culture in ancient Vietnam centred at the Red River Valley of northern Vietnam from 1000 BC until the first century AD.[1]: 207  Vietnamese historians attribute the culture to the states of Văn Lang and Âu Lạc. Its influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including Maritime Southeast Asia, from about 1000 BC to 1 BC.[2][3][4]

A Đông Sơn axe
Dong Son drum from Sông Đà, Mường Lay, Vietnam. Dong Son II culture. Mid-1st millennium BC. Bronze.

The Dong Son people were skilled at cultivating rice, keeping water buffalos and pigs, fishing and sailing in long dugout canoes. They also were skilled bronze casters, which is evidenced by the Dong Son drum found widely throughout northern Vietnam and South China.[5]

To the south of the Dong Son culture was the Sa Huỳnh culture of the proto-Chams.

Identity

People of the Dong Son culture spoke either Austroasiatic[6][7][8][9] or Northern Tai languages;[10] or were Austroasiatic-speakers with significant contact and admixture with Tai-speakers.[11]

Archaeogenetics have demonstrated that before the Dong Son period, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic. Genetic data from Vietnam's Phùng Nguyên culture's Mán Bạc burial site demonstrated close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer and Mlabri;[12][13] meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from Đông Sơn culture's Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "Dai from China, Tai-Kadai speakers from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the Việt".[14]

Ferlus (2009) showed that the inventions of pestle, oar, and a pan to cook sticky rice, which is the main characteristic of the Đông Sơn culture, correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (Cuoi-Toum).[15] The new vocabularies to denote these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items. The current distribution of Northern Vietic also correspond to the area of Dong Son culture. Thus, Ferlus conclude that the Dongsonian culture was of Vietic origin and they were the direct ancestors of modern Vietnamese people.[15]

Origins

 
Bronze lamp figurine, Dong Son culture, known as the "Kneeling Man)

The origins of Dong Son culture may be traced back to ancient bronze castings. Scholars traditionally traced the origins of bronze-casting technology to China but during the 1970s archaeological discoveries in Isan, Thailand found that the casting of bronze either began in Southeast Asia first then spread into China, or that it developed the practise independently from China. The Dong Son bronze industry therefore has a local origin in Southeast Asia rather than being introduced by migrations out of China. The Gò Mun culture gave rise to the Dong Son culture; the Dong Son was the culmination of the Bronze Age and the opening stage of the Iron Age.[16]

The bronze drums were used for war, "the chief summons the warriors of the tribe by beating the drum", when mourning, and during feasts. "The scenes cast onto the drums would inform us that the Dong Son leaders had access to bronze founders of remarkable skill." Lost-wax casting was based on Chinese founders, but the scenes are local, including drummers and other musicians, warriors, rice processing, birds, deer, war vessels, and geometric designs.[1]: 200–202 

The bronze drums were made in significant proportions in northern Vietnam, Laos and parts of Yunnan. The Dong Son bronze drums exhibit "remarkable skill". The Cổ Loa drum weighs 72 kilograms (159 lb) and would have required the smelting of between 1 and 7 tonnes (1.1 and 7.7 tons) of copper ore.[1]: 200 

Displays of the Đông Sơn drum surface can be seen in some of Vietnam's cultural institutions.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
  2. ^ Vietnam Tours 2013-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Nola Cooke, Tana Li, James Anderson - The Tongking Gulf Through History - Page 46 2011 -"Nishimura actually suggested the Đông Sơn phase belonged in the late metal age, and some other Japanese scholars argued that, contrary to the conventional belief that the Han invasion ended Đông Sơn culture, Đông Sơn artifacts, ..."
  4. ^ Vietnam Fine Arts Museum 2000 "... the bronze cylindrical jars, drums, Weapons and tools which were sophistically carved and belonged to the World famous Đông Sơn culture dating from thousands of years; the Sculptures in the round, the ornamental architectural Sculptures...."
  5. ^ SOLHEIM, WILHELM G. (1988). "A Brief History of the Dongson Concept". Asian Perspectives. 28 (1): 23–30. ISSN 0066-8435. JSTOR 42928186.
  6. ^ Paine, Lincoln (2013-10-29). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-307-96225-6.
  7. ^ Emigh, John (1996). Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8122-1336-2.
  8. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 496. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
  9. ^ Carpenter, Bruce W. (2012). Ethnic Jewellery from Indonesia: Continuity and Evolution : the Manfred Giehmann Collection. Editions Didier Millet. p. 16. ISBN 978-981-4260-68-8.
  10. ^ Schliesinger, Joachim (2018). Origin of the Tai People 6―Northern Tai-Speaking People of the Red River Delta and Their Habitat Today Volume 6 of Origin of the Tai People. Booksmango. pp. 3–4, 22. ISBN 978-1641531832.
  11. ^ Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Lipson, Mark; Cheronet, Olivia; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Oxenham, Marc; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Pryce, Thomas Oliver; Willis, Anna; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Buckley, Hallie; Domett, Kate; Hai, Nguyen Giang; Hiep, Trinh Hoang; Kyaw, Aung Aung; Win, Tin Tin; Pradier, Baptiste; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Changmai, Piya; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Gamarra, Beatriz; Harney, Eadaoin; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Kutanan, Wibhu; Michel, Megan; Novak, Mario; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Sirak, Kendra; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Flegontov, Pavel; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2018-05-17). "Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 361 (6397): 92–95. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...92L. bioRxiv 10.1101/278374. doi:10.1126/science.aat3188. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6476732. PMID 29773666.
  13. ^ Corny, Julien, et al. 2017. "Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in Southeast Asia." Journal of Human Evolution 112 (2017):41-56. cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State University
  14. ^ McColl et al. 2018. "Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia". Preprint. Published in Science. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278374v1 cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State University
  15. ^ a b Ferlus, Michael (2009). "A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese" (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 1: 95–108.
  16. ^ Taylor, Keith W. (1991). The Birth of Vietnam. University of California Press. p. 313. ISBN 0-520-07417-3.
  17. ^ VietnamPlus (2021-10-26). "38th and 39th ASEAN Summits open | World | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)". VietnamPlus. Retrieved 2021-10-27.

External links

  • Đông Sơn culture (photo collection)
  • Drums from Selayar (photo collection) 2016-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Đông Sơn culture.

June 02, 2023
dong, culture, lạc, việt, culture, named, modern, village, Đông, sơn, village, thanh, hóa, vietnam, bronze, culture, ancient, vietnam, centred, river, valley, northern, vietnam, from, 1000, until, first, century, vietnamese, historians, attribute, culture, sta. The Dong Son culture or the Lạc Việt culture named for modern village Đong Sơn a village in Thanh Hoa Vietnam was a Bronze Age culture in ancient Vietnam centred at the Red River Valley of northern Vietnam from 1000 BC until the first century AD 1 207 Vietnamese historians attribute the culture to the states of Văn Lang and Au Lạc Its influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia including Maritime Southeast Asia from about 1000 BC to 1 BC 2 3 4 A Đong Sơn axe Dong Son drum from Song Đa Mường Lay Vietnam Dong Son II culture Mid 1st millennium BC Bronze The Dong Son people were skilled at cultivating rice keeping water buffalos and pigs fishing and sailing in long dugout canoes They also were skilled bronze casters which is evidenced by the Dong Son drum found widely throughout northern Vietnam and South China 5 To the south of the Dong Son culture was the Sa Huỳnh culture of the proto Chams Contents 1 Identity 2 Origins 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksIdentity EditPeople of the Dong Son culture spoke either Austroasiatic 6 7 8 9 or Northern Tai languages 10 or were Austroasiatic speakers with significant contact and admixture with Tai speakers 11 Archaeogenetics have demonstrated that before the Dong Son period the Red River Delta s inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic Genetic data from Vietnam s Phung Nguyen culture s Man Bạc burial site demonstrated close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the Khmer and Mlabri 12 13 meanwhile mixed genetics from Đong Sơn culture s Nui Nấp site showed affinity to Dai from China Tai Kadai speakers from Thailand and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam including the Việt 14 Ferlus 2009 showed that the inventions of pestle oar and a pan to cook sticky rice which is the main characteristic of the Đong Sơn culture correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic Việt Mường and Central Vietic Cuoi Toum 15 The new vocabularies to denote these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items The current distribution of Northern Vietic also correspond to the area of Dong Son culture Thus Ferlus conclude that the Dongsonian culture was of Vietic origin and they were the direct ancestors of modern Vietnamese people 15 Origins Edit Bronze lamp figurine Dong Son culture known as the Kneeling Man The origins of Dong Son culture may be traced back to ancient bronze castings Scholars traditionally traced the origins of bronze casting technology to China but during the 1970s archaeological discoveries in Isan Thailand found that the casting of bronze either began in Southeast Asia first then spread into China or that it developed the practise independently from China The Dong Son bronze industry therefore has a local origin in Southeast Asia rather than being introduced by migrations out of China The Go Mun culture gave rise to the Dong Son culture the Dong Son was the culmination of the Bronze Age and the opening stage of the Iron Age 16 The bronze drums were used for war the chief summons the warriors of the tribe by beating the drum when mourning and during feasts The scenes cast onto the drums would inform us that the Dong Son leaders had access to bronze founders of remarkable skill Lost wax casting was based on Chinese founders but the scenes are local including drummers and other musicians warriors rice processing birds deer war vessels and geometric designs 1 200 202 The bronze drums were made in significant proportions in northern Vietnam Laos and parts of Yunnan The Dong Son bronze drums exhibit remarkable skill The Cổ Loa drum weighs 72 kilograms 159 lb and would have required the smelting of between 1 and 7 tonnes 1 1 and 7 7 tons of copper ore 1 200 Displays of the Đong Sơn drum surface can be seen in some of Vietnam s cultural institutions 17 See also EditLạc Việt Dong Son drum Austronesia Nanyue Au Lạc BaiyueReferences Edit a b c Higham C 2014 Early Mainland Southeast Asia Bangkok River Books Co Ltd ISBN 9786167339443 Vietnam Tours Archived 2013 04 26 at the Wayback Machine Nola Cooke Tana Li James Anderson The Tongking Gulf Through History Page 46 2011 Nishimura actually suggested the Đong Sơn phase belonged in the late metal age and some other Japanese scholars argued that contrary to the conventional belief that the Han invasion ended Đong Sơn culture Đong Sơn artifacts Vietnam Fine Arts Museum 2000 the bronze cylindrical jars drums Weapons and tools which were sophistically carved and belonged to the World famous Đong Sơn culture dating from thousands of years the Sculptures in the round the ornamental architectural Sculptures SOLHEIM WILHELM G 1988 A Brief History of the Dongson Concept Asian Perspectives 28 1 23 30 ISSN 0066 8435 JSTOR 42928186 Paine Lincoln 2013 10 29 The Sea and Civilization A Maritime History of the World Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group p 171 ISBN 978 0 307 96225 6 Emigh John 1996 Masked Performance The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre University of Pennsylvania Press p 95 ISBN 978 0 8122 1336 2 Ooi Keat Gin 2004 Southeast Asia A Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor ABC CLIO p 496 ISBN 978 1 57607 770 2 Carpenter Bruce W 2012 Ethnic Jewellery from Indonesia Continuity and Evolution the Manfred Giehmann Collection Editions Didier Millet p 16 ISBN 978 981 4260 68 8 Schliesinger Joachim 2018 Origin of the Tai People 6 Northern Tai Speaking People of the Red River Delta and Their Habitat Today Volume 6 of Origin of the Tai People Booksmango pp 3 4 22 ISBN 978 1641531832 Alves Mark 2019 05 10 Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Lipson Mark Cheronet Olivia Mallick Swapan Rohland Nadin Oxenham Marc Pietrusewsky Michael Pryce Thomas Oliver Willis Anna Matsumura Hirofumi Buckley Hallie Domett Kate Hai Nguyen Giang Hiep Trinh Hoang Kyaw Aung Aung Win Tin Tin Pradier Baptiste Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen Candilio Francesca Changmai Piya Fernandes Daniel Ferry Matthew Gamarra Beatriz Harney Eadaoin Kampuansai Jatupol Kutanan Wibhu Michel Megan Novak Mario Oppenheimer Jonas Sirak Kendra Stewardson Kristin Zhang Zhao Flegontov Pavel Pinhasi Ron Reich David 2018 05 17 Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory Science American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS 361 6397 92 95 Bibcode 2018Sci 361 92L bioRxiv 10 1101 278374 doi 10 1126 science aat3188 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 6476732 PMID 29773666 Corny Julien et al 2017 Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in Southeast Asia Journal of Human Evolution 112 2017 41 56 cited in Alves Mark 2019 05 10 Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture Conference Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China s South 221 BCE 1700 CE At Pennsylvania State University McColl et al 2018 Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia Preprint Published in Science https www biorxiv org content 10 1101 278374v1 cited in Alves Mark 2019 05 10 Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture Conference Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China s South 221 BCE 1700 CE At Pennsylvania State University a b Ferlus Michael 2009 A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese PDF Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1 95 108 Taylor Keith W 1991 The Birth of Vietnam University of California Press p 313 ISBN 0 520 07417 3 VietnamPlus 2021 10 26 38th and 39th ASEAN Summits open World Vietnam VietnamPlus VietnamPlus Retrieved 2021 10 27 External links EditĐong Sơn culture photo collection Drums from Selayar photo collection Archived 2016 11 10 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Đong Sơn culture Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dong Son culture amp oldid 1146097449, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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