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Hookah lounge

May 12, 2023

A hookah lounge (also called a shisha bar or den, especially in Britain and parts of Canada, or a hookah bar) is an establishment where patrons share shisha (flavoured tobacco) from a communal hookah or from one placed at each table or a bar.

A hookah and a variety of tobacco products are on display in a Harvard Square store window in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

In Western countries, shisha parlors are often owned and operated by people from the Arab world or the Indian Subcontinent where use of the hookah is a centuries-old tradition. Many shisha parlors incorporate such elements as Islamic decor and Arabic music or Indian music and have traditional decor, but some are simply bars without the eastern cultural elements.[1]

Characteristics

In the United States and Europe, shisha parlors are most popular in college towns and urban areas and are regarded by some[weasel words] as a novel and chic way to socialize. Certain parlors offer modern hookahs with fruit bowls or other kinds of improvements over smoking hookah at home.[2] Some people of Middle Eastern or South Asian extraction consider them a continuation of their own cultural traditions. However, shisha parlors nowadays often distance themselves from the eastern cultures by offering hookah and alcohol without the cultural elements. These bars differ from other bars only in the fact that they offer hookah. [3]

Usually a disposable mouthpiece is provided for each user for hygienic reasons. When alcohol is not sold, shisha parlors derive revenue from sales of coffee, tea, soft drinks and snack foods.[citation needed]

Some shisha parlors have well-equipped kitchens and are more akin to bistros. In the broadest sense, any restaurant or nightclub can be considered a shisha parlor or club if it offers patrons hookahs, shisha and a comfortable place to smoke. Some offer Middle Eastern cuisine menu items.

In the United States, due to several state tobacco control laws, many shisha bars have made the transition from offering tobacco shisha to herbal shisha, which is tobacco-free and can legally be smoked indoors in areas that have restrictions on tobacco smoking. Although herbal shisha does not contain tobacco or nicotine, when burned it does produce harmful chemicals, including heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which can cause cancer and heart disease. These harmful chemicals are breathed in both by smokers and bystanders.[4] Recently, some select Canadian lounges started to implement tea based flavours made with natural ingredients and pair them with heat management devices, coconut charcoals and carbon filters. This has reduced the emission of harmful carbonyl compounds by up to 92% when compared to a standard shisha setup. This was proven in third party certified lab results. [5]

 
Waterpipes outside a café in Aleppo, Syria.

History

The origins of hookah are controversial, even though most agree that it started either in ancient Persia or the Indian subcontinent.[6]

In Europe

Hookah smoking is common in many European[7] and other countries including:

  • Germany – Hookahs are available in many establishments in Germany, particularly in Berlin, Cologne and the Ruhr Area and areas, and it is not only popular amongst Turkish people.[citation needed] The German customs authority recorded a growing trade with illegal and untaxed shisha tobacco in 2017. While previously shisha was smuggled via ports in Rotterdam and Hamburg, a trend was noted where the tobacco was produced in hidden factories in Germany according to René Matschke, the chief of customs in Hamburg.[8]
  • Netherlands – Hookahs are now[when?] gaining popularity in the Netherlands, particularly in Rotterdam and Amsterdam.
  • United Kingdom – In the United Kingdom, hookahs are most commonly found in "shisha bars" run by Lebanese, Pakistani or Egyptian people. Since a 2007 British ban on smoking in public places, Shisha bars have risen from 179 in 2007 to 556 in 2012.
  • Spain – Hookah use has grown in popularity in Spain, especially among the young. As a result, many teterías (tea houses) have made hookahs available to patrons.
  • Russia – Due to heavy influence from South Caucasus and Central Asia, hookahs have become a widespread recreational practice in large Russian cities, and are now offered in many cafes and restaurants.
  • Denmark – Shisha bars have gained popularity in the recent years. Shisha Parlors are present in Aarhus, Odense, and Copenhagen and other cities.

In the United States

 
Mist Hookah Lounge in North Brunswick, New Jersey

In the United States, establishments akin to shisha parlors first opened decades ago[clarification needed] in the immigrant quarters of New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles, California as coffee and tea houses.

Many shisha parlors in the United States have elements such as glass tables, plasma televisions, and oxygen bars. Most bars in the U.S. require patrons to be at least 21 years of age to smoke shisha and 21 years of age to purchase (exceptions are Utah, Arizona, Alabama, and New Jersey: 19 years of age to smoke; New York and Vermont are 21 years of age).[2][9]

Over the recent years hookah has become increasingly popular for teens and young adults. As of 2014, one out of every five high school seniors in the U.S. had tried hookah,[10] and one in five 18-24 year olds in the U.S. have smoked hookah in the past month.[11] It is not uncommon now to find hookah bars within short distance of college campuses and in the surrounding towns.[12] This younger generation is often the target for hookah business establishments.[13]

Laws about selling and use of hookah in the U.S. differ state by state. Most states do not allow minors (under age 18) to smoke hookah and some states ban hookah smoking in public places.[14] Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has begun to regulate hookah tobacco along with cigarettes and other types of tobacco.[15] There is concern that even if FDA places health warning labels on hookah packages, they may not be seen by people who smoke in hookah lounges, since the tobacco is usually taken out of the packages before it is served.[16]

In Asia

  • Vietnam: Shisha appeared in Vietnam in 2009. This is a very popular trend in Vietnam until now. It is rated as safe and not as dangerous as cigarettes so the number of users increases greatly. At first, shisha was mainly used in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, and now the number of shisha users has appeared in the whole territory of Vietnam.[17]

Middle East

  • Iran has a long history of hookah (qalyān (Persian: قلیان)) use. The use of hookas in bars, cafes and lounges has reportedly seen a resurgence in recent years.[18]

Smoking bans and exemptions

Because of the harm of passive smoking, many municipalities, especially in North America and Europe have enacted smoking bans in public places. Sometimes, however, businesses can obtain special permits allowing smoking within; these permits are typically available only for shisha bars, cigar bars, tobacconists, and similar establishments where smoking is the focus of activity. They are less frequently available for places in which alcohol or food is served.

In some cases, the ban is against tobacco smoking specifically. When this is the case, a shisha bar may remain in business by replacing traditional, tobacco-based shisha with a tobacco-free mu‘assel.

In order to remain open, many shisha bars cannot sell food or beverages. Approximately 90% of the cities that have put a ban on smoking in public places have exemptions for shisha bars. The cities with these kinds of exemptions, typically, have more dense populations.[19]

Health concerns

Hookah bars are a growing public health concern. Many hookah users do not understand the health risks that come along with the practice. Common incorrect beliefs include that shisha is not addictive and that the smoke contains fewer toxic chemicals and carcinogens. However, hookah smoke contains many of the same toxic chemicals found in cigarettes and it has not been shown to be safer. The tobacco contains nicotine and is addictive. The water does not filter out the carcinogens or other harmful chemicals are not filtered out.[20] Hookah users breathe in many harmful chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aldehydes. Like cigarettes, breathing in these chemicals cause many health problems, such as cancer, heart disease, lung disease, periodontal disease, and low birth weight in babies whose mothers smoke it.[21] It has been shown that waterpipe tobacco contains 27 known or suspected carcinogens, as well as significant concentrations of toxicants thought to cause addiction, heart disease and lung disease.[22][23][24] Traditional charcoal-heated hookahs deliver nine to ten times more carbon monoxide than do standard cigarettes.[25] There have been multiple published reports of acute carbon monoxide poisoning caused by narghile (waterpipe tobacco/hookah).[26] Hookah smokers sometimes take in so much carbon monoxide, an odorless, poisonous gas, that they develop carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning causes dizziness, nausea and vomiting, irritability, rapid fall in blood pressure, and chest pain, and often must be treated in hospital emergency departments.[27] This is sometimes known as “hookah sickness”[27] Hookah smoking can also be harmful to non-smokers since hookah releases many harmful substances (including particulate matter, nicotine, and carbon monoxide) in the air that are breathed in by anyone in the area.[21]

Due to the health concerns, many cities seek to create tougher restrictions for shisha bars, and some want them shut down altogether.[28]

References

  1. ^ "East Bay: Aromas, relaxation are the hook in hookah". 20 May 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b . 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  3. ^ "What Is A Hookah Lounge: Everything You Need to Know". iconhookah.com. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  4. ^ Hammal, Fadi; Chappell, Alyssa; Wild, T. Cameron; Kindzierski, Warren; Shihadeh, Alan; Vanderhoek, Amanda; Huynh, Cong Khanh; Plateel, Gregory; Finegan, Barry A. (2015). "'Herbal' but potentially hazardous: an analysis of the constituents and smoke emissions of tobacco-free waterpipe products and the air quality in the cafés where they are served". Tobacco Control. 24 (3): 290–297. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051169. ISSN 1468-3318. PMID 24128428. S2CID 33155013.
  5. ^ "Balancing Your Hookah Hobby | Health & Hookahs". 12 January 2023.
  6. ^ "article-niche.com". article-niche.com. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  7. ^ Jawad, Mohammed (2014-03-18). "Legislation Enforcement of the Waterpipe Tobacco Industry: A Qualitative Analysis of the London Experience". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 16 (7): 1000–1008. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu022. ISSN 1469-994X. PMID 24642591.
  8. ^ Niewerth, A. Dinger, C. Unger und G. (2018-11-29). "Auch Berlin plant härtere Regeln für Shisha-Bars". www.morgenpost.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-12-09.
  9. ^ "Tobacco 21 Law Takes Effect September 1, 2019 | Division of Liquor Control". liquorcontrol.vermont.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  10. ^ Dr Chethan Sathya, Special to (2014-07-07). "Nearly 1 in 5 high school seniors have tried hookah". CNN. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  11. ^ Kates, Frederick R.; Haider, M. Rifat; Laberge, Maude (2018-08-01). "Prevalence and Determinants of Water Pipe Tobacco and Polytobacco Use Among 18- to 24-Year-Old Emerging Adults in the United States". Emerging Adulthood. 6 (4): 288–295. doi:10.1177/2167696817728177. ISSN 2167-6968. S2CID 80523670.
  12. ^ Kates, Frederick R.; Salloum, Ramzi G.; Thrasher, James F.; Islam, Farahnaz; Fleischer, Nancy L.; Maziak, Wasim (January 2016). "Geographic Proximity of Waterpipe Smoking Establishments to Colleges in the U.S". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 50 (1): e9–e14. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.006. ISSN 1873-2607. PMC 4821570. PMID 26346294.
  13. ^ "The Drug Burning Up College Campuses". OZY. 2015-10-25. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  14. ^ "Hookah 50 State Survey" (PDF). University of Maryland School of Law.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ FDA Center for Tobacco Products (2020-07-15). "Hookah Tobacco (Shisha or Waterpipe Tobacco)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  16. ^ Center for Tobacco Products (2020-07-15). "Hookah Tobacco (Shisha or Waterpipe Tobacco)". FDA.
  17. ^ "Hút shisha có độc hại như thuốc lá không". Fastsell.vn (in Vietnamese). March 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "Hookah a hit with Iranian youth". TheGuardian.com. 15 July 2014.
  19. ^ Primack, Brian A.; Hopkins, Maggie; Hallett, Cynthia; Carroll, Mary V.; Zeller, Mitchell; Dachille, Kathleen; Kim, Kevin H.; Fine, Michael J.; Donohue, Julie M. (2012). "US Health Policy Related to Hookah Tobacco Smoking". American Journal of Public Health. 102 (9): e47–e51. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300838. PMC 3482044. PMID 22827447.
  20. ^ Morris, Daniel S.; Fiala, Steven C.; Pawlak, Rebecca (2012). "Opportunities for Policy Interventions to Reduce Youth Hookah Smoking in the United States". Preventing Chronic Disease. 9: E165. doi:10.5888/pcd9.120082. PMC 3505114. PMID 23153772.
  21. ^ a b CDCTobaccoFree (2020-01-22). "Hookahs". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  22. ^ Al Ali, Radwan; Rastam, Samer; Ibrahim, Iman; Bazzi, Asma; Fayad, Sanaa; Shihadeh, Alan L.; Zaatari, Ghazi S.; Maziak, Wasim (2015). "A comparative study of systemic carcinogen exposure in waterpipe smokers, cigarette smokers and non-smokers". Tobacco Control. 24 (2): 125–127. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051206. PMC 4136964. PMID 23988862.
  23. ^ Shihadeh, Alan; Schubert, Jens; Klaiany, Joanne; El Sabban, Marwan; Luch, Andreas; Saliba, Najat A. (2015). "Toxicant content, physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives". Tobacco Control. 24 (Suppl 1): i22–i30. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051907. PMC 4345918. PMID 25666550.
  24. ^ Channick, Robert. "Hookah Lounges Thriving, Three Years after Smoking Ban." Chicago Tribune. N.p. Web.13 Apr. 2011.
  25. ^ Rezk-Hanna, Mary; Mosenifar, Zab; Benowitz, Neal L.; Rader, Florian; Rashid, Mohamad; Davoren, Katherine; Moy, Norma B.; Doering, Lynn; Robbins, Wendie; Sarna, Linda; Li, Ning; Chang, L. Cindy; Elashoff, Robert M.; Victor, Ronald G. (2019). "High Carbon Monoxide Levels from Charcoal Combustion Mask Acute Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Hookah (Waterpipe) Smoking in Young Adults". Circulation. 139 (19): 2215–2224. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037375. PMID 30764644. S2CID 73455348.
  26. ^ Fauci, Giovanna La; Weiser, Giora; Steiner, Ivan P.; Shavit, Itai (2012). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in narghile (Water pipe) tobacco smokers". Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 14 (1): 57–59. doi:10.2310/8000.2011.110431. PMID 22417961.
  27. ^ a b "Is 'Hookah Sickness' Just Carbon Monoxide Poisoning?". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
  28. ^ staff/nell-casey (2015-01-07). "Health Department Trying To Shut Down NYC Hookah Bars". Gothamist. Retrieved 2021-04-16.

Further reading

  • "Putting a Crimp in the Hookah" article by Douglas Quenqua in The New York Times May 30, 2011
  • "Putting a Crimp in the Hookah" article by Douglas Quenqua in The New York Times May 30, 2022
  • "hookah flavors without tobacco" article by Douglas Quenqua in The New York Times May 30, 2022

May 12, 2023
hookah, lounge, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, mess. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains weasel words vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information Such statements should be clarified or removed June 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message A hookah lounge also called a shisha bar or den especially in Britain and parts of Canada or a hookah bar is an establishment where patrons share shisha flavoured tobacco from a communal hookah or from one placed at each table or a bar A hookah and a variety of tobacco products are on display in a Harvard Square store window in Cambridge Massachusetts United States In Western countries shisha parlors are often owned and operated by people from the Arab world or the Indian Subcontinent where use of the hookah is a centuries old tradition Many shisha parlors incorporate such elements as Islamic decor and Arabic music or Indian music and have traditional decor but some are simply bars without the eastern cultural elements 1 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 3 In Europe 4 In the United States 5 In Asia 6 Middle East 7 Smoking bans and exemptions 8 Health concerns 9 References 10 Further readingCharacteristics EditIn the United States and Europe shisha parlors are most popular in college towns and urban areas and are regarded by some weasel words as a novel and chic way to socialize Certain parlors offer modern hookahs with fruit bowls or other kinds of improvements over smoking hookah at home 2 Some people of Middle Eastern or South Asian extraction consider them a continuation of their own cultural traditions However shisha parlors nowadays often distance themselves from the eastern cultures by offering hookah and alcohol without the cultural elements These bars differ from other bars only in the fact that they offer hookah 3 Usually a disposable mouthpiece is provided for each user for hygienic reasons When alcohol is not sold shisha parlors derive revenue from sales of coffee tea soft drinks and snack foods citation needed Some shisha parlors have well equipped kitchens and are more akin to bistros In the broadest sense any restaurant or nightclub can be considered a shisha parlor or club if it offers patrons hookahs shisha and a comfortable place to smoke Some offer Middle Eastern cuisine menu items In the United States due to several state tobacco control laws many shisha bars have made the transition from offering tobacco shisha to herbal shisha which is tobacco free and can legally be smoked indoors in areas that have restrictions on tobacco smoking Although herbal shisha does not contain tobacco or nicotine when burned it does produce harmful chemicals including heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which can cause cancer and heart disease These harmful chemicals are breathed in both by smokers and bystanders 4 Recently some select Canadian lounges started to implement tea based flavours made with natural ingredients and pair them with heat management devices coconut charcoals and carbon filters This has reduced the emission of harmful carbonyl compounds by up to 92 when compared to a standard shisha setup This was proven in third party certified lab results 5 Waterpipes outside a cafe in Aleppo Syria History EditThe origins of hookah are controversial even though most agree that it started either in ancient Persia or the Indian subcontinent 6 In Europe EditHookah smoking is common in many European 7 and other countries including Germany Hookahs are available in many establishments in Germany particularly in Berlin Cologne and the Ruhr Area and areas and it is not only popular amongst Turkish people citation needed The German customs authority recorded a growing trade with illegal and untaxed shisha tobacco in 2017 While previously shisha was smuggled via ports in Rotterdam and Hamburg a trend was noted where the tobacco was produced in hidden factories in Germany according to Rene Matschke the chief of customs in Hamburg 8 Netherlands Hookahs are now when gaining popularity in the Netherlands particularly in Rotterdam and Amsterdam United Kingdom In the United Kingdom hookahs are most commonly found in shisha bars run by Lebanese Pakistani or Egyptian people Since a 2007 British ban on smoking in public places Shisha bars have risen from 179 in 2007 to 556 in 2012 Spain Hookah use has grown in popularity in Spain especially among the young As a result many teterias tea houses have made hookahs available to patrons Russia Due to heavy influence from South Caucasus and Central Asia hookahs have become a widespread recreational practice in large Russian cities and are now offered in many cafes and restaurants Denmark Shisha bars have gained popularity in the recent years Shisha Parlors are present in Aarhus Odense and Copenhagen and other cities In the United States Edit Mist Hookah Lounge in North Brunswick New Jersey In the United States establishments akin to shisha parlors first opened decades ago clarification needed in the immigrant quarters of New York City Chicago and Los Angeles California as coffee and tea houses Many shisha parlors in the United States have elements such as glass tables plasma televisions and oxygen bars Most bars in the U S require patrons to be at least 21 years of age to smoke shisha and 21 years of age to purchase exceptions are Utah Arizona Alabama and New Jersey 19 years of age to smoke New York and Vermont are 21 years of age 2 9 Over the recent years hookah has become increasingly popular for teens and young adults As of 2014 one out of every five high school seniors in the U S had tried hookah 10 and one in five 18 24 year olds in the U S have smoked hookah in the past month 11 It is not uncommon now to find hookah bars within short distance of college campuses and in the surrounding towns 12 This younger generation is often the target for hookah business establishments 13 Laws about selling and use of hookah in the U S differ state by state Most states do not allow minors under age 18 to smoke hookah and some states ban hookah smoking in public places 14 Recently the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA has begun to regulate hookah tobacco along with cigarettes and other types of tobacco 15 There is concern that even if FDA places health warning labels on hookah packages they may not be seen by people who smoke in hookah lounges since the tobacco is usually taken out of the packages before it is served 16 In Asia EditVietnam Shisha appeared in Vietnam in 2009 This is a very popular trend in Vietnam until now It is rated as safe and not as dangerous as cigarettes so the number of users increases greatly At first shisha was mainly used in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City and now the number of shisha users has appeared in the whole territory of Vietnam 17 Middle East EditIran has a long history of hookah qalyan Persian قلیان use The use of hookas in bars cafes and lounges has reportedly seen a resurgence in recent years 18 Smoking bans and exemptions EditBecause of the harm of passive smoking many municipalities especially in North America and Europe have enacted smoking bans in public places Sometimes however businesses can obtain special permits allowing smoking within these permits are typically available only for shisha bars cigar bars tobacconists and similar establishments where smoking is the focus of activity They are less frequently available for places in which alcohol or food is served In some cases the ban is against tobacco smoking specifically When this is the case a shisha bar may remain in business by replacing traditional tobacco based shisha with a tobacco free mu assel In order to remain open many shisha bars cannot sell food or beverages Approximately 90 of the cities that have put a ban on smoking in public places have exemptions for shisha bars The cities with these kinds of exemptions typically have more dense populations 19 Health concerns EditHookah bars are a growing public health concern Many hookah users do not understand the health risks that come along with the practice Common incorrect beliefs include that shisha is not addictive and that the smoke contains fewer toxic chemicals and carcinogens However hookah smoke contains many of the same toxic chemicals found in cigarettes and it has not been shown to be safer The tobacco contains nicotine and is addictive The water does not filter out the carcinogens or other harmful chemicals are not filtered out 20 Hookah users breathe in many harmful chemicals such as carbon monoxide nicotine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes Like cigarettes breathing in these chemicals cause many health problems such as cancer heart disease lung disease periodontal disease and low birth weight in babies whose mothers smoke it 21 It has been shown that waterpipe tobacco contains 27 known or suspected carcinogens as well as significant concentrations of toxicants thought to cause addiction heart disease and lung disease 22 23 24 Traditional charcoal heated hookahs deliver nine to ten times more carbon monoxide than do standard cigarettes 25 There have been multiple published reports of acute carbon monoxide poisoning caused by narghile waterpipe tobacco hookah 26 Hookah smokers sometimes take in so much carbon monoxide an odorless poisonous gas that they develop carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning causes dizziness nausea and vomiting irritability rapid fall in blood pressure and chest pain and often must be treated in hospital emergency departments 27 This is sometimes known as hookah sickness 27 Hookah smoking can also be harmful to non smokers since hookah releases many harmful substances including particulate matter nicotine and carbon monoxide in the air that are breathed in by anyone in the area 21 Due to the health concerns many cities seek to create tougher restrictions for shisha bars and some want them shut down altogether 28 References Edit East Bay Aromas relaxation are the hook in hookah 20 May 2005 Retrieved 4 October 2018 a b Hookah Bars Finding a Place in America Health RedOrbit 27 September 2007 Archived from the original on 2007 09 27 Retrieved 4 October 2018 What Is A Hookah Lounge Everything You Need to Know iconhookah com Retrieved 23 March 2023 Hammal Fadi Chappell Alyssa Wild T Cameron Kindzierski Warren Shihadeh Alan Vanderhoek Amanda Huynh Cong Khanh Plateel Gregory Finegan Barry A 2015 Herbal but potentially hazardous an analysis of the constituents and smoke emissions of tobacco free waterpipe products and the air quality in the cafes where they are served Tobacco Control 24 3 290 297 doi 10 1136 tobaccocontrol 2013 051169 ISSN 1468 3318 PMID 24128428 S2CID 33155013 Balancing Your Hookah Hobby Health amp Hookahs 12 January 2023 article niche com article niche com Retrieved 4 October 2018 Jawad Mohammed 2014 03 18 Legislation Enforcement of the Waterpipe Tobacco Industry A Qualitative Analysis of the London Experience Nicotine amp Tobacco Research 16 7 1000 1008 doi 10 1093 ntr ntu022 ISSN 1469 994X PMID 24642591 Niewerth A Dinger C Unger und G 2018 11 29 Auch Berlin plant hartere Regeln fur Shisha Bars www morgenpost de in German Retrieved 2018 12 09 Tobacco 21 Law Takes Effect September 1 2019 Division of Liquor Control liquorcontrol vermont gov Retrieved 2020 01 06 Dr Chethan Sathya Special to 2014 07 07 Nearly 1 in 5 high school seniors have tried hookah CNN Retrieved 2021 04 16 Kates Frederick R Haider M Rifat Laberge Maude 2018 08 01 Prevalence and Determinants of Water Pipe Tobacco and Polytobacco Use Among 18 to 24 Year Old Emerging Adults in the United States Emerging Adulthood 6 4 288 295 doi 10 1177 2167696817728177 ISSN 2167 6968 S2CID 80523670 Kates Frederick R Salloum Ramzi G Thrasher James F Islam Farahnaz Fleischer Nancy L Maziak Wasim January 2016 Geographic Proximity of Waterpipe Smoking Establishments to Colleges in the U S American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50 1 e9 e14 doi 10 1016 j amepre 2015 07 006 ISSN 1873 2607 PMC 4821570 PMID 26346294 The Drug Burning Up College Campuses OZY 2015 10 25 Retrieved 2021 04 16 Hookah 50 State Survey PDF University of Maryland School of Law a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link FDA Center for Tobacco Products 2020 07 15 Hookah Tobacco Shisha or Waterpipe Tobacco U S Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products 2020 07 15 Hookah Tobacco Shisha or Waterpipe Tobacco FDA Hut shisha co độc hại như thuốc la khong Fastsell vn in Vietnamese March 2019 Retrieved March 1 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Hookah a hit with Iranian youth TheGuardian com 15 July 2014 Primack Brian A Hopkins Maggie Hallett Cynthia Carroll Mary V Zeller Mitchell Dachille Kathleen Kim Kevin H Fine Michael J Donohue Julie M 2012 US Health Policy Related to Hookah Tobacco Smoking American Journal of Public Health 102 9 e47 e51 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2012 300838 PMC 3482044 PMID 22827447 Morris Daniel S Fiala Steven C Pawlak Rebecca 2012 Opportunities for Policy Interventions to Reduce Youth Hookah Smoking in the United States Preventing Chronic Disease 9 E165 doi 10 5888 pcd9 120082 PMC 3505114 PMID 23153772 a b CDCTobaccoFree 2020 01 22 Hookahs Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Retrieved 2021 04 16 Al Ali Radwan Rastam Samer Ibrahim Iman Bazzi Asma Fayad Sanaa Shihadeh Alan L Zaatari Ghazi S Maziak Wasim 2015 A comparative study of systemic carcinogen exposure in waterpipe smokers cigarette smokers and non smokers Tobacco Control 24 2 125 127 doi 10 1136 tobaccocontrol 2013 051206 PMC 4136964 PMID 23988862 Shihadeh Alan Schubert Jens Klaiany Joanne El Sabban Marwan Luch Andreas Saliba Najat A 2015 Toxicant content physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco free alternatives Tobacco Control 24 Suppl 1 i22 i30 doi 10 1136 tobaccocontrol 2014 051907 PMC 4345918 PMID 25666550 Channick Robert Hookah Lounges Thriving Three Years after Smoking Ban Chicago Tribune N p Web 13 Apr 2011 Rezk Hanna Mary Mosenifar Zab Benowitz Neal L Rader Florian Rashid Mohamad Davoren Katherine Moy Norma B Doering Lynn Robbins Wendie Sarna Linda Li Ning Chang L Cindy Elashoff Robert M Victor Ronald G 2019 High Carbon Monoxide Levels from Charcoal Combustion Mask Acute Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Hookah Waterpipe Smoking in Young Adults Circulation 139 19 2215 2224 doi 10 1161 CIRCULATIONAHA 118 037375 PMID 30764644 S2CID 73455348 Fauci Giovanna La Weiser Giora Steiner Ivan P Shavit Itai 2012 Carbon monoxide poisoning in narghile Water pipe tobacco smokers Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 14 1 57 59 doi 10 2310 8000 2011 110431 PMID 22417961 a b Is Hookah Sickness Just Carbon Monoxide Poisoning www vice com Retrieved 2021 04 16 staff nell casey 2015 01 07 Health Department Trying To Shut Down NYC Hookah Bars Gothamist Retrieved 2021 04 16 Further reading Edit Putting a Crimp in the Hookah article by Douglas Quenqua in The New York Times May 30 2011 Putting a Crimp in the Hookah article by Douglas Quenqua in The New York Times May 30 2022 hookah flavors without tobacco article by Douglas Quenqua in The New York Times May 30 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hookah lounge amp oldid 1146302370, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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