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Proto-Elamite

March 05, 2023

The Proto-Elamite period, also known as Susa III, is a chronological era in the ancient history of the area of Elam, dating from c. 3100 BC to 2700 BC.[3][4][5] In archaeological terms this corresponds to the late Banesh period. Proto-Elamite sites are recognized as the oldest civilization in the territory of present-day Iran.

Proto-Elamite period
(3200-2700 BCE)
Cylinder seal with bulls and lion from the Proto-Elamite period; c. 3100-2900 BC, excavated in 1932, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 6166.[1][2]
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Location of Susa, central location of the Proto-Elamite (Susa III) period, in West Asia.

The Proto-Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use before the introduction of Elamite cuneiform.

History

Background

During the period 8000–3700 BC, the Fertile Crescent witnessed the spread of small settlements supported by agricultural surplus. Geometric tokens emerged to be used to manage stewardship of this surplus.[6] The earliest tokens now known are those from two sites in the Zagros region of Iran: Tepe Asiab and Ganj-i-Dareh Tepe.[7]

The Mesopotamian civilization emerged during the period 3700–2900 BC amid the development of technological innovations such as the plough, sailing boats, and copper metal working. Clay tablets with pictographic characters appeared in this period to record commercial transactions performed by the temples.[6]

Proto-Elamite sites

The most important Proto-Elamite sites are Susa and Anshan. Another important site is Tepe Sialk, where the only remaining Proto-Elamite ziggurat is still seen. Texts in the undeciphered Proto-Elamite script found in Susa are dated to this period. It was originally assumed that the Proto-Elamites were in fact Elamites (Elamite speakers), because of cultural similarities (for example, the building of ziggurats), and because no large-scale migration to this area seems to have occurred between the Proto-Elamite period and the later Elamites. As Proto-Elamite writing has now been found over a wider area that is less certain.

Proto-Elamite pottery dating back to the last half of the 5th millennium BC has been found in Tepe Sialk, where Proto-Elamite writing, the first form of writing in Iran, has been found on tablets of this date. The first cylinder seals come from the Proto-Elamite period, as well.[8]

Some anthropologists, such as John Alden, maintain that Proto-Elamite influence grew rapidly at the end of the 4th millennium BC and declined equally rapidly with the establishment of maritime trade in the Persian Gulf several centuries later.[citation needed]

Proto-Elamite script

 
Standard reconstruction of the development of writing, and position of Proto-Elamite.[11][12] There is a possibility that the Egyptian script was invented independently from the Mesopotamian script.[13]

A few Proto-Elamite signs seem either to be loans from the slightly older proto-cuneiform (Late Uruk) tablets of Mesopotamia, or perhaps more likely, to share a common origin in the earliest 4th millennium numeral tablets: both systems share a few common signs, particularly related to numerals and the objects they counted (such as slaves, females, pots...). Otherwise, the two scripts are quite different, using entirely different signs. The writing style also is different: whereas proto-cuneiform is written in visual hierarchies (boxes), Proto-Elamite is written in an in-line style. In Proto-Elamite numerical signs follow the objects they count; some non-numerical signs are 'images' of the objects they represent, although the majority are entirely abstract.

 
Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100-2850 BC.
 
Proto-Elamite tablet with transcription.

Basic numerical tablets with pictorials for the objects being counted (numerical tablets and numero-logogrammatic tablets) have been carbon dated to 3500-3000 BCE, from the sites of Godin Tepe, Habuba Kabira, Jebel Aruda, Tell Brak and Tepe Hissar. These early numerical tablets are similar to those found in Mesopotamia. Proper Proto-Elamite was used soon after, for a brief period between 3300 and 3000 BCE (circa the Jemdet Nasr period of Mesopotamia).[14][15]

Linear Elamite is attested much later in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE. It is uncertain whether the Proto-Elamite script was the direct predecessor of Linear Elamite. Both scripts remain largely undeciphered, and a postulated relationship between the two is speculative.

Proponents of an Elamo-Dravidian relationship have looked for similarities between the Proto-Elamite script and the Indus script.[16]

Early on, similarities were noted between Proto-Elamite and the Cretan Linear A script.[17]

Inscription corpus

The Proto-Elamite writing system was used over a very large geographical area, stretching from Susa in the west, to Tepe Yahya in the east, and perhaps beyond. The known corpus of inscriptions consists of some 1600 tablets, the vast majority unearthed at Susa.

Proto-Elamite tablets have been found at the following sites (in order of number of tablets recovered):

None of the inscribed objects from Ghazir, Chogha Mish or Hissar can be verified as Proto-Elamite; the tablets from Ghazir and Choga Mish are Uruk IV style or numerical tablets, whereas the Hissar object cannot be classified at present. The majority of the Tepe Sialk tablets are also not proto-Elamite, strictly speaking, but belong to the period of close contact between Mesopotamia and Iran, presumably corresponding to Uruk V - IV.

Decipherment attempts

In 2020, François Desset [fr], of the Laboratoire Archéorient (Lyon, France), announced a proposed decipherment and translation of proto-Elamite texts.[20][21] As yet no scholarly paper has been published on this proposal.[citation needed]

Although the decipherment of Proto-Elamite has remains uncertain, the content of many texts is known. This is possible because certain signs, and in particular a majority of the numerical signs, are similar to the neighboring Mesopotamian writing system, proto-cuneiform. In addition, a number of the proto-Elamite signs are actual images of the objects they represent. However, the majority of the proto-Elamite signs are entirely abstract, and their meanings can only be deciphered through careful graphotactical analysis.[22]

While the Elamite language has been suggested as a likely candidate underlying the Proto-Elamite inscriptions, there is no positive evidence of this. The earliest Proto-Elamite inscriptions, being purely ideographical, do not in fact contain any linguistic information, and following Friberg's 1978/79 study of Ancient Near Eastern metrology, decipherment attempts have moved away from linguistic methods.

In 2012, Dr Jacob Dahl of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, announced a project to make high-quality images of Proto-Elamite clay tablets and publish them online. His hope is that crowdsourcing by academics and amateurs working together would be able to understand the script, despite the presence of mistakes and the lack of phonetic clues.[23] Dahl assisted in making the images of nearly 1600 Proto-Elamite tablets online.[24] Materials were put online[25] on a wiki of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.[26]

  •  

    Clay tokens; circa 3500 BC (Susa II or "Uruk period"); terracotta; from Susa; Louvre (Paris)

  •  

    Globular envelope with a cluster of accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. Susa II or "Uruk period"

  •  

    Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto-Elamite script. Clay accounting tokens, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. Susa III

  •  

    Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto-Elamite script. Clay accounting tokens, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. Susa III

Proto-Elamite cylinder seals

Proto-Elamite seals follow the seals of the Uruk period, with which they share many stylistic elements, but display more individuality and a more lively rendering.[27]

  •  

    Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150-2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484

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    Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150-2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 2675

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    Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150-2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379

  •  

    Proto-Elamite seal impression: combat between man-bull and animals

See also

References

  1. ^ Louvre, Musée du (1992). The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 71 Item Nb.40. ISBN 9780870996511.
  2. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  3. ^ Louvre, Musée du (1992). The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 47. ISBN 9780870996511.
  4. ^ Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.
  5. ^ Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (1971-01-01). "The Proto-Elamite Settlement at Tepe Yaḥyā". Iran. 9: 87–96. doi:10.2307/4300440. JSTOR 4300440.
  6. ^ a b Salvador Carmona & Mahmoud Ezzamel:Accounting And Forms Of Accountability In Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia And Ancient Egypt, IE Business School, IE Working Paper WP05-21, 2005), p.6 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Two precursors of writing: plain and complex tokens
  8. ^ "The Habib Anavian Collection: Iranian Art from the 5th Millennium B.C. to the 7th Century A.D." website of the Anavian Gallery, New York. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
  9. ^ "Statuette of a Striding Figure". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  10. ^ "Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel, ca. 3100–2900 B.C. Proto-Elamite". www.metmuseum.org.
  11. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey; Stone, Norman (1989). The Times Atlas of World History. Hammond Incorporated. p. 53. ISBN 9780723003045.
  12. ^ Senner, Wayne M. (1991). The Origins of Writing. University of Nebraska Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780803291676.
  13. ^ Boudreau, Vincent (2004). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780521838610.
  14. ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia (2008). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. Blackwell. p. 25. ISBN 978-1444304688.
  15. ^ Hock, Hans Heinrich (2009). Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2nd ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. p. 69. ISBN 978-3110214291.
  16. ^ David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, p.175-189
  17. ^ BRICE, W., "A COMPARISON OF THE ACCOUNT TABLETS OF SUSA IN THE PROTO-ELAMITE SCRIPT WITH THOSE OF HAGIA TRIADA IN LINEAR A.", KADMOS, 2(1), pp. 27-38, 1963
  18. ^ Stolper, M., "Proto-Elamite texts from Tall-I Malyan”, in: KADMOS, 24(1-2), pp. 1-12, 1985
  19. ^ [1] Dahl, J. L., Hessari, M., & Yousefi Zoshk, R. (2012). The Proto-Elamite Tablets from Tape Sofalin. Iranian journal of archaeological studies, 2(1), 57-73
  20. ^ "Un Français déchiffre une écriture de plus de 4000 ans". 7 December 2020.
  21. ^ "Iranian plateau gave birth to writing: French archaeologist". 11 December 2020.
  22. ^ [2] Robert K. Englund, “The State of Decipherment of Proto-Elamite,” in: Stephen Houston, ed. The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process (2004). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–149.
  23. ^ Coughlan, Sean (2012-10-25). "Breakthrough in world's oldest undeciphered writing". The "Reflectance Transformation Imaging System" from Oxford University in use at the Louvre Museum to obtain enhanced images of the writing. BBC News Online. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
  24. ^ Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  25. ^ Coughlan, Sean (24 October 2012). "'Crowd-sourcing' website to decipher ancient writing". BBC News.
  26. ^ "Proto-Elamite". cdli.ox.ac.uk. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Wiki.
  27. ^ The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992. p. 70. ISBN 9780870996511.

Literature

  • Logan Born et al., "Compositionality of Complex Graphemes in the Undeciphered Proto-Elamite Script using Image and Text Embedding Models"[3] in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, pp. 3136–3146 August 2021
  • Jacob L. Dahl, "Complex Graphemes in Proto-Elamite," in Cuneiform Digital Library Journal (CDLJ) 2005:3. Download a PDF copy
  • [4] Jacob L. Dahl, "The proto-Elamite seal MDP 16, pl. XII fig. 198", in Cuneiform Digital Library Notes, CDLN 2014:1, 2014
  • [5] Jacob L. Dahl, "New and old joins in the Louvre proto-Elamite tablet collection", in Cuneiform Digital Library Notes, CDLN 2012:6, 2012
  • Dahl, Jacob L, "Animal Husbandry in Susa during the Proto-Elamite Period" SMEA, vol.47, pp. 81–134, 2005
  • Peter Damerow, “The Origins of Writing as a Problem of Historical Epistemology,” in Cuneiform Digital Library Journal (CDLJ) 2006:1. Download a PDF copy
  • Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund, The Proto-Elamite Texts from Tepe Yahya, The American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 39; Cambridge, MA, 1989
  • [6] Englund, R.K, "The Proto-Elamite Script," in: Peter Daniels and William Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems (1996). New York/Oxford, pp. 160–164, 1996
  • Robert H. Dyson, “Early Work on the Acropolis at Susa. The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran,” Expedition 10/4 (1968) 21–34.
  • Jöran Friberg, The Third Millennium Roots of Babylonian Mathematics I-II (Göteborg, 1978/79).
  • [7]Hansen, Donald, et al. “A Proto-Elamite Silver Figurine in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.” Metropolitan Museum Journal, vol. 3, 1970, pp. 5–26
  • [8] Laura F. Hawkins, "A New Edition of the Proto-Elamite Text MDP 17", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, CDLJ 2015:001, 2015
  • A. Le Brun, “Recherches stratigraphiques a l’acropole de Suse, 1969-1971,” in Cahiers de la Délégation archaéologique Française en Iran 1 (= CahDAFI 1; Paris, 1971) 163 – 216.
  • Piero Meriggi, La scritura proto-elamica. Parte Ia: La scritura e il contenuto dei testi (Rome, 1971).
  • Piero Meriggi, La scritura proto-elamica. Parte IIa: Catalogo dei segni (Rome, 1974).
  • Piero Meriggi, La scritura proto-elamica. Parte IIIa: Testi (Rome, 1974).
  • Daniel T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam (Cambridge, UK, 1999).
  • Saeedi, Sepideh, Proto-Elamite Communities under the Magnifying Glass [9], in: Abar, Aydin et al. (Hrsg.): Pearls, Politics and Pistachios: Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock's 65th Birthday, Heidelberg: Propylaeum, 2021, pp. 61–87.
  • Sax, M., and A. P. Middleton. "The Use of Volcanic Tuff as a Raw Material for Proto-Elamite Cylinder Seals." Iran, vol. 27, 1989, pp. 121–23
  • [10] Francois Vallat, The Most Ancient Scripts of Iran: The Current Situation, World Archaeology, vol. 17, no. 3, Early Writing Systems, pp. 335–347, (Feb., 1986)

External links

  • Interview with Francois Desset on his proposed decipherment - The Postil Magazine - Sep 2021
  • Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
  • Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Wiki. "Proto-Elamite". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford. (crowdsourcing materials)
  • Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Proto-Elamite culture
  • Preliminary proposal to encode ProtoElamite in Unicode - Anshuman Pandey 2020

March 05, 2023
proto, elamite, period, also, known, susa, chronological, ancient, history, area, elam, dating, from, 3100, 2700, archaeological, terms, this, corresponds, late, banesh, period, sites, recognized, oldest, civilization, territory, present, iran, period, 3200, 2. The Proto Elamite period also known as Susa III is a chronological era in the ancient history of the area of Elam dating from c 3100 BC to 2700 BC 3 4 5 In archaeological terms this corresponds to the late Banesh period Proto Elamite sites are recognized as the oldest civilization in the territory of present day Iran Proto Elamite period 3200 2700 BCE Cylinder seal with bulls and lion from the Proto Elamite period c 3100 2900 BC excavated in 1932 Louvre Museum reference Sb 6166 1 2 Susaclass notpageimage Location of Susa central location of the Proto Elamite Susa III period in West Asia The Proto Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use before the introduction of Elamite cuneiform Contents 1 History 1 1 Background 1 2 Proto Elamite sites 2 Proto Elamite script 2 1 Inscription corpus 2 2 Decipherment attempts 3 Proto Elamite cylinder seals 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature 7 External linksHistory EditBackground Edit During the period 8000 3700 BC the Fertile Crescent witnessed the spread of small settlements supported by agricultural surplus Geometric tokens emerged to be used to manage stewardship of this surplus 6 The earliest tokens now known are those from two sites in the Zagros region of Iran Tepe Asiab and Ganj i Dareh Tepe 7 The Mesopotamian civilization emerged during the period 3700 2900 BC amid the development of technological innovations such as the plough sailing boats and copper metal working Clay tablets with pictographic characters appeared in this period to record commercial transactions performed by the temples 6 Proto Elamite sites Edit The most important Proto Elamite sites are Susa and Anshan Another important site is Tepe Sialk where the only remaining Proto Elamite ziggurat is still seen Texts in the undeciphered Proto Elamite script found in Susa are dated to this period It was originally assumed that the Proto Elamites were in fact Elamites Elamite speakers because of cultural similarities for example the building of ziggurats and because no large scale migration to this area seems to have occurred between the Proto Elamite period and the later Elamites As Proto Elamite writing has now been found over a wider area that is less certain Proto Elamite pottery dating back to the last half of the 5th millennium BC has been found in Tepe Sialk where Proto Elamite writing the first form of writing in Iran has been found on tablets of this date The first cylinder seals come from the Proto Elamite period as well 8 Some anthropologists such as John Alden maintain that Proto Elamite influence grew rapidly at the end of the 4th millennium BC and declined equally rapidly with the establishment of maritime trade in the Persian Gulf several centuries later citation needed Striding figure Proto Elamite or Mesopotamian 3000 2800 BC 9 Kneeling Bull with Vessel Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel Proto Elamite period 3100 2900 BC Metropolitan Museum of Art 10 The Proto Elamite Guennol Lioness c 3000 2800 BC 3 5 inches high Chlorite vessel with mythological scenes Early Dynastic III 2600 2300 BCE found in Ur but probably made in IranProto Elamite script EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2022 Standard reconstruction of the development of writing and position of Proto Elamite 11 12 There is a possibility that the Egyptian script was invented independently from the Mesopotamian script 13 A few Proto Elamite signs seem either to be loans from the slightly older proto cuneiform Late Uruk tablets of Mesopotamia or perhaps more likely to share a common origin in the earliest 4th millennium numeral tablets both systems share a few common signs particularly related to numerals and the objects they counted such as slaves females pots Otherwise the two scripts are quite different using entirely different signs The writing style also is different whereas proto cuneiform is written in visual hierarchies boxes Proto Elamite is written in an in line style In Proto Elamite numerical signs follow the objects they count some non numerical signs are images of the objects they represent although the majority are entirely abstract Economical tablet in Proto Elamite Suse III Louvre Museum reference Sb 15200 circa 3100 2850 BC Proto Elamite tablet with transcription Basic numerical tablets with pictorials for the objects being counted numerical tablets and numero logogrammatic tablets have been carbon dated to 3500 3000 BCE from the sites of Godin Tepe Habuba Kabira Jebel Aruda Tell Brak and Tepe Hissar These early numerical tablets are similar to those found in Mesopotamia Proper Proto Elamite was used soon after for a brief period between 3300 and 3000 BCE circa the Jemdet Nasr period of Mesopotamia 14 15 Linear Elamite is attested much later in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE It is uncertain whether the Proto Elamite script was the direct predecessor of Linear Elamite Both scripts remain largely undeciphered and a postulated relationship between the two is speculative Proponents of an Elamo Dravidian relationship have looked for similarities between the Proto Elamite script and the Indus script 16 Early on similarities were noted between Proto Elamite and the Cretan Linear A script 17 Inscription corpus Edit The Proto Elamite writing system was used over a very large geographical area stretching from Susa in the west to Tepe Yahya in the east and perhaps beyond The known corpus of inscriptions consists of some 1600 tablets the vast majority unearthed at Susa Proto Elamite tablets have been found at the following sites in order of number of tablets recovered Susa more than 1500 tablets Anshan or Malyan more than 30 tablets 18 Tepe Yahya 27 tablets Tepe Sialk 22 tablets Tape Sofalin 12 tablets and fragments 19 Jiroft two tablets Ozbaki one tablet Shahr e Sukhteh one tablet None of the inscribed objects from Ghazir Chogha Mish or Hissar can be verified as Proto Elamite the tablets from Ghazir and Choga Mish are Uruk IV style or numerical tablets whereas the Hissar object cannot be classified at present The majority of the Tepe Sialk tablets are also not proto Elamite strictly speaking but belong to the period of close contact between Mesopotamia and Iran presumably corresponding to Uruk V IV Decipherment attempts Edit In 2020 Francois Desset fr of the Laboratoire Archeorient Lyon France announced a proposed decipherment and translation of proto Elamite texts 20 21 As yet no scholarly paper has been published on this proposal citation needed Although the decipherment of Proto Elamite has remains uncertain the content of many texts is known This is possible because certain signs and in particular a majority of the numerical signs are similar to the neighboring Mesopotamian writing system proto cuneiform In addition a number of the proto Elamite signs are actual images of the objects they represent However the majority of the proto Elamite signs are entirely abstract and their meanings can only be deciphered through careful graphotactical analysis 22 While the Elamite language has been suggested as a likely candidate underlying the Proto Elamite inscriptions there is no positive evidence of this The earliest Proto Elamite inscriptions being purely ideographical do not in fact contain any linguistic information and following Friberg s 1978 79 study of Ancient Near Eastern metrology decipherment attempts have moved away from linguistic methods In 2012 Dr Jacob Dahl of the Faculty of Oriental Studies University of Oxford announced a project to make high quality images of Proto Elamite clay tablets and publish them online His hope is that crowdsourcing by academics and amateurs working together would be able to understand the script despite the presence of mistakes and the lack of phonetic clues 23 Dahl assisted in making the images of nearly 1600 Proto Elamite tablets online 24 Materials were put online 25 on a wiki of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative 26 Clay tokens circa 3500 BC Susa II or Uruk period terracotta from Susa Louvre Paris Globular envelope with a cluster of accounting tokens Clay Uruk period From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa Susa II or Uruk period Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto Elamite script Clay accounting tokens Uruk period From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa Susa III Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto Elamite script Clay accounting tokens Uruk period From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa Susa IIIProto Elamite cylinder seals EditProto Elamite seals follow the seals of the Uruk period with which they share many stylistic elements but display more individuality and a more lively rendering 27 Susa III Proto Elamite cylinder seal 3150 2800 BC Louvre Museum reference Sb 1484 Susa III Proto Elamite cylinder seal 3150 2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 2675 Susa III Proto Elamite cylinder seal 3150 2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379 Proto Elamite seal impression combat between man bull and animalsSee also Edit Asia portalHistory of Iran Jiroft cultureReferences Edit Louvre Musee du 1992 The Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre Metropolitan Museum of Art p 71 Item Nb 40 ISBN 9780870996511 Site officiel du musee du Louvre cartelfr louvre fr Louvre Musee du 1992 The Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre Metropolitan Museum of Art p 47 ISBN 9780870996511 Alvarez Mon Javier 2020 The Art of Elam CA 4200 525 BC Routledge p 120 ISBN 978 1 000 03485 1 Lamberg Karlovsky C C 1971 01 01 The Proto Elamite Settlement at Tepe Yaḥya Iran 9 87 96 doi 10 2307 4300440 JSTOR 4300440 a b Salvador Carmona amp Mahmoud Ezzamel Accounting And Forms Of Accountability In Ancient Civilizations Mesopotamia And Ancient Egypt IE Business School IE Working Paper WP05 21 2005 p 6 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 19 Retrieved 2011 09 02 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Two precursors of writing plain and complex tokens The Habib Anavian Collection Iranian Art from the 5th Millennium B C to the 7th Century A D website of the Anavian Gallery New York Retrieved 22 October 2012 Statuette of a Striding Figure The Art Institute of Chicago Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel ca 3100 2900 B C Proto Elamite www metmuseum org Barraclough Geoffrey Stone Norman 1989 The Times Atlas of World History Hammond Incorporated p 53 ISBN 9780723003045 Senner Wayne M 1991 The Origins of Writing University of Nebraska Press p 77 ISBN 9780803291676 Boudreau Vincent 2004 The First Writing Script Invention as History and Process Cambridge University Press p 71 ISBN 9780521838610 Gnanadesikan Amalia 2008 The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Blackwell p 25 ISBN 978 1444304688 Hock Hans Heinrich 2009 Language History Language Change and Language Relationship An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics 2nd ed Mouton de Gruyter p 69 ISBN 978 3110214291 David McAlpin Linguistic prehistory the Dravidian situation in Madhav M Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook Aryan and Non Aryan in India p 175 189 BRICE W A COMPARISON OF THE ACCOUNT TABLETS OF SUSA IN THE PROTO ELAMITE SCRIPT WITH THOSE OF HAGIA TRIADA IN LINEAR A KADMOS 2 1 pp 27 38 1963 Stolper M Proto Elamite texts from Tall I Malyan in KADMOS 24 1 2 pp 1 12 1985 1 Dahl J L Hessari M amp Yousefi Zoshk R 2012 The Proto Elamite Tablets from Tape Sofalin Iranian journal of archaeological studies 2 1 57 73 Un Francais dechiffre une ecriture de plus de 4000 ans 7 December 2020 Iranian plateau gave birth to writing French archaeologist 11 December 2020 2 Robert K Englund The State of Decipherment of Proto Elamite in Stephen Houston ed The First Writing Script Invention as History and Process 2004 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press pp 100 149 Coughlan Sean 2012 10 25 Breakthrough in world s oldest undeciphered writing The Reflectance Transformation Imaging System from Oxford University in use at the Louvre Museum to obtain enhanced images of the writing BBC News Online Retrieved 2013 02 07 Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative University of California Los Angeles Retrieved 9 March 2015 Coughlan Sean 24 October 2012 Crowd sourcing website to decipher ancient writing BBC News Proto Elamite cdli ox ac uk Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Wiki The Royal City of Susa Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre Metropolitan Museum of Art 1992 p 70 ISBN 9780870996511 Literature EditLogan Born et al Compositionality of Complex Graphemes in the Undeciphered Proto Elamite Script using Image and Text Embedding Models 3 in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL IJCNLP 2021 pp 3136 3146 August 2021 Jacob L Dahl Complex Graphemes in Proto Elamite in Cuneiform Digital Library Journal CDLJ 2005 3 Download a PDF copy 4 Jacob L Dahl The proto Elamite seal MDP 16 pl XII fig 198 in Cuneiform Digital Library Notes CDLN 2014 1 2014 5 Jacob L Dahl New and old joins in the Louvre proto Elamite tablet collection in Cuneiform Digital Library Notes CDLN 2012 6 2012 Dahl Jacob L Animal Husbandry in Susa during the Proto Elamite Period SMEA vol 47 pp 81 134 2005 Peter Damerow The Origins of Writing as a Problem of Historical Epistemology in Cuneiform Digital Library Journal CDLJ 2006 1 Download a PDF copy Peter Damerow and Robert K Englund The Proto Elamite Texts from Tepe Yahya The American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 39 Cambridge MA 1989 6 Englund R K The Proto Elamite Script in Peter Daniels and William Bright eds The World s Writing Systems 1996 New York Oxford pp 160 164 1996 Robert H Dyson Early Work on the Acropolis at Susa The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran Expedition 10 4 1968 21 34 Joran Friberg The Third Millennium Roots of Babylonian Mathematics I II Goteborg 1978 79 7 Hansen Donald et al A Proto Elamite Silver Figurine in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Metropolitan Museum Journal vol 3 1970 pp 5 26 8 Laura F Hawkins A New Edition of the Proto Elamite Text MDP 17 Cuneiform Digital Library Journal CDLJ 2015 001 2015 A Le Brun Recherches stratigraphiques a l acropole de Suse 1969 1971 in Cahiers de la Delegation archaeologique Francaise en Iran 1 CahDAFI 1 Paris 1971 163 216 Piero Meriggi La scritura proto elamica Parte Ia La scritura e il contenuto dei testi Rome 1971 Piero Meriggi La scritura proto elamica Parte IIa Catalogo dei segni Rome 1974 Piero Meriggi La scritura proto elamica Parte IIIa Testi Rome 1974 Daniel T Potts The Archaeology of Elam Cambridge UK 1999 Saeedi Sepideh Proto Elamite Communities under the Magnifying Glass 9 in Abar Aydin et al Hrsg Pearls Politics and Pistachios Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock s 65th Birthday Heidelberg Propylaeum 2021 pp 61 87 Sax M and A P Middleton The Use of Volcanic Tuff as a Raw Material for Proto Elamite Cylinder Seals Iran vol 27 1989 pp 121 23 10 Francois Vallat The Most Ancient Scripts of Iran The Current Situation World Archaeology vol 17 no 3 Early Writing Systems pp 335 347 Feb 1986 External links EditInterview with Francois Desset on his proposed decipherment The Postil Magazine Sep 2021 Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative Wiki Proto Elamite cdli ox ac uk University of Oxford crowdsourcing materials Graphic with article of a Proto Elamite tablet Art of the Bronze Age Southeastern Iran Western Central Asia and the Indus Valley an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art fully available online as PDF which contains material on Proto Elamite culture Preliminary proposal to encode ProtoElamite in Unicode Anshuman Pandey 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Proto Elamite amp oldid 1142690320, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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