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Elamo-Dravidian languages

January 07, 2023

The Elamo-Dravidian language family is a hypothesised language family that links the Dravidian languages of Pakistan, and Southern India to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran). Linguist David McAlpin has been a chief proponent of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis.[1] The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles, but has been subject to serious criticism by linguists, and remains only one of several scenarios for the origins of the Dravidian languages.[note 1] Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.[3]

Elamo-Dravidian
(widely rejected)
Geographic
distribution		South Asia, West Asia
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

History of the proposal

The concept that Elamite and Dravidian are in some way related dates from the beginnings of both fields in the early nineteenth century. Edwin Norris was the first to publish an article in support of the hypothesis in 1853.[4] Further evidence was proposed by Robert Caldwell when he published a comparative linguistics book in 1856 about the Dravidian languages.[5] David McAlpin, assistant professor of Dravidian languages and linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, published a series of papers providing evidence supporting the theory.[6][1] He also speculated that the unknown Harappan language (the language or languages of the Indus Valley civilization) might also have been part of this family.

Linguistic arguments

According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam, located in present-day southwestern Iran.[7][6] McAlpin (1975) in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. He proposed that 20% of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates while 12% are probable cognates. He further claimed that Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second-person pronouns and parallel case endings. They have a number of similar derivatives, abstract nouns, and the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. Both have two positive tenses, a "past" and a "non-past".[8]

Reception

The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles but is difficult to assess due to the limited resources on the Elamite language.[5] Supporters of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis include Igor M. Diakonoff[9] and Franklin Southworth.[1]

Bhadriraju Krishnamurti regarded McAlpin's proposed morphological correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian to be ad hoc, and found them to be lacking phonological motivation.[10] Similar criticisms have been made by Kamil Zvelebil and others.[10] Georgiy Starostin criticized them as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families.[5] For the majority of historical linguists, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis remains unproven, and Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language.[11][12][13]

Spread of farming

See also: Indus–Mesopotamia relations

Apart from the linguistic similarities, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis rests on the claim that agriculture spread from the Near East to the Indus Valley region via Elam. This would suggest that agriculturalists brought a new language as well as farming from Elam. Supporting ethno-botanical data include the Near Eastern origin and name of wheat (D. Fuller). Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions.

Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent,[14][15][16][note 2] but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian languages with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India.[2] Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out".[2]

Narasimhan et al. (2019) conclude that the Iranian ancestral component in the IVC people was contributed by people related to but distinct from Iranian agriculturalists, lacking the Anatolian farmer-related ancestry which was common in Iranian farmers after 6000 BCE.[17][note 3] Those Iranian farmers-related people may have arrived in the Indus Valley before the advent of farming there,[17] and mixed with people related to Indian hunter-gatherers ca. 5400 to 3700 BCE, before the advent of the mature IVC.[20][note 4] Sylvester et al. (2019) noted that (referring to Renfrew (1996)) "the existence of Brahui speakers, solitary Dravidian language speakers in Balochistan in Pakistan, supports the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis",[22][23] and concluded that bidirectional migration and admixture occurred during neolithic times.[24]

Notes

  1. ^ Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out."[2]
  2. ^ Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent."[16]

    Derenko refers to:
    * Renfrew (1987), Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
    * Renfrew (1996), Language families and the spread of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 70–92
    * Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes.
  3. ^ Narasimhan et al.: "[One possibility is that] Iranian farmer–related ancestry in this group was characteristic of the Indus Valley hunter-gatherers in the same way as it was characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers. The presence of such ancestry in hunter-gatherers from Belt and Hotu Caves in northeastern Iran increases the plausibility that this ancestry could have existed in hunter-gatherers farther east."[17]
    Shinde et al. (2019) note that these Iranian people "had little if any genetic contribution from [...] western Iranian farmers or herders";[18] they split from each other more than 12,000 years ago.[19]
    See also Razib Kkan, The Day of the Dasa: "...it may, in fact, be the case that ANI-like quasi-Iranians occupied northwest South Asia for a long time, and AHG populations hugged the southern and eastern fringes, during the height of the Pleistocene."
  4. ^ Mascarenhas et al. (2015) note that "new, possibly West Asian, body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase (3800 BCE)."[21]

References

  1. ^ a b c Southworth, Franklin (2011). "Rice in Dravidian". Rice. 4 (3–4): 142–148. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9.
  2. ^ a b c Heggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014), "South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages", in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107647756
  3. ^ Archaeologies of Text: Archaeology, Technology, and Ethics. Oxbow Books. p. 34.
  4. ^ McAlpin, David W. (1981). (PDF). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 71 (3): 1–155. doi:10.2307/1006352. JSTOR 1006352. S2CID 129838682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-18.
  5. ^ a b c Starostin, George (2002). "On the genetic affiliation of the Elamite language" (PDF). Mother Tongue. 7: 147–170.
  6. ^ a b David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships", Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
  7. ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2004), Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-1215-0, retrieved 2008-11-25, ... The analysis of two Y chromosome variants, Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians, Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6,000 YBP in India. This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south-west Iran to the Indus valley, and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south-west Iran (Quintan-Murci et al., 2001). ...
  8. ^ David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidian, Further Evidence of Relationships", Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); David McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
  9. ^ Diakonoff, I.M. (1990). "Language Contact in the Caucasus and the Near East". In T. L. Markey; John A. C. Greppin (eds.). When Worlds Collide: The Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europeans. Ann Arbor: Karoma. pp. 53–65.
  10. ^ a b Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University. p. 44. ISBN 9781139435338.
  11. ^ Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (eds.)(2003), "Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations", Routledge, p.125
  12. ^ Roger D. Woodard (ed.)(2008), "The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum", Cambridge University Press, p.3
  13. ^ Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2011), "The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet", John Wiley & Sons
  14. ^ Cavalli-Sforza (1994), p. 221-222.
  15. ^ Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha P. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India", Journal of Genetics, 80 (3): 125–35, doi:10.1007/BF02717908, PMID 11988631, S2CID 13267463, ... More recently, about 15,000–10,000 years before present (ybp), when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran, there was another eastward wave of human migration (Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994; Renfrew 1987), a part of which also appears to have entered India. This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India (Renfrew 1987). Subsequently, the Indo-European (Aryan) language family was introduced into India about 4,000 ybp ...
  16. ^ a b Derenko (2013).
  17. ^ a b c Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11.
  18. ^ Shinde et al. 2019, p. 6.
  19. ^ Shinde et al. 2019, p. 4.
  20. ^ Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 5.
  21. ^ Mascarenhas et al. 2015, p. 9.
  22. ^ Sylvester 2019, p. 1.
  23. ^ Sylvester et al. (2019) refer to Renfrew (1996), Language families and the spread of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 70–92.
  24. ^ Sylvester 2019.

Sources

  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
  • Sylvester, Charles (2019), "Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration", Annals of Human Biology, 46 (2): 175–180, doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1599067, PMID 30909755, S2CID 85516060

Further reading

  • Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1992). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. BRILL. pp. 19–23. ISBN 978-8120404915.
  • Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77111-5.
  • McAlpin, David W. (2003). "Velars, Uvulars, and the North Dravidian Hypothesis". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (3): 521–546. doi:10.2307/3217749. JSTOR 3217749.
  • McAlpin, David W. (2015). "Brahui and the Zagrosian Hypothesis". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 135 (5): 551–586. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.3.551.

January 07, 2023
elamo, dravidian, languages, elamo, dravidian, language, family, hypothesised, language, family, that, links, dravidian, languages, pakistan, southern, india, extinct, elamite, language, ancient, elam, present, southwestern, iran, linguist, david, mcalpin, bee. The Elamo Dravidian language family is a hypothesised language family that links the Dravidian languages of Pakistan and Southern India to the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam present day southwestern Iran Linguist David McAlpin has been a chief proponent of the Elamo Dravidian hypothesis 1 The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles but has been subject to serious criticism by linguists and remains only one of several scenarios for the origins of the Dravidian languages note 1 Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate unrelated to any other known language 3 Elamo Dravidian widely rejected GeographicdistributionSouth Asia West AsiaLinguistic classificationProposed language familySubdivisionsElamite DravidianGlottologNone Contents 1 History of the proposal 2 Linguistic arguments 3 Reception 4 Spread of farming 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further readingHistory of the proposal EditThe concept that Elamite and Dravidian are in some way related dates from the beginnings of both fields in the early nineteenth century Edwin Norris was the first to publish an article in support of the hypothesis in 1853 4 Further evidence was proposed by Robert Caldwell when he published a comparative linguistics book in 1856 about the Dravidian languages 5 David McAlpin assistant professor of Dravidian languages and linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania published a series of papers providing evidence supporting the theory 6 1 He also speculated that the unknown Harappan language the language or languages of the Indus Valley civilization might also have been part of this family Linguistic arguments EditAccording to David McAlpin the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam located in present day southwestern Iran 7 6 McAlpin 1975 in his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian He proposed that 20 of Dravidian and Elamite vocabulary are cognates while 12 are probable cognates He further claimed that Elamite and Dravidian possess similar second person pronouns and parallel case endings They have a number of similar derivatives abstract nouns and the same verb stem tense marker personal ending structure Both have two positive tenses a past and a non past 8 Reception EditThe hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles but is difficult to assess due to the limited resources on the Elamite language 5 Supporters of the Elamo Dravidian hypothesis include Igor M Diakonoff 9 and Franklin Southworth 1 Bhadriraju Krishnamurti regarded McAlpin s proposed morphological correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian to be ad hoc and found them to be lacking phonological motivation 10 Similar criticisms have been made by Kamil Zvelebil and others 10 Georgiy Starostin criticized them as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families 5 For the majority of historical linguists the Elamo Dravidian hypothesis remains unproven and Elamite is generally accepted by scholars to be a language isolate unrelated to any other known language 11 12 13 Spread of farming EditSee also Indus Mesopotamia relations Apart from the linguistic similarities the Elamo Dravidian hypothesis rests on the claim that agriculture spread from the Near East to the Indus Valley region via Elam This would suggest that agriculturalists brought a new language as well as farming from Elam Supporting ethno botanical data include the Near Eastern origin and name of wheat D Fuller Later evidence of extensive trade between Elam and the Indus Valley Civilization suggests ongoing links between the two regions Renfrew and Cavalli Sforza have also argued that Proto Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent 14 15 16 note 2 but more recently Heggarty and Renfrew noted that McAlpin s analysis of the language data and thus his claims remain far from orthodoxy adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian languages with other languages and thus assumes it to be native to India 2 Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data and that the linguistic jury is still very much out 2 Narasimhan et al 2019 conclude that the Iranian ancestral component in the IVC people was contributed by people related to but distinct from Iranian agriculturalists lacking the Anatolian farmer related ancestry which was common in Iranian farmers after 6000 BCE 17 note 3 Those Iranian farmers related people may have arrived in the Indus Valley before the advent of farming there 17 and mixed with people related to Indian hunter gatherers ca 5400 to 3700 BCE before the advent of the mature IVC 20 note 4 Sylvester et al 2019 noted that referring to Renfrew 1996 the existence of Brahui speakers solitary Dravidian language speakers in Balochistan in Pakistan supports the Elamo Dravidian hypothesis 22 23 and concluded that bidirectional migration and admixture occurred during neolithic times 24 Notes Edit Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data and that the linguistic jury is still very much out 2 Derenko The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo European languages in southern Asia It is hypothesized that the proto Elamo Dravidian language most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub continent 16 Derenko refers to Renfrew 1987 Archaeology and Language The Puzzle of Indo European Origins Renfrew 1996 Language families and the spread of farming In Harris DR editor The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia pp 70 92 Cavalli Sforza Menozzi Piazza 1994 The History and Geography of Human Genes Narasimhan et al One possibility is that Iranian farmer related ancestry in this group was characteristic of the Indus Valley hunter gatherers in the same way as it was characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter gatherers The presence of such ancestry in hunter gatherers from Belt and Hotu Caves in northeastern Iran increases the plausibility that this ancestry could have existed in hunter gatherers farther east 17 Shinde et al 2019 note that these Iranian people had little if any genetic contribution from western Iranian farmers or herders 18 they split from each other more than 12 000 years ago 19 See also Razib Kkan The Day of the Dasa it may in fact be the case that ANI like quasi Iranians occupied northwest South Asia for a long time and AHG populations hugged the southern and eastern fringes during the height of the Pleistocene Mascarenhas et al 2015 note that new possibly West Asian body types are reported from the graves of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase 3800 BCE 21 References Edit a b c Southworth Franklin 2011 Rice in Dravidian Rice 4 3 4 142 148 doi 10 1007 s12284 011 9076 9 a b c Heggarty Paul Renfrew Collin 2014 South and Island Southeast Asia Languages in Renfrew Colin Bahn Paul eds The Cambridge World Prehistory Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107647756 Archaeologies of Text Archaeology Technology and Ethics Oxbow Books p 34 McAlpin David W 1981 Proto Elamo Dravidian The Evidence and Its Implications PDF Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 71 3 1 155 doi 10 2307 1006352 JSTOR 1006352 S2CID 129838682 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 02 18 a b c Starostin George 2002 On the genetic affiliation of the Elamite language PDF Mother Tongue 7 147 170 a b David McAlpin Toward Proto Elamo Dravidian Language vol 50 no 1 1974 David McAlpin Elamite and Dravidian Further Evidence of Relationships Current Anthropology vol 16 no 1 1975 David McAlpin Linguistic prehistory the Dravidian situation in Madhav M Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook Aryan and Non Aryan in India Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1979 David McAlpin Proto Elamo Dravidian The Evidence and its Implications Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 71 pt 3 1981 Dhavendra Kumar 2004 Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent Springer ISBN 978 1 4020 1215 0 retrieved 2008 11 25 The analysis of two Y chromosome variants Hgr9 and Hgr3 provides interesting data Quintan Murci et al 2001 Microsatellite variation of Hgr9 among Iranians Pakistanis and Indians indicate an expansion of populations to around 9000 YBP in Iran and then to 6 000 YBP in India This migration originated in what was historically termed Elam in south west Iran to the Indus valley and may have been associated with the spread of Dravidian languages from south west Iran Quintan Murci et al 2001 David McAlpin Toward Proto Elamo Dravidian Language vol 50 no 1 1974 David McAlpin Elamite and Dravidian Further Evidence of Relationships Current Anthropology vol 16 no 1 1975 David McAlpin Linguistic prehistory the Dravidian situation in Madhav M Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook Aryan and Non Aryan in India Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1979 David McAlpin Proto Elamo Dravidian The Evidence and its Implications Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 71 pt 3 1981 Diakonoff I M 1990 Language Contact in the Caucasus and the Near East In T L Markey John A C Greppin eds When Worlds Collide The Indo Europeans and the Pre Indo Europeans Ann Arbor Karoma pp 53 65 a b Krishnamurti Bhadriraju 2003 01 16 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University p 44 ISBN 9781139435338 Roger Blench Matthew Spriggs eds 2003 Archaeology and Language I Theoretical and Methodological Orientations Routledge p 125 Roger D Woodard ed 2008 The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia Egypt and Aksum Cambridge University Press p 3 Amalia E Gnanadesikan 2011 The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet John Wiley amp Sons Cavalli Sforza 1994 p 221 222 sfnp error no target CITEREFCavalli Sforza1994 help Namita Mukherjee Almut Nebel Ariella Oppenheim Partha P Majumder December 2001 High resolution analysis of Y chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India Journal of Genetics 80 3 125 35 doi 10 1007 BF02717908 PMID 11988631 S2CID 13267463 More recently about 15 000 10 000 years before present ybp when agriculture developed in the Fertile Crescent region that extends from Israel through northern Syria to western Iran there was another eastward wave of human migration Cavalli Sforza et al 1994 Renfrew 1987 a part of which also appears to have entered India This wave has been postulated to have brought the Dravidian languages into India Renfrew 1987 Subsequently the Indo European Aryan language family was introduced into India about 4 000 ybp a b Derenko 2013 sfnp error no target CITEREFDerenko2013 help a b c Narasimhan et al 2019 p 11 Shinde et al 2019 p 6 sfn error no target CITEREFShindeNarasimhanRohlandMallick2019 help Shinde et al 2019 p 4 sfn error no target CITEREFShindeNarasimhanRohlandMallick2019 help Narasimhan et al 2019 p 5 Mascarenhas et al 2015 p 9 sfn error no target CITEREFMascarenhasRainaAstonSanghera2015 help Sylvester 2019 p 1 Sylvester et al 2019 refer to Renfrew 1996 Language families and the spread of farming In Harris DR editor The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia pp 70 92 Sylvester 2019 Sources EditNarasimhan Vagheesh M Patterson N J Moorjani Priya Rohland Nadin et al 2019 The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia Science 365 6457 eaat7487 doi 10 1126 science aat7487 PMC 6822619 PMID 31488661 Sylvester Charles 2019 Maternal genetic link of a south Dravidian tribe with native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration Annals of Human Biology 46 2 175 180 doi 10 1080 03014460 2019 1599067 PMID 30909755 S2CID 85516060Further reading EditFairservis Walter Ashlin 1992 The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script BRILL pp 19 23 ISBN 978 8120404915 Krishnamurti Bhadriraju 2003 The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 77111 5 McAlpin David W 2003 Velars Uvulars and the North Dravidian Hypothesis Journal of the American Oriental Society 123 3 521 546 doi 10 2307 3217749 JSTOR 3217749 McAlpin David W 2015 Brahui and the Zagrosian Hypothesis Journal of the American Oriental Society 135 5 551 586 doi 10 7817 jameroriesoci 135 3 551 Portals Linguistics Asia India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Elamo Dravidian languages amp oldid 1126122274, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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