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First Sealand dynasty

March 12, 2023

Not to be confused with Sealand, the micronation in the UK

Conquest of the Sea-Land by the Kassites. 20th century reconstruction.

The First Sealand dynasty, (URU.KÙKI[nb 1][1]) or the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon (although it was independent of Amorite-ruled Babylon), very speculatively c. 1732–1460 BC (short chronology), is an enigmatic series of kings attested to primarily in laconic references in the king lists A and B, and as contemporaries recorded on the Assyrian Synchronistic king list A.117. Initially it was named the "Dynasty of the Country of the Sea" with Sealand later becoming customary.[2] The dynasty, which had broken free of the short lived, and by this time crumbling Old Babylonian Empire, was named for the province in the far south of Mesopotamia, a swampy region bereft of large settlements which gradually expanded southwards with the silting up of the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (the region known as mat Kaldi "Chaldaea" in the Iron Age). Sealand pottery has been found at Girsu, Uruk, and Lagash but in no site north of that.[3] The later kings bore pseudo-Sumerian names and harked back to the glory days of the dynasty of Isin. The third king of the dynasty was even named for the ultimate king of the dynasty of Isin, Damiq-ilišu. Despite these cultural motifs, the population predominantly bore Akkadian names and wrote and spoke in the Akkadian language. There is circumstantial evidence that their rule extended at least briefly to Babylon itself. In later times, a Sealand province of the Neo-Babylonian Empire also existed.[4]

History

Traditionally, all that was known about Sealand came from a few Kings List entries and the stray chronicle mention. It has been suggested that much of the writing in this period used waxed wooden boards, as a way of explaining the paucity of standard tablets found.[5] Recently (2009) 450 published tablets mainly from the Martin Schøyen collection, the largest privately held collection of manuscripts to be assembled during the 20th century, cover a 15 to 18 year period extending over part of each king’s reign. They seem to originate from a single cache but their provenance was lost after languishing in smaller private collections since their acquisition on the antiquities market a century earlier.[6]: v  Most of the tablets pertain to administration of resources.[7] An additional 32 unpublished Sealand tablets are held in Brussels.[8] The tablets include letters, receipts, ledgers, personnel rosters, etc., and provide year-names and references which hint at events of the period. Messengers from Elam are provisioned,[i 1] Anzak, a god of Dilmun (ancient Bahrain) appears as a theophoric element in names,[i 2] and Nūr-Bau asks whether he should detain the boats of Ešnunna,[i 3] a rare late reference to this once thriving Sumerian conurbation. In addition to normal commercial activity, two omen texts from another private collection are dated to the reign of Pešgaldarameš and a kurugu-hymn dedicated to the gods of Nippur mentions Ayadaragalama.[9] A variant version of the Epic of Gilgameš relocates the hero to Ur and is a piece from this period.[6]

Excavations conducted between 2013 and 2017 at Tell Khaiber, around 20 km from Ur, have revealed the foundations of a large mudbrick fortress with an unusual arrangement of perimeter close-set towers.[10] The site is dated, by an archive of 152 (after joins were made) clay cuneiform tablets found there, to Ayadaragalama.[11][12][13] Tablets at Tell Khaiber fell into the same short time period as those published from the Schoyen Collection, that being the later part of Pešgal and early part of Ayadara reigns. Excavators were also able to develop a stratified ceramic array for Sealand allowing other sites to be identified. Sealand ceramics and faunal remains were found at the site of Tell Sakhariya, a few miles east of Ur.[14]

The home city of the Sealand Dynasty is currently unknown. A kings list fragment states that Babylon's "kingship passed to E'urukuga". Given its site being known as uru.ku this capital has been speculated as being Lagash of which little is known in this period.[15] Nippur, and Tell Deḥaila are also in consideration.[16] Modern thinking is that the capital was a Dūr-Enlil (or Dūr-Enlile). There was a Dūr-Enlil in Neo-Babylonian times in the general area between Uruk and Larsa as well as one in Neo-Assyrian times. It is not clear it either is the same place as the potential Sealand capital.[17][18]

The King list tradition

The king list references which bear witness to the sequence of Sealand kings are summarized below:

Position King List A[i 4] King List B[i 5] Purported reign[i 4] Contemporary
1 Ilima[ii] Ilum-ma-ilī 60 years Samsu-iluna and Abi-ešuh (Babylon)[i 6]
2 Ittili Itti-ili-nībī 56 years
3 Damqili Damqi-ilišu II 36 years Adasi (Assyria)[i 7]
4 Iški Iškibal 15 years Belu-bāni (Assyria)[i 7]
5 Šušši, brother Šušši 24 years Lubaia (Assyria)[i 7]
6 Gulki… Gulkišar 55 years Sharma-Adad I (Assyria)[i 7]
6a mDIŠ-U-EN[i 7] ? LIK.KUD-Šamaš (Assyria)[i 7]
7 Peš-gal Pešgaldarameš,[nb 2] his son, same 50 years Bazaia (Assyria)[i 7]
8 A-a-dàra Ayadaragalama,[nb 3] his son, same 28 years Lullaya (Assyria)[i 7]
9 Ekurul Akurduana 26 years Shu-Ninua (Assyria)[i 7]
10 Melamma Melamkurkurra 7 years Sharma-Adad II (Assyria)[i 7]
11 Eaga Ea-gam[il] 9 years Erishum III (Assyria)[i 7]

An additional king list[i 8] provides fragmentary readings of the earlier dynastic monarchs.[19] The king list A totals the reigns to give a length of 368 years for this dynasty. The Synchronistic King List A.117 gives the sequence from Damqi-ilišu onward, but includes an additional king between Gulkišar and Pešgaldarameš, mDIŠ-U-EN (reading unknown). This source is considered reliable in this respect because the forms of the names of Pešgaldarameš and Ayadaragalama match those on recently published contemporary economic tablets (see below).[6]

Rulers

Ilum-ma-ilī

Ilum-ma-ilī,[i 9] or Iliman (mili-ma-an),[i 5] the founder of the dynasty, is known from the account of his exploits in the Chronicle of Early Kings[i 6] which describes his conflicts with his Amorite Babylonian contemporaries Samsu-iluna and Abi-ešuḫ. It records that he “attacked and brought about the defeat of (Samsu-iluna’s) army.” He is thought to have conquered Nippur late in Samsu-iluna’s reign[20] as there are legal documents from Nippur dated to his reign.[i 10][21] Abi-eshuh, the Amorite king of Babylon, and Samsu-iluna’s son and successor, “set out to conquer Ilum-ma-ilī,” by damming the Tigris, to flush him out of his swampy refuge, an endeavor which was apparently confounded by Ilum-ma-ilī’s superior use of the terrain.

Damqi-ilišu

The last surviving year-name for Ammi-ditana commemorates the “year in which (he) destroyed the city wall of Der/Udinim built by the army of Damqi-ilišu.[i 11] In the original "MU am-mi-di-ta-na LUGAL.E BÀD.DA UDINIMki.MA (ÉREN) dam-qí-ì-lí-šu.KE4 BÍ.IN.DÙ.A BÍ.IN.GUL.LA".[22] This is the only current contemporary indication of the spelling of his name, contrasting with that of the earlier king of Isin.[23]

Gulkišar

Gulkišar, meaning “raider of the earth,” has left few traces of his apparently lengthy reign. He was the subject of a royal epic (Tablet HS 1885+ plus 2 recent fragment joins) concerning his enmity with Samsu-ditāna, the last king of the first dynasty of Babylon.[24] The text describes Gulkišar addressing his troops and being accompanied by the god Istar.[25] The colophon of a tablet giving a chemical recipe for glaze[i 12] reads “property of a priest of Marduk in Eridu,” thought to be a quarter of Babylon rather than the city of Eridu, is dated mu.us-sa Gul-ki-šar lugal-e "year after (the one when) Gul-kisar (became?) king.”[26] A kudurru[i 13] of the period of Babylonian king Enlil-nādin-apli, c. 1103–1100 BC, records the outcome of an inquiry instigated by the king into the ownership of a plot of land claimed by a temple estate. The governors of Bit-Sin-magir and Sealand, upheld the claim based on the earlier actions of Gulkišar who had “drawn for Nanse, his divine mistress, a land boundary.” It is an early example of a Distanzangaben statement recording that 696 years had elapsed between Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur, Enlil-nādin-apli’s father, and Gulkišar.[27]

Pešgaldarameš and Ayadaragalama

Pešgaldarameš, “son of the ibex,” and Ayadaragalama, “son of the clever stag,” were successive kings and descendants (DUMU, "sons" in its broadest meaning) of Gulkišar.[25]

Ayadaragalama’s reign seems to have been eventful, as a year-name records expelling the “massed might of two enemies,” speculated to be Elamites and Kassites, the Kassites having previously deposed the Amorites as rulers in Babylon. Another records the building of a “great ring against the Kalšu (Kassite) enemy” and a third records the “year when his land rebelled.” A year-name gives “year when Ayadaragalama was king – after Enlil established (for him?) the shepherding of the whole earth,” and a list of gods includes Marduk and Sarpanitum, the tutelary deities of the Sealand.[i 14][6]

A neo-Babylonian official took a bronze band dedicatory inscription of A-ia-da-a-ra, MAN ŠÚ “king of the world,” to Tell en-Nasbeh, probably as an antique curio, where it was discarded to be found in the 20th century.

Ea-gâmil

Ea-gâmil, the ultimate king of the dynasty, fled to Elam ahead of an invading horde led by Kassite chief Ulam-Buriaš, brother of the king of Babylon Kashtiliash III, who conquered the Sealand, incorporated it into Babylonia and “made himself master of the land.” Agum III, successor to Ulam-Buriaš, is also described as attacking Sealand and destroying a temple in "Dūr-Enlil".[28]

A serpentine or diorite mace head or possibly door knob found in Babylon,[29] is engraved with the epithet of Ulaburariaš, “King of Sealand”.[30] The object was excavated at Tell Amran ibn-Ali, during the German excavations of Babylon, conducted from 1899 to 1912, and is now housed in the Pergamon Museum.

See also

Inscriptions

  1. ^ MS 2200/40 and MS 2200/455.
  2. ^ MS 2200/394, 444, 321 and so on.
  3. ^ MS 2200/3.
  4. ^ a b Babylonian King List A, BM 33332, i 4 to 14 where the names are abbreviated but give their lengths of reign.
  5. ^ a b Babylonian King List B, BM 38122, reverse 1 to 13.
  6. ^ a b Chronicle of Early Kings, tablets BM 26472 and BM 96152, B rev. (Ilum-ma-ilī) 7-10 (Ea-gâmil) 12–14.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Synchronistic King List A.117, Assur 14616c, i 1 to 10.
  8. ^ Formed from BM 35572 and eleven other fragments.
  9. ^ Tablet Ashm. 1922.353 from Larsa.
  10. ^ Five legal tablets such as CBS 4956, published in Chiera (1914), CBS 11013, published as BE VI 2 text 68, 3N-T 87, UM 55-21-239 catalogued as SAOC 44 text 12, and OIMA 1 45, from Nippur.
  11. ^ Tablets MCS 2 52, YOS 13 359.
  12. ^ Tablet BM 120960 thought to have been recovered from Tall 'Umar (Seleucia) on the Tigris.
  13. ^ Kudurru in the University Museum, Philadelphia, BE I/1 83 15.
  14. ^ MS 2200/81.

Notes

  1. ^ Where ŠEŠ-ḪA of King List A and ŠEŠ-KÙ-KI of King List B are read as URU.KÙ.KI
  2. ^ Given as PEŠ.GAL-DÀRA.MAŠ.
  3. ^ Given as A-DÀRA-GALAM.MA.

References

  1. ^ A. Leo Oppenheim (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. University of Chicago. p. 414.
  2. ^ King, L.W., "Chronicles concerning Early Babylonian Kings", vol. 2. London: Luzac, 1907
  3. ^ Al-Hamdani, A. (2020). The Settlement and Canal Systems During the First Sealand Dynasty (1721–1340 BCE). In S. Paulus & T. Clayden (Ed.), Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties (pp. 28-57). Berlin
  4. ^ Paul-Alain Beaulieu, Ea-dayān, Governor of the Sealand, and Other Dignitaries of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 54, pp. 99-123, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2002
  5. ^ Paulus, Susanne. 2014. Die babylonischen Kudurru-Inschriften von der kassitischen bis zur frühneubabylonischen Zeit. Untersucht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung gesellschafts-und rechtshistorischer Fragestellungen. AOAT 51. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
  6. ^ a b c d Stephanie Dalley (2009). Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology. Volume 9 Babylonian Tablets from the First Sealand Dynasty in the Schoyen Collection. CDL Press. pp. 1–16.
  7. ^ Odette Boivin. “Agricultural Economy and Taxation in the Sealand I Kingdom.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 68, 2016, pp. 45–65
  8. ^ Boivin, Odette. “ACCOUNTING FOR LIVESTOCK: PRINCIPLES OF PALATIAL ADMINISTRATION IN SEALAND I BABYLONIA.” Iraq, vol. 78, 2016, pp. 3–23
  9. ^ Gabbay, Uri and Boivin, Odette. "A Hymn of Ayadaragalama, King of the First Sealand Dynasty, to the Gods of Nippur: The Fate of Nippur and Its Cult during the First Sealand Dynasty" Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 108, no. 1, 2018, pp. 22-42
  10. ^ Text - [1] Supplement - [2]Campbell, S.; Killick, R.; Moon, J.; Calderbank, D.; Robson, E. (2021). "Summary report on excavations at Tell Khaiber, an administrative centre of the Sealand period, 2013-2017". Sumer. A Journal of Archaeology and History in Arab World. 65: 15–46. ISSN 0081-9271.
  11. ^ [3] Eleanor Robson, Information Flows in Rural Babylonia c. 1500 BC, in C. Johnston (ed.), The Concept of the Book: the Production, Progression and Dissemination of Information, London: Institute of English Studies/School of Advanced Study, January 2019 ISBN 9780992725747
  12. ^ "Castle of the Sealand kings: Discovering ancient Iraq's rebel rulers - The Guardian". www.theguardian.com/. 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2017-09-02.
  13. ^ Odette Boivin, The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2018, ISBN 9781501507823
  14. ^ Twiss, Katheryn C. "Animals of the Sealands: Ceremonial Activities in the Southern Mesopotamian “Dark Age”." Iraq 79 (2017): 257-267
  15. ^ W. G. Lambert (1974). "The Home of the First Sealand Dynasty". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 26 (4): 208–209.
  16. ^ Dalley, S. (2020). The First Sealand Dynasty: Literacy, Economy, and the Likely Location of Dūr- Enlil(ē) in Southern Mesopotamia at the end of the Old Babylonian Period. In S. Paulus & T. Clayden (Ed.), Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties (pp. 9-27). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter
  17. ^ MacGinnis, J. “Further Evidence for Intercity Co-Operation among Neo-Babylonian Temples.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 16, no. 2 (2006): 127–32
  18. ^ Wiseman, D. J. “The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon.” Iraq, vol. 20, no. 1, 1958, pp. i–99
  19. ^ J. A. Brinkman (1999). Dietz Otto Edzard (ed.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Meek – Mythologie. Vol. 8. Walter De Gruyter. p. 7.
  20. ^ Albert Kirk Grayson (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles. J. J. Augustin. p. 221.
  21. ^ Steinmeyer, Nathan, "Samsuiluna and the Reconquest of Nippur", The IOS Annual Volume 23:"Drought Will Drive You Even Toward Your Foe", Brill, pp. 37-55, 2022
  22. ^ Horsnell, M. J. A., "he Year- Names of the First Dynasty of Babylon", 2 vols. Hamilton: McMaster University Press, 1999
  23. ^ William W. Hallo (2009). The world's oldest literature: studies in Sumerian belles-lettres. BRILL. p. 183.
  24. ^ Elyze Zomer (2019). Middle Babylonian Literary Texts from the Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection, Jena. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 3–38.
  25. ^ a b Zomer, Elyze. "Chapter 25. Enmity Against Samsu-ditāna". Law and (Dis)Order in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 59th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Held at Ghent, Belgium, 15–19 July 2013, edited by Katrien De Graef and Anne Goddeeris, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 324-332
  26. ^ A. Leo Oppenheim (1970). Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Corning Museum of Glass Press. p. 60.
  27. ^ J. A. Brinkman (1968). A political history of post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158–722 B.C. Analecta Orientalia. p. 118.
  28. ^ Boivin, Odette. "4. A political history of the Sealand kingdom". The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018, pp. 86-125
  29. ^ Mace head VA Bab. 645 (BE 6405) with ten line possession inscription, in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.
  30. ^ B. Landsberger (1954). "Assyrische Königsliste und "Dunkles Zeitalter" (Continued)". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 8 (2): 70–71. JSTOR 1359531. n. 182

Further reading

  • Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed K. Taher, and Mohammed S. Attia, "A Cylinder Seal From TELL Abu Al-Dhahab Dated To THE First Sealand Dynasty (1740–1374 BC)", IRAQ 83, pp. 13-24, 2021
  • Boivin, Odette, "Kār-Šamaš as a South-Western Palace Town of the Sealand I Kingdom", NABU, pp. 162–64, 2015
  • Boivin, Odette, "Kār-Šamaš as a South-Western Palace Town of theSealand I Kingdom", NABU, pp. 162–64, 2015
  • Boivin, Odette., On the Origin of the Goddess Ištar-of-the-Sealand, Ayyabītu. NABU, pp. 24–26, 2015
  • Calderbank, Daniel, "Pottery from Tell Khaiber: a craft tradition of the first Sealand dynasty", Moonrise Press Ltd, 2021
  • Calderbank, Daniel, "Moulding Clay to Model Sealand Society Pottery Production and Function at Tell Khaiber, Southern Iraq", The University of Manchester (United Kingdom), 2018
  • Cavigneaux, Antoine and Béatrice André-Salvini. Forthcoming. Cuneiform tablets from Qal’at Dilmun and the Sealand at the dawn of the Kassite era. In Twenty years of Bahrain Archaeology, 1986–2006. Actes du colloque international de Manama, 9–12 décembre 2007, ed. Pierre Lombard et al. Bahrain: Ministry of Culture
  • Dalley, Stephanie, "Gods from North-eastern and North-western Arabia in Cuneiform Texts from the First Sealand Dynasty, and a Cuneiform Inscription from Tell en-Nasbeh, c. 1500 BC", Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 23, pp. 177–85, 2013
  • de Ridder, Jacob Jan, "HS 200B: A Bridal Gift (Tuppu Bibli) from the First Sealand Dynasty.", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 73.1, pp. 89-102, 2021
  • Gabbay, Uri, "A balaĝ to Enlil from the First Sealand Dynasty", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 104.2, pp. 146-170, 2014
  • Højlund, Fleming, "Dilmun and the Sealand", Northern Akkad Project Reports 2, pp. 9–14, 1989
  • Zadok, Ran, "On Population Groups in the Documents from the Time of the First Sealand Dynasty", Tel Aviv 41, pp. 222–37, 2014

External links

  • The Art of Conservative Rebellion: A Short Introduction to the First Sealand Dynasty ASOR ANE Today - June 2021

March 12, 2023
first, sealand, dynasty, confused, with, sealand, micronation, ukconquest, land, kassites, 20th, century, reconstruction, kÙki, dynasty, babylon, although, independent, amorite, ruled, babylon, very, speculatively, 1732, 1460, short, chronology, enigmatic, ser. Not to be confused with Sealand the micronation in the UKConquest of the Sea Land by the Kassites 20th century reconstruction The First Sealand dynasty URU KUKI nb 1 1 or the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon although it was independent of Amorite ruled Babylon very speculatively c 1732 1460 BC short chronology is an enigmatic series of kings attested to primarily in laconic references in the king lists A and B and as contemporaries recorded on the Assyrian Synchronistic king list A 117 Initially it was named the Dynasty of the Country of the Sea with Sealand later becoming customary 2 The dynasty which had broken free of the short lived and by this time crumbling Old Babylonian Empire was named for the province in the far south of Mesopotamia a swampy region bereft of large settlements which gradually expanded southwards with the silting up of the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers the region known as mat Kaldi Chaldaea in the Iron Age Sealand pottery has been found at Girsu Uruk and Lagash but in no site north of that 3 The later kings bore pseudo Sumerian names and harked back to the glory days of the dynasty of Isin The third king of the dynasty was even named for the ultimate king of the dynasty of Isin Damiq ilisu Despite these cultural motifs the population predominantly bore Akkadian names and wrote and spoke in the Akkadian language There is circumstantial evidence that their rule extended at least briefly to Babylon itself In later times a Sealand province of the Neo Babylonian Empire also existed 4 Contents 1 History 2 The King list tradition 3 Rulers 3 1 Ilum ma ili 3 2 Damqi ilisu 3 3 Gulkisar 3 4 Pesgaldarames and Ayadaragalama 3 5 Ea gamil 4 See also 5 Inscriptions 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory EditTraditionally all that was known about Sealand came from a few Kings List entries and the stray chronicle mention It has been suggested that much of the writing in this period used waxed wooden boards as a way of explaining the paucity of standard tablets found 5 Recently 2009 450 published tablets mainly from the Martin Schoyen collection the largest privately held collection of manuscripts to be assembled during the 20th century cover a 15 to 18 year period extending over part of each king s reign They seem to originate from a single cache but their provenance was lost after languishing in smaller private collections since their acquisition on the antiquities market a century earlier 6 v Most of the tablets pertain to administration of resources 7 An additional 32 unpublished Sealand tablets are held in Brussels 8 The tablets include letters receipts ledgers personnel rosters etc and provide year names and references which hint at events of the period Messengers from Elam are provisioned i 1 Anzak a god of Dilmun ancient Bahrain appears as a theophoric element in names i 2 and Nur Bau asks whether he should detain the boats of Esnunna i 3 a rare late reference to this once thriving Sumerian conurbation In addition to normal commercial activity two omen texts from another private collection are dated to the reign of Pesgaldarames and a kurugu hymn dedicated to the gods of Nippur mentions Ayadaragalama 9 A variant version of the Epic of Gilgames relocates the hero to Ur and is a piece from this period 6 Excavations conducted between 2013 and 2017 at Tell Khaiber around 20 km from Ur have revealed the foundations of a large mudbrick fortress with an unusual arrangement of perimeter close set towers 10 The site is dated by an archive of 152 after joins were made clay cuneiform tablets found there to Ayadaragalama 11 12 13 Tablets at Tell Khaiber fell into the same short time period as those published from the Schoyen Collection that being the later part of Pesgal and early part of Ayadara reigns Excavators were also able to develop a stratified ceramic array for Sealand allowing other sites to be identified Sealand ceramics and faunal remains were found at the site of Tell Sakhariya a few miles east of Ur 14 The home city of the Sealand Dynasty is currently unknown A kings list fragment states that Babylon s kingship passed to E urukuga Given its site being known as uru ku this capital has been speculated as being Lagash of which little is known in this period 15 Nippur and Tell Deḥaila are also in consideration 16 Modern thinking is that the capital was a Dur Enlil or Dur Enlile There was a Dur Enlil in Neo Babylonian times in the general area between Uruk and Larsa as well as one in Neo Assyrian times It is not clear it either is the same place as the potential Sealand capital 17 18 The King list tradition EditThe king list references which bear witness to the sequence of Sealand kings are summarized below Position King List A i 4 King List B i 5 Purported reign i 4 Contemporary1 Ilima ii Ilum ma ili 60 years Samsu iluna and Abi esuh Babylon i 6 2 Ittili Itti ili nibi 56 years3 Damqili Damqi ilisu II 36 years Adasi Assyria i 7 4 Iski Iskibal 15 years Belu bani Assyria i 7 5 Sussi brother Sussi 24 years Lubaia Assyria i 7 6 Gulki Gulkisar 55 years Sharma Adad I Assyria i 7 6a mDIS U EN i 7 LIK KUD Samas Assyria i 7 7 Pes gal Pesgaldarames nb 2 his son same 50 years Bazaia Assyria i 7 8 A a dara Ayadaragalama nb 3 his son same 28 years Lullaya Assyria i 7 9 Ekurul Akurduana 26 years Shu Ninua Assyria i 7 10 Melamma Melamkurkurra 7 years Sharma Adad II Assyria i 7 11 Eaga Ea gam il 9 years Erishum III Assyria i 7 An additional king list i 8 provides fragmentary readings of the earlier dynastic monarchs 19 The king list A totals the reigns to give a length of 368 years for this dynasty The Synchronistic King List A 117 gives the sequence from Damqi ilisu onward but includes an additional king between Gulkisar and Pesgaldarames mDIS U EN reading unknown This source is considered reliable in this respect because the forms of the names of Pesgaldarames and Ayadaragalama match those on recently published contemporary economic tablets see below 6 Rulers EditIlum ma ili Edit Ilum ma ili i 9 or Iliman mili ma an i 5 the founder of the dynasty is known from the account of his exploits in the Chronicle of Early Kings i 6 which describes his conflicts with his Amorite Babylonian contemporaries Samsu iluna and Abi esuḫ It records that he attacked and brought about the defeat of Samsu iluna s army He is thought to have conquered Nippur late in Samsu iluna s reign 20 as there are legal documents from Nippur dated to his reign i 10 21 Abi eshuh the Amorite king of Babylon and Samsu iluna s son and successor set out to conquer Ilum ma ili by damming the Tigris to flush him out of his swampy refuge an endeavor which was apparently confounded by Ilum ma ili s superior use of the terrain Damqi ilisu Edit The last surviving year name for Ammi ditana commemorates the year in which he destroyed the city wall of Der Udinim built by the army of Damqi ilisu i 11 In the original MU am mi di ta na LUGAL E BAD DA UDINIMki MA EREN dam qi i li su KE4 BI IN DU A BI IN GUL LA 22 This is the only current contemporary indication of the spelling of his name contrasting with that of the earlier king of Isin 23 Gulkisar Edit Gulkisar meaning raider of the earth has left few traces of his apparently lengthy reign He was the subject of a royal epic Tablet HS 1885 plus 2 recent fragment joins concerning his enmity with Samsu ditana the last king of the first dynasty of Babylon 24 The text describes Gulkisar addressing his troops and being accompanied by the god Istar 25 The colophon of a tablet giving a chemical recipe for glaze i 12 reads property of a priest of Marduk in Eridu thought to be a quarter of Babylon rather than the city of Eridu is dated mu us sa Gul ki sar lugal e year after the one when Gul kisar became king 26 A kudurru i 13 of the period of Babylonian king Enlil nadin apli c 1103 1100 BC records the outcome of an inquiry instigated by the king into the ownership of a plot of land claimed by a temple estate The governors of Bit Sin magir and Sealand upheld the claim based on the earlier actions of Gulkisar who had drawn for Nanse his divine mistress a land boundary It is an early example of a Distanzangaben statement recording that 696 years had elapsed between Nabu kudurri uṣur Enlil nadin apli s father and Gulkisar 27 Pesgaldarames and Ayadaragalama Edit Pesgaldarames son of the ibex and Ayadaragalama son of the clever stag were successive kings and descendants DUMU sons in its broadest meaning of Gulkisar 25 Ayadaragalama s reign seems to have been eventful as a year name records expelling the massed might of two enemies speculated to be Elamites and Kassites the Kassites having previously deposed the Amorites as rulers in Babylon Another records the building of a great ring against the Kalsu Kassite enemy and a third records the year when his land rebelled A year name gives year when Ayadaragalama was king after Enlil established for him the shepherding of the whole earth and a list of gods includes Marduk and Sarpanitum the tutelary deities of the Sealand i 14 6 A neo Babylonian official took a bronze band dedicatory inscription of A ia da a ra MAN SU king of the world to Tell en Nasbeh probably as an antique curio where it was discarded to be found in the 20th century Ea gamil Edit Ea gamil the ultimate king of the dynasty fled to Elam ahead of an invading horde led by Kassite chief Ulam Burias brother of the king of Babylon Kashtiliash III who conquered the Sealand incorporated it into Babylonia and made himself master of the land Agum III successor to Ulam Burias is also described as attacking Sealand and destroying a temple in Dur Enlil 28 A serpentine or diorite mace head or possibly door knob found in Babylon 29 is engraved with the epithet of Ulaburarias King of Sealand 30 The object was excavated at Tell Amran ibn Ali during the German excavations of Babylon conducted from 1899 to 1912 and is now housed in the Pergamon Museum See also EditTell Khaiber Chronology of the ancient Near East List of Mesopotamian dynastiesInscriptions Edit MS 2200 40 and MS 2200 455 MS 2200 394 444 321 and so on MS 2200 3 a b Babylonian King List A BM 33332 i 4 to 14 where the names are abbreviated but give their lengths of reign a b Babylonian King List B BM 38122 reverse 1 to 13 a b Chronicle of Early Kings tablets BM 26472 and BM 96152 B rev Ilum ma ili 7 10 Ea gamil 12 14 a b c d e f g h i j k Synchronistic King List A 117 Assur 14616c i 1 to 10 Formed from BM 35572 and eleven other fragments Tablet Ashm 1922 353 from Larsa Five legal tablets such as CBS 4956 published in Chiera 1914 CBS 11013 published as BE VI 2 text 68 3N T 87 UM 55 21 239 catalogued as SAOC 44 text 12 and OIMA 1 45 from Nippur Tablets MCS 2 52 YOS 13 359 Tablet BM 120960 thought to have been recovered from Tall Umar Seleucia on the Tigris Kudurru in the University Museum Philadelphia BE I 1 83 15 MS 2200 81 Notes Edit Where SES ḪA of King List A and SES KU KI of King List B are read as URU KU KI Given as PES GAL DARA MAS Given as A DARA GALAM MA References Edit A Leo Oppenheim 1977 Ancient Mesopotamia Portrait of a Dead Civilization University of Chicago p 414 King L W Chronicles concerning Early Babylonian Kings vol 2 London Luzac 1907 Al Hamdani A 2020 The Settlement and Canal Systems During the First Sealand Dynasty 1721 1340 BCE In S Paulus amp T Clayden Ed Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties pp 28 57 Berlin Paul Alain Beaulieu Ea dayan Governor of the Sealand and Other Dignitaries of the Neo Babylonian Empire Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 54 pp 99 123 The American Schools of Oriental Research 2002 Paulus Susanne 2014 Die babylonischen Kudurru Inschriften von der kassitischen bis zur fruhneubabylonischen Zeit Untersucht unter besonderer Berucksichtigung gesellschafts und rechtshistorischer Fragestellungen AOAT 51 Munster Ugarit Verlag a b c d Stephanie Dalley 2009 Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology Volume 9 Babylonian Tablets from the First Sealand Dynasty in the Schoyen Collection CDL Press pp 1 16 Odette Boivin Agricultural Economy and Taxation in the Sealand I Kingdom Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 68 2016 pp 45 65 Boivin Odette ACCOUNTING FOR LIVESTOCK PRINCIPLES OF PALATIAL ADMINISTRATION IN SEALAND I BABYLONIA Iraq vol 78 2016 pp 3 23 Gabbay Uri and Boivin Odette A Hymn of Ayadaragalama King of the First Sealand Dynasty to the Gods of Nippur The Fate of Nippur and Its Cult during the First Sealand Dynasty Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archaologie vol 108 no 1 2018 pp 22 42 Text 1 Supplement 2 Campbell S Killick R Moon J Calderbank D Robson E 2021 Summary report on excavations at Tell Khaiber an administrative centre of the Sealand period 2013 2017 Sumer A Journal of Archaeology and History in Arab World 65 15 46 ISSN 0081 9271 3 Eleanor Robson Information Flows in Rural Babylonia c 1500 BC in C Johnston ed The Concept of the Book the Production Progression and Dissemination of Information London Institute of English Studies School of Advanced Study January 2019 ISBN 9780992725747 Castle of the Sealand kings Discovering ancient Iraq s rebel rulers The Guardian www theguardian com 2017 09 01 Retrieved 2017 09 02 Odette Boivin The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG 2018 ISBN 9781501507823 Twiss Katheryn C Animals of the Sealands Ceremonial Activities in the Southern Mesopotamian Dark Age Iraq 79 2017 257 267 W G Lambert 1974 The Home of the First Sealand Dynasty Journal of Cuneiform Studies 26 4 208 209 Dalley S 2020 The First Sealand Dynasty Literacy Economy and the Likely Location of Dur Enlil e in Southern Mesopotamia at the end of the Old Babylonian Period In S Paulus amp T Clayden Ed Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties pp 9 27 Berlin Boston De Gruyter MacGinnis J Further Evidence for Intercity Co Operation among Neo Babylonian Temples Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 16 no 2 2006 127 32 Wiseman D J The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon Iraq vol 20 no 1 1958 pp i 99 J A Brinkman 1999 Dietz Otto Edzard ed Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie Meek Mythologie Vol 8 Walter De Gruyter p 7 Albert Kirk Grayson 1975 Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles J J Augustin p 221 Steinmeyer Nathan Samsuiluna and the Reconquest of Nippur The IOS Annual Volume 23 Drought Will Drive You Even Toward Your Foe Brill pp 37 55 2022 Horsnell M J A he Year Names of the First Dynasty of Babylon 2 vols Hamilton McMaster University Press 1999 William W Hallo 2009 The world s oldest literature studies in Sumerian belles lettres BRILL p 183 Elyze Zomer 2019 Middle Babylonian Literary Texts from the Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection Jena Harrassowitz Verlag pp 3 38 a b Zomer Elyze Chapter 25 Enmity Against Samsu ditana Law and Dis Order in the Ancient Near East Proceedings of the 59th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Held at Ghent Belgium 15 19 July 2013 edited by Katrien De Graef and Anne Goddeeris University Park USA Penn State University Press 2021 pp 324 332 A Leo Oppenheim 1970 Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia The Corning Museum of Glass Press p 60 J A Brinkman 1968 A political history of post Kassite Babylonia 1158 722 B C Analecta Orientalia p 118 Boivin Odette 4 A political history of the Sealand kingdom The First Dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2018 pp 86 125 Mace head VA Bab 645 BE 6405 with ten line possession inscription in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin B Landsberger 1954 Assyrische Konigsliste und Dunkles Zeitalter Continued Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8 2 70 71 JSTOR 1359531 n 182Further reading EditAl Zubaidi Ahmed K Taher and Mohammed S Attia A Cylinder Seal From TELL Abu Al Dhahab Dated To THE First Sealand Dynasty 1740 1374 BC IRAQ 83 pp 13 24 2021 Boivin Odette Kar Samas as a South Western Palace Town of the Sealand I Kingdom NABU pp 162 64 2015 Boivin Odette Kar Samas as a South Western Palace Town of theSealand I Kingdom NABU pp 162 64 2015 Boivin Odette On the Origin of the Goddess Istar of the Sealand Ayyabitu NABU pp 24 26 2015 Calderbank Daniel Pottery from Tell Khaiber a craft tradition of the first Sealand dynasty Moonrise Press Ltd 2021 Calderbank Daniel Moulding Clay to Model Sealand Society Pottery Production and Function at Tell Khaiber Southern Iraq The University of Manchester United Kingdom 2018 Cavigneaux Antoine and Beatrice Andre Salvini Forthcoming Cuneiform tablets from Qal at Dilmun and the Sealand at the dawn of the Kassite era In Twenty years of Bahrain Archaeology 1986 2006 Actes du colloque international de Manama 9 12 decembre 2007 ed Pierre Lombard et al Bahrain Ministry of Culture Dalley Stephanie Gods from North eastern and North western Arabia in Cuneiform Texts from the First Sealand Dynasty and a Cuneiform Inscription from Tell en Nasbeh c 1500 BC Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 23 pp 177 85 2013 de Ridder Jacob Jan HS 200B A Bridal Gift Tuppu Bibli from the First Sealand Dynasty Journal of Cuneiform Studies 73 1 pp 89 102 2021 Gabbay Uri A balaĝ to Enlil from the First Sealand Dynasty Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archaologie 104 2 pp 146 170 2014 Hojlund Fleming Dilmun and the Sealand Northern Akkad Project Reports 2 pp 9 14 1989 Zadok Ran On Population Groups in the Documents from the Time of the First Sealand Dynasty Tel Aviv 41 pp 222 37 2014External links EditThe Art of Conservative Rebellion A Short Introduction to the First Sealand Dynasty ASOR ANE Today June 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title First Sealand dynasty amp oldid 1144246077, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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