Mahendra Highway

Mahendra Highway (Nepali: महेन्द्र राजमार्ग), also called East-West Highway (Nepali: पुर्ब पश्चिम राजमार्ग) runs across the Terai geographical region of Nepal, from Mechinagar in the east to Bhim Datta in the west, cutting across the entire width of the country. It is the longest highway in Nepal and was constructed by cooperation of various countries.^[1]

Mahendra Highway
महेन्द्र राजमार्ग
East–West Highway
Mahendra Highway in red
Route information
Part of AH2
Maintained by MoPIT (Department of Roads)
Length	1,027.67 km (638.56 mi)
Major junctions
From	Mechinagar NH 327B
Major intersections	H07 Mechi Highway at Charali H08 Koshi Highway at Itahari H09 Sagarmatha Highway at Mirchaiya H06 BP Highway at Bardibas H02 Tribhuvan Highway at Hetauda H05 Madan Ashrit Highway at Narayanghat H10 Siddhartha Highway at Butwal H11 Rapti Highway at Satbariya H12 Ratna Highway at Kohalpur H14 Mahakali Highway at Attariya
To	Bhim Datta NH 9
Location
Country	Nepal
Highway system
Roads in Nepal
← H20 → H02

Overview

The highway is mostly a single lane in each direction. It is a major infrastructure element because east–west travel was previously limited to the Hulaki Highway built during the Rana regime, expensive and limited air travel, or Nepalese trains and buses. The highway crosses the Terai from east to west for over 1,030 kilometres (640 mi).^[2] Connecting Nepal from Kakarbhitta (Mechinagar Municipality) to West Mahendra Nagar in the east, this is the longest highway in Nepal till now. Bharatpur city and Chitwan valley are located towards the central part of this highway.

The major destinations along and around the highway are Mechinagar, Bhadrapur, Itahari, Janakpur, Bharatpur, Butwal, Siddharthanagar, Nepalganj, and Bhim Dutta.^[1] Other towns on the Mahendra Highway are Birtamod, Damak, Inaruwa, Lahan, Narayangadh, Bardibas, and Chisapani

South of the highway are five official border crossing points between Nepal and India.^[2] The highway spans over 500 bridges.^[3]

Infrastructure in Nepal remains neglected despite the very few "highways" that exist. The busiest highways, including Prithivi Highway, all suffer from heavy traffic.

The highway runs through all the provinces of Nepal except Karnali Province .Mahendra Highway touches all the districts of Terai out of the 20 districts except Parsa. It also touches 2 mountainous districts Arghakhanchi and Makwanpur.

The Highway is currently a part of United Nation’s Asian Highway (AH) project.^[4][5]

History

Earlier, the highway connecting the east-west region was only limited to postal highway during the Rana period. However, this highway was not a full paved or black topped road. It was only limited till Rapti river in the west and did not include the 4 western districts of Banke, Bardiya, Kailali and Kanchanpur which were famously known as Naya Muluk. Nepalese were compelled to travel via Indian territory while visiting from one district to another district be it in Chitwan or Naya Muluk due to dense forested region as well as north-south sans bridges.^[3] It was precisely to end this dependence on India that King Mahendra initiated the idea for an east-west highway, after whom the it is now named.^[6] Due to lack of enough budget it was constructed with economic and technical assistance from various countries.^[7] King Mahendra had initially requested India to build this highway. However, when India refused, they sought the help of the Soviet Union. India was also attracted after the road from Dhalkebar to Pathalaiya was built by Soviet Union.^[8] Similarly, the section from Mechi-Dhalkebar (Jhapa to Janakpur) was constructed by India,^[9] while the Hetauda-Narayanghat section was constructed by USA Aid through Asian Development Bank and the Narayanghat-Butwal section by the United Kingdom.^[10] Lastly, the Butwal-Kohalpur section was constructed by India.^[3] In 1961, King Mahendra laid the foundation stone for the construction of the Highway at Gaidakot.^[11] The highway was later named Mahendra Highway in honor of King Mahendra. The highway has greatly contributed to the all round socio-economic development of the country.^[12][13][3] The highway project started in 1961 and the whole highway was finally finished in 2000 when the westernmost section of the highway was completed. Currently, the highway is being expanded to four lanes.^[14]

Route (east to west)

Mechinagar (Kakarbhitta) to Dhalkebar

 

Jhapa portion of Mahendra Highway (H-01)

This section of the highway was built with Economic assistance from government of India. The construction began in 1966 and was completed in 1971.^[3] Mechinagar, in south-eastern Nepal, is on the Nepal-India border. The wide Mechi River, a tributary of the Mahananda River, forms the border.^[15] On the Indian side, the road continues through PanitankiBagdogra and Siliguri.^[2]

 

Koshi Barrage

From Mechinagar (Kakarvitta), the highway runs relatively smoothly for 108 kilometres (67 mi) to Itahari. 20 kilometres (12 mi)

west of Mechinagar are the junctions for routes to Ilam at Charali and for Bhadrapur at Birtamod. The highway crosses innumerable streams on the way, including Khadam Nadi, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of Itahari, and Ratua Nadi, near Damak.^[2] Itahari is the road junction, with Biratnagar, on the Nepal-India border, to the south and Dharan and Dhankuta to the north.^[2]

The Koshi Barrage is 42.2 kilometres (26.2 mi) from Itahari. The Mahendra Highway passes over the Barrage between Bhardaha and Bhantabari.^[15] Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve is easily accessible from the Mahendra Highway. The reserve office is at Kusaha 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) off the highway.^[15]

 

Mahendra Highway at Chandrapur, Rautahat

Dhalkebar to Hetauda

The Mahendra Highway continues its westward course through the Terai landscape. It crosses the Balan Nadi 43 kilometres (27 mi) before Janakpur junction, and another 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) later, the Kamla Nadi river.^[15]

Janakpur, a town with more than a hundred temples, is 169 kilometres (105 mi) from Biratnagar and 106 kilometres (66 mi) from Birgunj.^[2] Janakpur lies 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of the Mahendra Highway junction Dhalkebar. Hindu mythology identifies Janakpur as the capital of the ancient kingdom of Mithila.^[15]

At bardibas, the Highway meets with BP highway which is currently the shortest route to connect Kathmandu with the terai region.

At Pathlaiya, Mahendra Highway reaches the Tribhuvan Highway near the Indian border at Raxaul/Birganj 30 km to the south. Kathmandu is 253 kilometres (157 mi) (by highway) north of this junction. The two highways join to cross the Siwalik Range to Hetauda in Chitwan Valley. The 109 Km Dhalkebar- Pathlaiya section of the road in this highway was built by soviet Union^[8] while the Pathlaiya - Hetauda Section being part of the Tribhuvan highway was already built completed by India in 1956 however was only handed over to Nepal government in 1965.^[16][3]

Hetauda to Narayanghat

At Hetauda's Buddha Chowk the two highways, Mahendra and Tribhuvan, diverge and the Mahendra Highway heads west towards Narayanghat. This section of road was built with the aid from Asian Development Bank. The highway crossed Tikauli forest to connect Bharatpur with Ratnanagar. The section meets with Madan Ashrit highway connecting Mungling at Narayanghat chowk.The section ends at the Narayanghat river Bridge.

 

Mahendra Rajmarg in Butwal

Narayanghat to Butwal

This section of the road was built with the economic aid from United Kingdom.^[10] Butwal is on the west bank of the Tilottama River in the shadow of the Churia Hills.^[2] Butwal is the junction of the Highway with the Siddhartha Highway, that connects to Siddharthanagar, Sunauli, Maharajganj, on the Nepal-India border to the south and Pokhara to the north. It Passes through Nawalparasi district where lies the midpoint of the highway. The section ends at Lakhan Thapa chowk in Butwal.

Butwal to Kohalpur

Similar to Jhapa-Janakpur section, this section was also built with economic assistance of India. However this section was only agreed after the eastern section was completed. The construction began in 1972 and completed in 1976.^[17] The section starts from Mahendra Chowk towards West of Butwal. The highway turns north to cross the Dudhwa Hills (350m ascent) into Inner-Terai Deukhuri Valley, then crosses the West Rapti River, which has no relation to the East Rapti River of Chitwan. Just beyond the river (291 km from Hetauda), the highway reaches Bhalubang, where a spur road continues north into Pyuthan and Rolpa districts. The Mahendra Highway heads west again, following the Rapti downstream through Deukhuri. 27 km west of Bhalubang at Lamahi, a spur road goes north to Dang Valley, Dang Airport, and Tulsipur town. 35 km beyond Lamahi, Rapti Highway departs north for Salyan and Rukum districts.

Kohalpur to Mahakali

Kohalpur, 428 km west of Hetauda, is the junction for highway south 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to Nepalganj and the border with India and north to Birendranagar in Surkhet. From Kohalpur the highway passes the Kusum-Ilaka forest, which is being eyed as a potential extension area of Bardia National Park, which lies to the north-west of Nepalganj, on the Nepal-India border.^[15] Crossing the Karnali River at Chisapani, the highway continues west to the Indian border at Bhim Datta on the Mahakali River, crossing on a barrage. The section between Chisapani and Bhim Datta is in poor repair. There is a 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) extension to Banbasa, the first town in Uttarakhand, India.^[15] Moreover, Mahendranagar-Tanakpur Link Road connects at Mahendranagar connects the town of Mahendranagar to the Tanakpur Barrage from the Highway. There are a total of 22 bridges in this section for which construction started in 1996 and ended in 2000.^[18][19]

Major junctions

The major junctions of Mahendra Highway are:^[2]

• Charali – Junction with Mechi Highway with Chandragadhi-Bhadrapur to south and Ilam-Panchthar-Taplejung to the north.
• Itahari – Junction with the Koshi Highway with Jogbani- Biratnagar to the south and Dharan and Dhankuta to the north.
• Bardibas - The starting point of BP Highway, an alternative roadway to Kathmandu.
• Hetauda – Major junction with Tribhuvan Highway with Birganj in the south and Kathmandu and Prithvi Highway to the north.
• Bharatpur – Link to Mugling on the Prithvi Highway
• Butwal – Junction of Siddhartha Highway with Sunauli and Lumbini to the south and Tansen and Pokhara to the north.
• Lamahi - The starting point of Lamahi-Ghorai-Tulsipur road.
• Various minor district road junctions at all districts it passes through.

References

1. . Adarsha Nepal Adventure. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
2. Woodhatch, Tom (1999). Nepal handbook. Western Nepal p. 29, Junctions p. 44, Length p. 238, Overview p. 373, Nepalganj p. 394 -398, Terai east of Sapt Kosi p. 401, Janakpur p. 436, Eastern Nepal p. 450. Footprint Handbooks. p. 450. Retrieved 2010-05-18 – via Internet Archive. Mahendra Highway.
3. Pulipaka, S., NR, A. S., Harshini, M., Deepalakshmi, V. R., & Korrapati, K. (2018). India’s development assistance and connectivity projects in Nepal.
4. Kamat, Rahul The Great Asian Highway 2010-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, Project Monitor website, 31 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-05
5. "Asian Highway Network | goTaiping". Retrieved 2022-08-02.
6. RAI, HEMLATA (2000-09-06). "The east is east, and west is west- Nepali Times". archive.nepalitimes.com. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
7. गौतम, युवराज. "राजा महेन्द्रको सपना". nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-06-30.
8. "'Promising new beginning in Russia-Nepal relations'". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
9. "Agreement on Construction of East West Highway". mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
10. Adam Matthew Digital (Firm), ed. (2012). UK aid for road-building in Nepal: East-West Highway. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Adam Matthew Digital.
11. "बुटवल–नारायणगढ सडक : महेन्द्रले बनाएको राजमार्ग ओलीले चौडा गर्दै". www.hamropatro.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
12. Rankin, K., Sigdel, T., Rai, L., Kunwar, S., & Hamal, P. (2017). Political economies and political rationalities of road building in Nepal. Studies in Nepali History and Society, 22(1), 43-84.
13. Hörmann, André (2021). Mahendra highway. Salzgeber ,Deutschland .
14. "महेन्द्र राजमार्ग चार लेन बनाइने". महेन्द्र राजमार्ग चार लेन बनाइने. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
15. David Reed, James McConnachie (2002). The rough guide to Nepal. Nepalganj p. 361, Mahendranagar p. 374, Janakpur p. 388, Kankarbhitta p. 400, Itahar p. 442. ISBN 9781858288994. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
16. Woodhatch, Tom (1999). Nepal handbook. p. 431. Footprint Handbooks. p. 431. ISBN 9781900949446. Retrieved 18 May 2010. Tribhuvan Highway.
17. "Agreement Between The Government Of India And His Majesty's Government Of Nepal For The Construction of Butwal- Nepalganj Sector Of Mahendra Rajmarg" (PDF). Ministry of external affairs (India). 1972-06-15.
18. Jayanta Kumar Ray, India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 (New Delhi: Routledge, 2011), p. 451.
19. Singh, Raj Kumar (2010). Relations of NDA and UPA with Neighbours. Gyan Publishing House. p. 214. ISBN 978-81-212-1060-7.