The broadnosed pipefish or deepnosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) is a fish of the family Syngnathidae (seahorses and pipefishes). It is native to the Eastern Atlantic from Vardø in Norway, Baltic Sea (north to the Gulf of Finland) and the British Isles at north to Morocco at south. It is also found in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It is common in the coastal shallow waters, usually on reefs with seagrasses. This species is notable for its "broad" snout, which is as deep as its body.
The broadnosed pipefish is a slender, elongated fish with a hexagonal cross-section which distinguishes it from its even more threadlike relation the straightnose pipefish (Nerophis ophidion), which has a circular cross-section. The body surface is covered by small bony plates. The head resembles that of a seahorse with a long, laterally flattened snout and obliquely sloping mouth. Unlike the straightnose pipefish, it has a fan-shaped caudal fin. The general colour is greenish, often with various darker mottling, and the belly is yellow. The average size is about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) with a maximum of 25 cm (10 in).[2]
Distribution
The broadnosed pipefish is native to the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Its range extends from Vardø, Norway to Morocco. It is found at depths to about 20 m (66 ft).[3]
Biology
The broadnosed pipefish tends to rest in a vertical position among the fronds of seaweed and feeds on plankton such as copepods which it sucks in through its mouth.[2]
This species of pipefish has a sex-role reversed mating system in which females compete for access to males.[4] This fish breeds in the summer. The male has a brood pouch into which several females deposit clutches of about twenty eggs and where the eggs are fertilised. The fry hatch after about four weeks and are expelled into the open water. Even after this the male continues to provide some parental care as the fry can retreat into the brood pouch in case of danger.[2]
Reproduction
Courtship and copulation
Males and females both actively court one another for mating, but courting is more frequent in females.[5] Courtship and copulation follow a stereotyped pattern, beginning when one fish identifies a prospective mate nearby and performs the ritualized dance.[6] If the other is receptive, the two align and continue the dance together until the female delivers her eggs into the male's brood pouch via an ovipositor.[6][7] The male then shakes the eggs into his brood pouch, releases his sperm into the pouch and assumes an S-shaped posture to fertilize the eggs.[6]
Mating system
These pipefish have a polygynandrous mating system, with both males and females mating with multiple partners during a breeding season.[8]
Like other species of pipefish, the broadnosed pipefish is sex-role reversed: males brood the eggs and because of their increased investment in offspring are the choosier sex, whereas females compete more intensely than males for access to mates.[5] Females can produce eggs faster than males can brood them, and are limited by the size of the male's brood pouch, which cannot carry all the eggs of a female similar to himself in size.[9][10] Male brood time is approximately four to six weeks, during which time the male provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing embryos until they hatch.[10][11] One to six females contribute to each brood clutch, which is the highest rate of multiple maternity in all of the pipefish species.[8]
Mate choice
Although males are choosier than females, both sexes exhibit a preference for large mates due to a positive correlation between size and fecundity.[9][12] Large females produce more and larger eggs and transfer more eggs per mating, while large males have increased brood clutch size and embryo weight.[7] Males also exhibit an avoidance of females carrying high parasite loads, which is negatively correlated with fecundity.[13]
The pipefish are not always able to mate with their preferred mates. For example, when predators are present, males are less choosy and mate indiscriminately with small and large females.[14] However, both sexes can compensate for mating with non-preferred mates. For example, females deposit more proteinaceous eggs when mating with a lower quality male.[9] This increases offspring viability since the smaller males are less able to nurture the embryos himself.[9] Males, on the other hand, can selectively absorb the eggs of lower-quality females after copulation.[15] By doing so, the male gains nutrients by ingesting the nutritious egg, which he can then allocate to caring for the embryos he sires with preferred, higher quality females in the future.[15]
References
^Pollom, R. (2014). "Syngnathus typhle". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T198767A46263316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T198767A46263316.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^Berglund, Anders (2003). Sex role reversal in pipefish. Advances in the Study of Behavior. Vol. 32. pp. 131–167. doi:10.1016/S0065-3454(03)01003-9. ISBN9780120045327.
^ abAnders, Berglund; Widemo, Maria; Rosenqvist, Gunilla (2005). "Sex-role reversal revisited: choosy females and ornamented, competitive males in a pipefish" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology. 16 (3): 649–655. doi:10.1093/beheco/ari038.
^ abcDugatkin, Lee. "Pipefish Courtship and Copulation". W. W. Norton & Company.
^ abBerglund, Anders; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Svensson, Ingrid (1988). "Multiple Matings and Paternal Brood Care in the Pipefish Syngnathus typhle". Oikos. 51 (2): 184–188. doi:10.2307/3565641. JSTOR 3565641.
^ abJones, Adam; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Berglund, Anders; Avise, John (1999). "The Genetic Mating System of a Sex-Role-Reversed Pipefish (Syngnathus typhle): A Molecular Inquiry". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 46 (5): 357–365. doi:10.1007/s002650050630. JSTOR 4601686.
^ abcdGoncalves, Ines; Mobley, Kenyon; Ahnesjö, Ingrid; Sagebakken, Gry; Jones, Adam; Kvarnemo, Charlotta (2010). "Reproductive compensation in broad-nosed pipefish females". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1687): 1581–1587. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2290. JSTOR 41148684. PMC2871843. PMID 20106851.
^ abBerglund, Anders; Rosenqvist, Gunilla (1990). "Male Limitation of Female Reproductive Success in a Pipefish: Effects of Body-Size Differences". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 27 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1007/bf00168456. JSTOR 4600455.
^Ahnesjö, Ingrid (1996). "Apparent Resource Competition among Embryos in the Brood Pouch of a Male Pipefish". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 38 (3): 167–172. doi:10.1007/s002650050229. JSTOR 4601187. S2CID 34633270.
^Bernet, Patricia; Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Berglund, Anders (1998). "Female-Female Competition Affects Female Ornamentation in the Sex-Role Reversed Pipefish Syngnathus typhle". Behaviour. 135 (5): 535–550. doi:10.1163/156853998792897923. JSTOR 4535544.
^Rosenqvist, Gunilla; Johansson, Kerstin (1995). "Male avoidance of parasitized females explained by direct benefits in a pipefish". Animal Behaviour. 49 (4): 1039–1045. doi:10.1006/anbe.1995.0133. S2CID 53152773.
^Berglund, Anders (1993). "Risky sex: male pipefishes mate at random in the presence of a predator". Animal Behaviour. 46: 169–175. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1172. S2CID 53159104.
^ abBerglund, Anders (18 March 2010). "Evolutionary biology: Pregnant fathers in charge". Nature. 464 (7287): 364–365. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..364B. doi:10.1038/464364a. PMID 20237558. S2CID 205054408.
External links
Kuiter, Rudie H. 2000. Seahorses, pipefishes, and the relatives. Chorleywood, UK: TMC Publishing. 240 p.
March 14, 2023
broadnosed, pipefish, broadnosed, pipefish, deepnosed, pipefish, syngnathus, typhle, fish, family, syngnathidae, seahorses, pipefishes, native, eastern, atlantic, from, vardø, norway, baltic, north, gulf, finland, british, isles, north, morocco, south, also, f. The broadnosed pipefish or deepnosed pipefish Syngnathus typhle is a fish of the family Syngnathidae seahorses and pipefishes It is native to the Eastern Atlantic from Vardo in Norway Baltic Sea north to the Gulf of Finland and the British Isles at north to Morocco at south It is also found in the Mediterranean Sea Black Sea and Sea of Azov It is common in the coastal shallow waters usually on reefs with seagrasses This species is notable for its broad snout which is as deep as its body Broadnosed pipefishConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder SyngnathiformesFamily SyngnathidaeGenus SyngnathusSpecies S typhleBinomial nameSyngnathus typhleLinnaeus 1758SynonymsSiphonostoma typhle Linnaeus 1758 Siphostoma typhle Linnaeus 1758 Syngnathus argentatus Pallas 1814 Syngnathus pelagicus Risso 1810 Syngnathus ponticus Pallas 1814 Syngnathus pyrois Risso 1827 Syngnathus rondeletii Delaroche 1809 Syngnathus rotundatus Michahelles 1829 Syngnathus thyphle Linnaeus 1758 Syngnathus viridis Risso 1810 Syphonostoma typhle Linnaeus 1758 Tiphle hexagonus Rafinesque 1810 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Biology 4 Reproduction 4 1 Courtship and copulation 4 2 Mating system 4 3 Mate choice 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditThe broadnosed pipefish is a slender elongated fish with a hexagonal cross section which distinguishes it from its even more threadlike relation the straightnose pipefish Nerophis ophidion which has a circular cross section The body surface is covered by small bony plates The head resembles that of a seahorse with a long laterally flattened snout and obliquely sloping mouth Unlike the straightnose pipefish it has a fan shaped caudal fin The general colour is greenish often with various darker mottling and the belly is yellow The average size is about 15 to 20 cm 6 to 8 in with a maximum of 25 cm 10 in 2 Distribution EditThe broadnosed pipefish is native to the Eastern Atlantic the Mediterranean Sea the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov Its range extends from Vardo Norway to Morocco It is found at depths to about 20 m 66 ft 3 Biology EditThe broadnosed pipefish tends to rest in a vertical position among the fronds of seaweed and feeds on plankton such as copepods which it sucks in through its mouth 2 This species of pipefish has a sex role reversed mating system in which females compete for access to males 4 This fish breeds in the summer The male has a brood pouch into which several females deposit clutches of about twenty eggs and where the eggs are fertilised The fry hatch after about four weeks and are expelled into the open water Even after this the male continues to provide some parental care as the fry can retreat into the brood pouch in case of danger 2 Reproduction EditCourtship and copulation Edit Males and females both actively court one another for mating but courting is more frequent in females 5 Courtship and copulation follow a stereotyped pattern beginning when one fish identifies a prospective mate nearby and performs the ritualized dance 6 If the other is receptive the two align and continue the dance together until the female delivers her eggs into the male s brood pouch via an ovipositor 6 7 The male then shakes the eggs into his brood pouch releases his sperm into the pouch and assumes an S shaped posture to fertilize the eggs 6 Mating system Edit These pipefish have a polygynandrous mating system with both males and females mating with multiple partners during a breeding season 8 Like other species of pipefish the broadnosed pipefish is sex role reversed males brood the eggs and because of their increased investment in offspring are the choosier sex whereas females compete more intensely than males for access to mates 5 Females can produce eggs faster than males can brood them and are limited by the size of the male s brood pouch which cannot carry all the eggs of a female similar to himself in size 9 10 Male brood time is approximately four to six weeks during which time the male provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing embryos until they hatch 10 11 One to six females contribute to each brood clutch which is the highest rate of multiple maternity in all of the pipefish species 8 Mate choice Edit Although males are choosier than females both sexes exhibit a preference for large mates due to a positive correlation between size and fecundity 9 12 Large females produce more and larger eggs and transfer more eggs per mating while large males have increased brood clutch size and embryo weight 7 Males also exhibit an avoidance of females carrying high parasite loads which is negatively correlated with fecundity 13 The pipefish are not always able to mate with their preferred mates For example when predators are present males are less choosy and mate indiscriminately with small and large females 14 However both sexes can compensate for mating with non preferred mates For example females deposit more proteinaceous eggs when mating with a lower quality male 9 This increases offspring viability since the smaller males are less able to nurture the embryos himself 9 Males on the other hand can selectively absorb the eggs of lower quality females after copulation 15 By doing so the male gains nutrients by ingesting the nutritious egg which he can then allocate to caring for the embryos he sires with preferred higher quality females in the future 15 References Edit Pollom R 2014 Syngnathus typhle IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014 e T198767A46263316 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2014 3 RLTS T198767A46263316 en Retrieved 20 November 2021 a b c Broad nosed pipefish Syngnathus typhle L NatureGate Retrieved 2013 12 19 Syngnathus typhle Linnaeus 1758 Broadnosed pipefish FishBase Retrieved 2013 12 19 Berglund Anders 2003 Sex role reversal in pipefish Advances in the Study of Behavior Vol 32 pp 131 167 doi 10 1016 S0065 3454 03 01003 9 ISBN 9780120045327 a b Anders Berglund Widemo Maria Rosenqvist Gunilla 2005 Sex role reversal revisited choosy females and ornamented competitive males in a pipefish PDF Behavioral Ecology 16 3 649 655 doi 10 1093 beheco ari038 a b c Dugatkin Lee Pipefish Courtship and Copulation W W Norton amp Company a b Berglund Anders Rosenqvist Gunilla Svensson Ingrid 1988 Multiple Matings and Paternal Brood Care in the Pipefish Syngnathus typhle Oikos 51 2 184 188 doi 10 2307 3565641 JSTOR 3565641 a b Jones Adam Rosenqvist Gunilla Berglund Anders Avise John 1999 The Genetic Mating System of a Sex Role Reversed Pipefish Syngnathus typhle A Molecular Inquiry Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46 5 357 365 doi 10 1007 s002650050630 JSTOR 4601686 a b c d Goncalves Ines Mobley Kenyon Ahnesjo Ingrid Sagebakken Gry Jones Adam Kvarnemo Charlotta 2010 Reproductive compensation in broad nosed pipefish females Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 277 1687 1581 1587 doi 10 1098 rspb 2009 2290 JSTOR 41148684 PMC 2871843 PMID 20106851 a b Berglund Anders Rosenqvist Gunilla 1990 Male Limitation of Female Reproductive Success in a Pipefish Effects of Body Size Differences Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27 2 129 133 doi 10 1007 bf00168456 JSTOR 4600455 Ahnesjo Ingrid 1996 Apparent Resource Competition among Embryos in the Brood Pouch of a Male Pipefish Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38 3 167 172 doi 10 1007 s002650050229 JSTOR 4601187 S2CID 34633270 Bernet Patricia Rosenqvist Gunilla Berglund Anders 1998 Female Female Competition Affects Female Ornamentation in the Sex Role Reversed Pipefish Syngnathus typhle Behaviour 135 5 535 550 doi 10 1163 156853998792897923 JSTOR 4535544 Rosenqvist Gunilla Johansson Kerstin 1995 Male avoidance of parasitized females explained by direct benefits in a pipefish Animal Behaviour 49 4 1039 1045 doi 10 1006 anbe 1995 0133 S2CID 53152773 Berglund Anders 1993 Risky sex male pipefishes mate at random in the presence of a predator Animal Behaviour 46 169 175 doi 10 1006 anbe 1993 1172 S2CID 53159104 a b Berglund Anders 18 March 2010 Evolutionary biology Pregnant fathers in charge Nature 464 7287 364 365 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 364B doi 10 1038 464364a PMID 20237558 S2CID 205054408 External links EditKuiter Rudie H 2000 Seahorses pipefishes and the relatives Chorleywood UK TMC Publishing 240 p Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Broadnosed pipefish amp oldid 1099862339, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
