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Megacerops was named by Leidy (1870). Its type species is Megacerops coloradensis. It was synonymized subjectively with Menodus by Clark and Beerbower (1967). It was assigned to Brontotheriidae by Leidy (1870), Carroll (1988), Mader (1989), and Mader (1998).[2][3]
According to Mihlbachler and others,[4][5]Megacerops includes the species of the genera Menodus, Brontotherium, Brontops, Menops, Ateleodon, and Oreinotherium.
All of the species had a pair of blunt horns on their snout (the size varying between species), with the horns of males being much larger than those of the females. This could indicate that they were social animals which butted heads for breeding privileges.
Despite resembling the rhinoceros, it was larger than any living rhinoceros: the living animal easily approached the size of the African forest elephant, the third-largest land animal today. It stood about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) tall at the shoulders with an overall length(including tail) of 4.63 m (15.2 ft).[6]: 666 Its skull reached 89.5 cm (35.2 in) in greatest length, with some specimens possessing substantial canines, up to 70 mm long.[6]: 494, 523 Megacerops resembled a large rhinoceros, possessing blunt Y-shaped horn-like protrusions on its nose up to 43 cm in length.[6]: 553 Its mass is estimated to be in the range of 3.3–3.8 t (3.6–4.2 short tons) [7][8]
The dorsal vertebrae above the shoulders had extra long spines to support the huge neck muscles needed to carry the heavy skull. The shape of its teeth suggests that it preferred food such as soft stems and leaves, rather than tough vegetation. It may have had fleshy lips and a long tongue for carefully selecting food.
Paleobiologyedit
Skull in Zurich
The skeleton of an adult male was found with partially healed rib fractures, which supports the theory that males used their 'horns' to fight each other. No creature living in Megacerops' time and area except another Megacerops could have inflicted such an injury.[9] The breathing movements prevented the fractures from completely healing. The adults may have also used their horns to defend themselves and their calves from predators, such as hyaenodonts, entelodonts, Bathornis or nimravids.
Distributionedit
Fossils were uncovered in the northern plains states. Life-sized models of Megacerops families (a male, female, and juvenile) are displayed at the James E. Martin Paleontological Research Laboratory, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, and a different set at the Canadian Museum of Nature.
Many remains have been found in South Dakota and Nebraska. In the past, specimens exposed by severe rainstorms were found by Native Americans of the Sioux tribes. The Sioux called them "thunder beasts", a name preserved in the ancient Greek translation (bronto-, thunder; therion, beast).[10] Many of the skeletons found by the Sioux belonged to herds which were killed by volcanic eruptions of the Rocky Mountains, which were volcanically active at the time.
^Mihlbachler, M.C., Lucas, S.G., and Emry, R.J. (2004). "The holotype specimen of Menodus giganteus, and the "insoluble" problem of Chadronian brontothere taxonomy". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 26: 129–136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Mihlbachler, Matthew Christian (2005). Phylogenetic systematics of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) (Thesis). OCLC 79487069. ProQuest 305015315.[page needed]
^ abcOsborn, Henry F. (1929). The titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
^Gregory S., Paul. . Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^Bales, Gerald S. (1996). "Heterochrony in Brontothere Horn Evolution: Allometric Interpretations and the Effect of Life History Scaling". Paleobiology. 22 (4): 481–495. Bibcode:1996Pbio...22..481B. doi:10.1017/S009483730001647X. S2CID 89214971. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
^Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 258–259. ISBN978-1-84028-152-1.
^Mayor, Adrienne. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
External linksedit
Fast evolution of Megacerops after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, 12 May 2023, Live Science
May 10, 2024
megacerops, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, german, june, 2022, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, translations, t. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German June 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 133 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Megacerops see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Megacerops to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Megacerops large horned face from mega large keras horn ōps face is an extinct genus of the prehistoric odd toed ungulate hoofed mammal family Brontotheriidae an extinct group of rhinoceros like browsers related to horses It was endemic to North America during the Late Eocene epoch 38 33 9 mya existing for approximately 4 1 million years 1 MegaceropsTemporal range Eocene Priabonian 38 33 9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Mounted skeleton Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Perissodactyla Family Brontotheriidae Subfamily Brontotheriinae Tribe Brontotheriini Subtribe Brontotheriina Infratribe Brontotheriita Genus MegaceropsLeidy 1870 Species M coloradensis Leidy 1870 type species M kuwagatarhinus Mader and Alexander 1995 Synonyms Brontotherium Cope 1873 Brontops Menodus Titanotherium Ateleodon Oreinotherium Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Paleobiology 4 Distribution 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy editMegacerops was named by Leidy 1870 Its type species is Megacerops coloradensis It was synonymized subjectively with Menodus by Clark and Beerbower 1967 It was assigned to Brontotheriidae by Leidy 1870 Carroll 1988 Mader 1989 and Mader 1998 2 3 According to Mihlbachler and others 4 5 Megacerops includes the species of the genera Menodus Brontotherium Brontops Menops Ateleodon and Oreinotherium Description edit nbsp Restoration of M coloradensis nbsp Megacerops head reconstruction at the American Museum of Natural History All of the species had a pair of blunt horns on their snout the size varying between species with the horns of males being much larger than those of the females This could indicate that they were social animals which butted heads for breeding privileges Despite resembling the rhinoceros it was larger than any living rhinoceros the living animal easily approached the size of the African forest elephant the third largest land animal today It stood about 2 5 m 8 ft 2 in tall at the shoulders with an overall length including tail of 4 63 m 15 2 ft 6 666 Its skull reached 89 5 cm 35 2 in in greatest length with some specimens possessing substantial canines up to 70 mm long 6 494 523 Megacerops resembled a large rhinoceros possessing blunt Y shaped horn like protrusions on its nose up to 43 cm in length 6 553 Its mass is estimated to be in the range of 3 3 3 8 t 3 6 4 2 short tons 7 8 The dorsal vertebrae above the shoulders had extra long spines to support the huge neck muscles needed to carry the heavy skull The shape of its teeth suggests that it preferred food such as soft stems and leaves rather than tough vegetation It may have had fleshy lips and a long tongue for carefully selecting food Paleobiology edit nbsp Skull in Zurich The skeleton of an adult male was found with partially healed rib fractures which supports the theory that males used their horns to fight each other No creature living in Megacerops time and area except another Megacerops could have inflicted such an injury 9 The breathing movements prevented the fractures from completely healing The adults may have also used their horns to defend themselves and their calves from predators such as hyaenodonts entelodonts Bathornis or nimravids Distribution editFossils were uncovered in the northern plains states Life sized models of Megacerops families a male female and juvenile are displayed at the James E Martin Paleontological Research Laboratory South Dakota School of Mines amp Technology and a different set at the Canadian Museum of Nature Many remains have been found in South Dakota and Nebraska In the past specimens exposed by severe rainstorms were found by Native Americans of the Sioux tribes The Sioux called them thunder beasts a name preserved in the ancient Greek translation bronto thunder therion beast 10 Many of the skeletons found by the Sioux belonged to herds which were killed by volcanic eruptions of the Rocky Mountains which were volcanically active at the time See also edit nbsp Paleontology portalReferences edit Fossilworks Megacerops J Clark and J R Beerbower 1967 Geology paleoecology and paleoclimatology of the Chadron Formation Fieldiana Carroll Robert L 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution Freeman ISBN 978 0 7167 1822 2 page needed Mihlbachler M C Lucas S G and Emry R J 2004 The holotype specimen of Menodus giganteus and the insoluble problem of Chadronian brontothere taxonomy New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 26 129 136 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mihlbachler Matthew Christian 2005 Phylogenetic systematics of the Brontotheriidae Mammalia Perissodactyla Thesis OCLC 79487069 ProQuest 305015315 page needed a b c Osborn Henry F 1929 The titanotheres of ancient Wyoming Dakota and Nebraska Dept of the Interior U S Geological Survey Gregory S Paul Mass estimate table Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 Retrieved 20 September 2022 Bales Gerald S 1996 Heterochrony in Brontothere Horn Evolution Allometric Interpretations and the Effect of Life History Scaling Paleobiology 22 4 481 495 Bibcode 1996Pbio 22 481B doi 10 1017 S009483730001647X S2CID 89214971 Retrieved September 26 2022 Palmer D ed 1999 The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals London Marshall Editions pp 258 259 ISBN 978 1 84028 152 1 Mayor Adrienne Placenames Describing Fossils in Oral Traditions PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 09 04 Retrieved 2019 06 21 External links editFast evolution of Megacerops after the end Cretaceous mass extinction 12 May 2023 Live Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Megacerops amp oldid 1222179018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
