Mura is a language of Amazonas, Brazil. It is most famous for Pirahã, its sole surviving dialect. Linguistically, it is typified by agglutinativity, a very small phoneme inventory (around 11 compared to around 44 in English), whistled speech, and the use of tone.
Since at least Barboza Rodrigues (1892) [reference?], there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as dialects of Mura, or even as Muran languages. The names are:
Bohurá, or Buxwaray, the original form of the name 'Mura'; spoken on the Autaz River[2]
Pirahã, or Pirahá, Pirahán, the name the remaining dialect goes by
On the basis of a minuscule amount of data, it would appear that Bohurá (Mura proper) was mutually intelligible with Pirahã; however, for Yahahí there exists only ethnographic information, and it can be assumed they spoke the same language as other Mura. Rodrigues describes the Yahahí as having come from the Branco river, a tributary of the right bank of the upper Marmelos river. The last Yahahí are said to have joined the Pirahã.
The Mura/Bohurá endonym is Buhuraen, according to Barboza Rodrigues (1892), or Buxivaray ~ Buxwarahay, according to Tastevin (1923). This was pronounced Murá by their neighbors, the Torá and Matanawi. In his vocabulary, Rodrigues lists Bohura for the people and bhurai-ada "Mura language" for the language, from the Mura of the Manicoré River; Tastevin has Bohurai and bohuarai-arase for the same. They also record,
nahi buxwara araha "That one is Mura"
yane abahi araha buxwarái "We are all Mura"
(Caution: these words need to be confirmed. The scanned text of Nimuendaju (1948) at the link has several errors, such as ⟨c⟩ for ⟨e⟩, ⟨h⟩ for ⟨b⟩, and ⟨d⟩ for ⟨á⟩.)
Genealogical relationsedit
Mura is often proposed to be related to Matanawí. Kaufman (1994) also suggests a connection with Huarpe in his Macro-Warpean proposal.
Vocabularyedit
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mura language varieties.[2]
Below is a comparison of Mura and Pirahã words from Salles (2023):[3]: 959
English gloss
Mura
Pirahã
long
peissí
piiʔi
short
kutjúhi
koihí
big
itokúi
itohí
male foreigner
auí
aooí
female foreigner
aurí
aogí
wild pig
bahúis
bahóisi
louse
tihyhí
tihíihi
flour
arais
ágaísi
tobacco
itíhi
tíhi
leaf
itai
tai
fire
uái
hoái
blood
bê
bií
bone
ái
aí
sleep
aitáhus
aitáhoi
die
kwoabís
koabaipí
drink
pitaissa
pitáipí
stay
abaái
abí
say
aihyahá
ahoái
sun
huisí
hisó
moon
kaãnhê
kaháíʔái
cold
arí
agí
feisty
aupís
aáopí
far
kái
kaáo
bad
babihí
baábi(hi)
Notesedit
^ abcMura at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abcLoukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^Salles, Raiane (2023). "Pirahã (Apáitisí)". In Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 957–994. ISBN978-3-11-043273-2.
Bibliographyedit
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-509427-1.
Everett, D. L. (1992). A língua Pirahã e a teoria da sintaxe: descrição, perspectivas e teoria. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp.
Hanke, W. (1950a). O idioma Mura. Arquivos: Coletânea de documentor para a História da Amazônia, 12:3-8.
Hanke, W. (1950b). Vocabulário e idioma mura dos índios mura do rio Manicoré. Arquivos, 12:3-8.
Heinrichs, A. (1961). Questionário: Mura-Pirahã Rio Marmelos. (Questionário dos Vocabulários Padrões para estudos comparativos preliminares de línguas indígenas brasileiras.) Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
Heinrichs, A. (1963). Questionário: Mura-Pirahã Rios Marmelos e Maici. (Questionário dos Vocabulários Padrões para estudos comparativos preliminares de línguas indígenas brasileiras.) Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Curt Nimuendajú (1948): "The Mura" and "The Yahahi", in Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 3: The Tropical Forest Tribes, ed. Julian H. Steward, pp. 255–269.
External linksedit
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Mura word list
PROEL: Grupo Muran
April 15, 2024
mura, language, mura, language, amazonas, brazil, most, famous, pirahã, sole, surviving, dialect, linguistically, typified, agglutinativity, very, small, phoneme, inventory, around, compared, around, english, whistled, speech, tone, murabohurábuxwarayregionama. Mura is a language of Amazonas Brazil It is most famous for Piraha its sole surviving dialect Linguistically it is typified by agglutinativity a very small phoneme inventory around 11 compared to around 44 in English whistled speech and the use of tone MuraBohuraBuxwarayRegionAmazonEthnicity1 500 Mura people 1995 1 Native speakers360 2000 1 mostly monolingual 1 Language familyMacro Warpean Mura Matanawi MuraDialectsPirahaWriting systemLatin scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code myp class extiw title iso639 3 myp myp a Piraha Mura Linguist List Bohura not ISO Yahahi not ISO Glottologpira1253The attested extent of Mura and MatanawiIn the 19th century there were an estimated 30 000 60 000 Mura clarification needed It is now spoken by only 300 Piraha people in eight villages Contents 1 Dialects 2 Genealogical relations 3 Vocabulary 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 External linksDialects editSince at least Barboza Rodrigues 1892 reference there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as dialects of Mura or even as Muran languages The names are Bohura or Buxwaray the original form of the name Mura spoken on the Autaz River 2 Piraha or Piraha Pirahan the name the remaining dialect goes by Yahahi also spelled Jahahi spoken on the Branco River 2 On the basis of a minuscule amount of data it would appear that Bohura Mura proper was mutually intelligible with Piraha however for Yahahi there exists only ethnographic information and it can be assumed they spoke the same language as other Mura Rodrigues describes the Yahahi as having come from the Branco river a tributary of the right bank of the upper Marmelos river The last Yahahi are said to have joined the Piraha The Mura Bohura endonym is Buhuraen according to Barboza Rodrigues 1892 or Buxivaray Buxwarahay according to Tastevin 1923 This was pronounced Mura by their neighbors the Tora and Matanawi In his vocabulary Rodrigues lists Bohura for the people and bhurai ada Mura language for the language from the Mura of the Manicore River Tastevin has Bohurai and bohuarai arase for the same They also record nahi buxwara araha That one is Mura yane abahi araha buxwarai We are all Mura Caution these words need to be confirmed The scanned text of Nimuendaju 1948 at the link has several errors such as c for e h for b and d for a Genealogical relations editMura is often proposed to be related to Matanawi Kaufman 1994 also suggests a connection with Huarpe in his Macro Warpean proposal Vocabulary editLoukotka 1968 lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mura language varieties 2 gloss Mura Bohura Pirahaone huyiːtwo mukuihead a pai hana pai a paixiear ku pai hane apue apu paytooth aro pai haine tue atu payhand upa hane ui upaiwoman yuehẽ kairi yuehewater pe ipe pefire foai huai waistone ati ati begemaize chihuha tihoʔahai chifuatapir kabachi kabati kauateiBelow is a comparison of Mura and Piraha words from Salles 2023 3 959 English gloss Mura Pirahalong peissi piiʔishort kutjuhi koihibig itokui itohimale foreigner aui aooifemale foreigner auri aogiwild pig bahuis bahoisilouse tihyhi tihiihiflour arais agaisitobacco itihi tihileaf itai taifire uai hoaiblood be biibone ai aisleep aitahus aitahoidie kwoabis koabaipidrink pitaissa pitaipistay abaai abisay aihyaha ahoaisun huisi hisomoon kaanhe kahaiʔaicold ari agifeisty aupis aaopifar kai kaaobad babihi baabi hi Notes edit a b c Mura at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center Salles Raiane 2023 Piraha Apaitisi In Epps Patience Michael Lev eds Amazonian Languages Language Isolates Volume II Kanoe to Yurakare Berlin Walter de Gruyter pp 957 994 ISBN 978 3 11 043273 2 Bibliography editCampbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 509427 1 Everett D L 1992 A lingua Piraha e a teoria da sintaxe descricao perspectivas e teoria Campinas Editora da Unicamp Hanke W 1950a O idioma Mura Arquivos Coletanea de documentor para a Historia da Amazonia 12 3 8 Hanke W 1950b Vocabulario e idioma mura dos indios mura do rio Manicore Arquivos 12 3 8 Heinrichs A 1961 Questionario Mura Piraha Rio Marmelos Questionario dos Vocabularios Padroes para estudos comparativos preliminares de linguas indigenas brasileiras Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Heinrichs A 1963 Questionario Mura Piraha Rios Marmelos e Maici Questionario dos Vocabularios Padroes para estudos comparativos preliminares de linguas indigenas brasileiras Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Kaufman Terrence 1994 The native languages of South America In C Mosley amp R E Asher Eds Atlas of the world s languages pp 46 76 London Routledge Curt Nimuendaju 1948 The Mura and The Yahahi in Handbook of South American Indians Volume 3 The Tropical Forest Tribes ed Julian H Steward pp 255 269 External links edit nbsp Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix Mura word list PROEL Grupo Muran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mura language amp oldid 1214501938, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
