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Microbialite

May 01, 2024

Microbialite is a benthic sedimentary deposit made of carbonate mud (particle diameter < 5 μm) that is formed with the mediation of microbes. The constituent carbonate mud is a type of automicrite (or authigenic carbonate mud); therefore, it precipitates in situ instead of being transported and deposited. Being formed in situ, a microbialite can be seen as a type of boundstone where reef builders are microbes, and precipitation of carbonate is biotically induced instead of forming tests, shells or skeletons.

Microbialites in Lake Salda rocks
Emerged microbialite formation at Lake Van, East Anatolia
Classification of microbialites (redrawn and simplified from Schmid, 1996[1]).
Stromatolites – laminated microbialites (Precambrian silicified stromatolite, Strelley Pool Chert, (Pilbara Craton), W. Australia)

Microbialites can also be defined as microbial mats with lithification capacity.[2] Bacteria can precipitate carbonate both in shallow and in deep water (except for Cyanobacteria) and so microbialites can form regardless of the sunlight.[3]

Microbialites are the foundation of many lacustrine ecosystems, such as the biosystem of the Great Salt Lake with its millions of migratory birds[4] or, serving in the Alchichica Lake as nurseries for axolotl (Ambystoma taylori) and a variety of fish.

Microbialites were very important to the formation of Precambrian and Phanerozoic limestones in many different environments, marine and not. The best age for stromatolites was from 2800 Ma to 1000 Ma where stromatolites were the main constituents of carbonate platforms[3]

Classification edit

Microbialites can have three different fabrics:[3]

  • Stromatolitic: microbialite layered, laminated or agglutinated to form a stromatolite.
  • Thrombolitic: microbialite with a clotted peloidal fabric if observed with a petrographic microscope. The density of peloids is variable. At the scale of the hand sample, the rock shows a dendritic fabric, and can be named thrombolite.
  • Leiolitic: a microbialite with no layering nor clotted peloidal fabric. It is only made of a dense automicrite.

Evolution edit

Microbialites played an important role in the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere, since they were ancestral niches where the first microbial metabolisms capable of releasing oxygen arose. Microbialites saturated coastal systems and later the primitive atmosphere with oxygen, changing it from a reduced state to an oxidized state.[5] The fossil microbialites (also called stromatolites) of the Precambrian and Phanerozoic are one of the first evidences of communal life. The oldest microbialites are dated at 3.5 billion years.[6] Fossil evidence suggests that microbialite-producing organisms were a very abundant life form from the early Archaean to the late Proterozoic, until their communities decreased due to the predation of foraminifera and other eukaryotic microorganisms.[7]

Formation of microbialites edit

The formation of microbialites is complex and is a continuous process of precipitation and dissolution, where different microbial metabolisms are coupled and a high saturation index (SI) of ions in water is present.[8]

Microbialites have two possible genesis mechanisms:

1) Mineral precipitation: is the main formation process of microbialites and it can be due to inorganic precipitation or to the passive influence of microbial metabolisms. There can also be precipitation due to saturation of the microenvironment when extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are rapidly degraded, increasing ion saturation.[9]

2) Trapping and binding: when the microbial community includes mineral paticles of the environment that adhere to the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). This process is very popular, since it was described in modern microbialites of Shark Bay (Australia) and Bahamas, but it has been shown to be very uncommon throughout the 3500 million year long geological history of microbialites.[10]

Modern microbialites distribution edit

Living modern microbialites (less than 20,000 years old) are rare and can be found confined to places such as:

Composition edit

Microbialites are made up of layers made up of an organic component and another mineral.[11] The organic component is an elaborate microbial mat where different communities of microorganisms interact with different metabolisms and create a micro-niche where oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophic organisms coexist, nitrogen fixers, sulfur reducers, methaneotrophs, methanogens, iron oxidizers, and an infinity of heterotrophic decomposers.[12] The mineral component is composed of carbonates, generally calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite, although there may also be sintered silicones, that is, silicates and include mineral forms of sulfur, iron (pyrite) or phosphorus.[9] Carbonate is usually a type of autogenic automicrite, therefore it precipitates in situ. Microbialites can be viewed as a type of biogenic sedimentary rock where the reef builders are microbes and carbonate precipitation is induced. Microorganisms can precipitate carbonate in both shallow and deep waters

Microbes that produce microbialites edit

A broad number of studies have analyzed the diversity of microorganisms living at the surface of microbialites.[13][14] Very often, this diversity is very high and includes bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. While the phylogenetic diversity of these microbial communities is pretty well assessed using molecular biology, the identity of the organisms contributing to carbonate formation remains uncertain. Interestingly, some microorganisms seem to be present in microbialites forming in several different lakes, defining a core microbiome.[15][13] Microbes that precipitate carbonate to build microbialites are mostly prokaryotes, which include bacteria and archaea. The best known carbonate-producing bacteria are Cyanobacteria and Sulfate-reducing bacteria.[16] Additional bacteria may play a prominent role, such as bacteria performing anoxygenic photosynthesis[17] is. Archaea are often extremophiles and thus live in remote environments where other organisms cannot live, such as white smokers at the bottom of the oceans.

Eukaryotic microbes, instead, produce less carbonate than prokaryotes.[18]

Interest in studying microbialites edit

There is great interest in studying fossil microbialites in the field of paleontology since they provide relevant data on paleoclimate and function as bioclimatic indicators.[19] There is also an interest in studying them in the field of astrobiology, as they are one of the first forms of life, one would expect to find evidence of these structures on other planets.[20] The study of modern microbialites can provide relevant information and serve as environmental indicators for the management and conservation of protected natural areas.[21] Due to their ability to form minerals and precipitate detrital material, biotechnological and bioremediation applications have been suggested in aquatic systems for carbon dioxide sequestration, since microbialites can function as carbon sinks.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ Schmid, D.U. (1996). "Mikrobolithe und Mikroinkrustierer aus dem Oberjura". Profil. 9: 101–251.
  2. ^ Dupraz, Christophe; Visscher, Pieter T. (September 2005). "Microbial lithification in marine stromatolites and hypersaline mats". Trends in Microbiology. 13 (9): 429–438. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.008. PMID 16087339.
  3. ^ a b c Erik., Flügel (2010). Microfacies of carbonate rocks : analysis, interpretation and application. Munnecke, Axel. (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 9783642037962. OCLC 663093942.
  4. ^ "Drought Negatively Impacting Great Salt Lake Microbialites and Ecosystem". Utah Geological Survey. Department of Natural Resources. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  5. ^ Laval, Bernard; Cady, Sherry L.; Pollack, John C.; McKay, Christopher P.; Bird, John S.; Grotzinger, John P.; Ford, Derek C.; Bohm, Harry R. (October 2000). "Modern freshwater microbialite analogues for ancient dendritic reef structures". Nature. 407 (6804): 626–629. Bibcode:2000Natur.407..626L. doi:10.1038/35036579. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11034210. S2CID 4420988.
  6. ^ Awramik, Stanley M. (1971-11-19). "Precambrian Columnar Stromatolite Diversity: Reflection of Metazoan Appearance". Science. 174 (4011): 825–827. Bibcode:1971Sci...174..825A. doi:10.1126/science.174.4011.825. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17759393. S2CID 2302113.
  7. ^ Bernhard, J. M.; Edgcomb, V. P.; Visscher, P. T.; McIntyre-Wressnig, A.; Summons, R. E.; Bouxsein, M. L.; Louis, L.; Jeglinski, M. (2013-05-28). "Insights into foraminiferal influences on microfabrics of microbialites at Highborne Cay, Bahamas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (24): 9830–9834. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.9830B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221721110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3683713. PMID 23716649.
  8. ^ Chagas, Anderson A.P.; Webb, Gregory E.; Burne, Robert V.; Southam, Gordon (November 2016). "Modern lacustrine microbialites: Towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy". Earth-Science Reviews. 162: 338–363. Bibcode:2016ESRv..162..338C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.012. ISSN 0012-8252.
  9. ^ a b Dupraz, Christophe; Reid, R. Pamela; Braissant, Olivier; Decho, Alan W.; Norman, R. Sean; Visscher, Pieter T. (October 2009). "Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats". Earth-Science Reviews. 96 (3): 141–162. Bibcode:2009ESRv...96..141D. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.10.005. ISSN 0012-8252.
  10. ^ Suarez-Gonzalez, P.; Benito, M. I.; Quijada, I. E.; Mas, R.; Campos-Soto, S. (2019-07-01). "'Trapping and binding': A review of the factors controlling the development of fossil agglutinated microbialites and their distribution in space and time". Earth-Science Reviews. 194: 182–215. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.007. hdl:10651/56917. ISSN 0012-8252.
  11. ^ Centeno, Carla M.; Legendre, Pierre; Beltrán, Yislem; Alcántara-Hernández, Rocío J.; Lidström, Ulrika E.; Ashby, Matthew N.; Falcón, Luisa I. (2012-08-02). "Microbialite genetic diversity and composition relate to environmental variables". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 82 (3): 724–735. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01447.x. ISSN 0168-6496. PMID 22775797. S2CID 26194549.
  12. ^ White, Richard Allen; Chan, Amy M.; Gavelis, Gregory S.; Leander, Brian S.; Brady, Allyson L.; Slater, Gregory F.; Lim, Darlene S. S.; Suttle, Curtis A. (2016-01-28). "Metagenomic Analysis Suggests Modern Freshwater Microbialites Harbor a Distinct Core Microbial Community". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 1531. Bibcode:2016FrMic...3.1531W. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01531. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4729913. PMID 26903951.
  13. ^ a b Iniesto, Miguel; Moreira, David; Reboul, Guillaume; Deschamps, Philippe; Benzerara, Karim; Bertolino, Paola; Saghaï, Aurélien; Tavera, Rosaluz; López‐García, Purificación (January 2021). "Core microbial communities of lacustrine microbialites sampled along an alkalinity gradient". Environmental Microbiology. 23 (1): 51–68. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15252. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 32985763. S2CID 222161047.
  14. ^ Couradeau, Estelle; Benzerara, Karim; Moreira, David; Gérard, Emmanuelle; Kaźmierczak, Józef; Tavera, Rosaluz; López-García, Purificación (2011-12-14). "Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Community Structure in Field and Cultured Microbialites from the Alkaline Lake Alchichica (Mexico)". PLOS ONE. 6 (12): e28767. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...628767C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028767. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3237500. PMID 22194908.
  15. ^ White, Richard Allen; Power, Ian M.; Dipple, Gregory M.; Southam, Gordon; Suttle, Curtis A. (2015-09-23). "Metagenomic analysis reveals that modern microbialites and polar microbial mats have similar taxonomic and functional potential". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 966. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00966. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4585152. PMID 26441900.
  16. ^ Chagas, Anderson A.P.; Webb, Gregory E.; Burne, Robert V.; Southam, Gordon (November 2016). "Modern lacustrine microbialites: Towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy". Earth-Science Reviews. 162: 338–363. Bibcode:2016ESRv..162..338C. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.012. ISSN 0012-8252.
  17. ^ Saghaï, Aurélien; Zivanovic, Yvan; Zeyen, Nina; Moreira, David; Benzerara, Karim; Deschamps, Philippe; Bertolino, Paola; Ragon, Marie; Tavera, Rosaluz; López-Archilla, Ana I.; López-García, Purificación (2015-08-05). "Metagenome-based diversity analyses suggest a significant contribution of non-cyanobacterial lineages to carbonate precipitation in modern microbialites". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 797. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00797. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4525015. PMID 26300865.
  18. ^ Riding, Robert (2000). "Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial–algal mats and biofilms". Sedimentology. 47 (s1): 179–214. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00003.x. ISSN 1365-3091. S2CID 130272076.
  19. ^ Webb, Gregory E.; Kamber, Balz S. (May 2000). "Rare earth elements in Holocene reefal microbialites: a new shallow seawater proxy". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 64 (9): 1557–1565. Bibcode:2000GeCoA..64.1557W. doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00400-7. ISSN 0016-7037.
  20. ^ Noffke, Nora (February 2015). "Ancient Sedimentary Structures in the <3.7 Ga Gillespie Lake Member, Mars, That Resemble Macroscopic Morphology, Spatial Associations, and Temporal Succession in Terrestrial Microbialites". Astrobiology. 15 (2): 169–192. Bibcode:2015AsBio..15..169N. doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1218. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 25495393.
  21. ^ Encyclopedia of geobiology. J. Reitner, Volker Thiel. Dordrecht: Springer. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4020-9212-1. OCLC 710152961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fbioe.

May 01, 2024
microbialite, benthic, sedimentary, deposit, made, carbonate, particle, diameter, that, formed, with, mediation, microbes, constituent, carbonate, type, automicrite, authigenic, carbonate, therefore, precipitates, situ, instead, being, transported, deposited, . Microbialite is a benthic sedimentary deposit made of carbonate mud particle diameter lt 5 mm that is formed with the mediation of microbes The constituent carbonate mud is a type of automicrite or authigenic carbonate mud therefore it precipitates in situ instead of being transported and deposited Being formed in situ a microbialite can be seen as a type of boundstone where reef builders are microbes and precipitation of carbonate is biotically induced instead of forming tests shells or skeletons Microbialites in Lake Salda rocks Emerged microbialite formation at Lake Van East Anatolia Classification of microbialites redrawn and simplified from Schmid 1996 1 Stromatolites laminated microbialites Precambrian silicified stromatolite Strelley Pool Chert Pilbara Craton W Australia Microbialites can also be defined as microbial mats with lithification capacity 2 Bacteria can precipitate carbonate both in shallow and in deep water except for Cyanobacteria and so microbialites can form regardless of the sunlight 3 Microbialites are the foundation of many lacustrine ecosystems such as the biosystem of the Great Salt Lake with its millions of migratory birds 4 or serving in the Alchichica Lake as nurseries for axolotl Ambystoma taylori and a variety of fish Microbialites were very important to the formation of Precambrian and Phanerozoic limestones in many different environments marine and not The best age for stromatolites was from 2800 Ma to 1000 Ma where stromatolites were the main constituents of carbonate platforms 3 Contents 1 Classification 2 Evolution 3 Formation of microbialites 4 Modern microbialites distribution 5 Composition 6 Microbes that produce microbialites 7 Interest in studying microbialites 8 ReferencesClassification editMicrobialites can have three different fabrics 3 Stromatolitic microbialite layered laminated or agglutinated to form a stromatolite Thrombolitic microbialite with a clotted peloidal fabric if observed with a petrographic microscope The density of peloids is variable At the scale of the hand sample the rock shows a dendritic fabric and can be named thrombolite Leiolitic a microbialite with no layering nor clotted peloidal fabric It is only made of a dense automicrite Evolution editMicrobialites played an important role in the evolution of the Earth s atmosphere since they were ancestral niches where the first microbial metabolisms capable of releasing oxygen arose Microbialites saturated coastal systems and later the primitive atmosphere with oxygen changing it from a reduced state to an oxidized state 5 The fossil microbialites also called stromatolites of the Precambrian and Phanerozoic are one of the first evidences of communal life The oldest microbialites are dated at 3 5 billion years 6 Fossil evidence suggests that microbialite producing organisms were a very abundant life form from the early Archaean to the late Proterozoic until their communities decreased due to the predation of foraminifera and other eukaryotic microorganisms 7 Formation of microbialites editThe formation of microbialites is complex and is a continuous process of precipitation and dissolution where different microbial metabolisms are coupled and a high saturation index SI of ions in water is present 8 Microbialites have two possible genesis mechanisms 1 Mineral precipitation is the main formation process of microbialites and it can be due to inorganic precipitation or to the passive influence of microbial metabolisms There can also be precipitation due to saturation of the microenvironment when extracellular polymeric substances EPS are rapidly degraded increasing ion saturation 9 2 Trapping and binding when the microbial community includes mineral paticles of the environment that adhere to the extracellular polymeric substances EPS This process is very popular since it was described in modern microbialites of Shark Bay Australia and Bahamas but it has been shown to be very uncommon throughout the 3500 million year long geological history of microbialites 10 Modern microbialites distribution editLiving modern microbialites less than 20 000 years old are rare and can be found confined to places such as Crater lakes Blue Lake Australia Lake Satonda Indonesia Lake Dziani Lake Alchichica Mexico Lake Vai Lahi and Lake Vai Sii Tonga Lake Salda Turkey Saline hypersaline lakes lagoons Pyramid Lake and Great Salt Lake United States Lake Van Turkey Brava Lagoon and Tebinquicho Lagoon Chile Alkaline lakes Lake Thetis Australia Lake Sarmiento Chile Lake Nuoertu and Lake Huhejaran China Mono Lake United States Lake Turkana Kenya Lake Petukhovskoe Russia Freshwater lakes lagoons Lagoa Salgada Brazil Laguna Negra Catamarca Argentina Lagunas de Ruidera Spain Bacalar Mexico Lake Richmond Australia Pavilion Lake Canada Green Lake United States Alkaline pools Four swamp blue pools Mexico Abandoned open mines Clinton Creek Canada Rio Tinto Spain Marine Estuary Estuary Systems Shark Bay Australia Highbourne Cay Bahamas Tikehau French Polynesia Cayo Coco Cuba Lake Clifton Western Australia Composition editMicrobialites are made up of layers made up of an organic component and another mineral 11 The organic component is an elaborate microbial mat where different communities of microorganisms interact with different metabolisms and create a micro niche where oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophic organisms coexist nitrogen fixers sulfur reducers methaneotrophs methanogens iron oxidizers and an infinity of heterotrophic decomposers 12 The mineral component is composed of carbonates generally calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite although there may also be sintered silicones that is silicates and include mineral forms of sulfur iron pyrite or phosphorus 9 Carbonate is usually a type of autogenic automicrite therefore it precipitates in situ Microbialites can be viewed as a type of biogenic sedimentary rock where the reef builders are microbes and carbonate precipitation is induced Microorganisms can precipitate carbonate in both shallow and deep watersMicrobes that produce microbialites editA broad number of studies have analyzed the diversity of microorganisms living at the surface of microbialites 13 14 Very often this diversity is very high and includes bacteria archaea and eukaryotes While the phylogenetic diversity of these microbial communities is pretty well assessed using molecular biology the identity of the organisms contributing to carbonate formation remains uncertain Interestingly some microorganisms seem to be present in microbialites forming in several different lakes defining a core microbiome 15 13 Microbes that precipitate carbonate to build microbialites are mostly prokaryotes which include bacteria and archaea The best known carbonate producing bacteria are Cyanobacteria and Sulfate reducing bacteria 16 Additional bacteria may play a prominent role such as bacteria performing anoxygenic photosynthesis 17 is Archaea are often extremophiles and thus live in remote environments where other organisms cannot live such as white smokers at the bottom of the oceans Eukaryotic microbes instead produce less carbonate than prokaryotes 18 Interest in studying microbialites editThere is great interest in studying fossil microbialites in the field of paleontology since they provide relevant data on paleoclimate and function as bioclimatic indicators 19 There is also an interest in studying them in the field of astrobiology as they are one of the first forms of life one would expect to find evidence of these structures on other planets 20 The study of modern microbialites can provide relevant information and serve as environmental indicators for the management and conservation of protected natural areas 21 Due to their ability to form minerals and precipitate detrital material biotechnological and bioremediation applications have been suggested in aquatic systems for carbon dioxide sequestration since microbialites can function as carbon sinks 22 References edit Schmid D U 1996 Mikrobolithe und Mikroinkrustierer aus dem Oberjura Profil 9 101 251 Dupraz Christophe Visscher Pieter T September 2005 Microbial lithification in marine stromatolites and hypersaline mats Trends in Microbiology 13 9 429 438 doi 10 1016 j tim 2005 07 008 PMID 16087339 a b c Erik Flugel 2010 Microfacies of carbonate rocks analysis interpretation and application Munnecke Axel 2nd ed Heidelberg Springer ISBN 9783642037962 OCLC 663093942 Drought Negatively Impacting Great Salt Lake Microbialites and Ecosystem Utah Geological Survey Department of Natural Resources 15 July 2021 Retrieved 18 July 2021 Laval Bernard Cady Sherry L Pollack John C McKay Christopher P Bird John S Grotzinger John P Ford Derek C Bohm Harry R October 2000 Modern freshwater microbialite analogues for ancient dendritic reef structures Nature 407 6804 626 629 Bibcode 2000Natur 407 626L doi 10 1038 35036579 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 11034210 S2CID 4420988 Awramik Stanley M 1971 11 19 Precambrian Columnar Stromatolite Diversity Reflection of Metazoan Appearance Science 174 4011 825 827 Bibcode 1971Sci 174 825A doi 10 1126 science 174 4011 825 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 17759393 S2CID 2302113 Bernhard J M Edgcomb V P Visscher P T McIntyre Wressnig A Summons R E Bouxsein M L Louis L Jeglinski M 2013 05 28 Insights into foraminiferal influences on microfabrics of microbialites at Highborne Cay Bahamas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 24 9830 9834 Bibcode 2013PNAS 110 9830B doi 10 1073 pnas 1221721110 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3683713 PMID 23716649 Chagas Anderson A P Webb Gregory E Burne Robert V Southam Gordon November 2016 Modern lacustrine microbialites Towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy Earth Science Reviews 162 338 363 Bibcode 2016ESRv 162 338C doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2016 09 012 ISSN 0012 8252 a b Dupraz Christophe Reid R Pamela Braissant Olivier Decho Alan W Norman R Sean Visscher Pieter T October 2009 Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats Earth Science Reviews 96 3 141 162 Bibcode 2009ESRv 96 141D doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2008 10 005 ISSN 0012 8252 Suarez Gonzalez P Benito M I Quijada I E Mas R Campos Soto S 2019 07 01 Trapping and binding A review of the factors controlling the development of fossil agglutinated microbialites and their distribution in space and time Earth Science Reviews 194 182 215 doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2019 05 007 hdl 10651 56917 ISSN 0012 8252 Centeno Carla M Legendre Pierre Beltran Yislem Alcantara Hernandez Rocio J Lidstrom Ulrika E Ashby Matthew N Falcon Luisa I 2012 08 02 Microbialite genetic diversity and composition relate to environmental variables FEMS Microbiology Ecology 82 3 724 735 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6941 2012 01447 x ISSN 0168 6496 PMID 22775797 S2CID 26194549 White Richard Allen Chan Amy M Gavelis Gregory S Leander Brian S Brady Allyson L Slater Gregory F Lim Darlene S S Suttle Curtis A 2016 01 28 Metagenomic Analysis Suggests Modern Freshwater Microbialites Harbor a Distinct Core Microbial Community Frontiers in Microbiology 6 1531 Bibcode 2016FrMic 3 1531W doi 10 3389 fmicb 2015 01531 ISSN 1664 302X PMC 4729913 PMID 26903951 a b Iniesto Miguel Moreira David Reboul Guillaume Deschamps Philippe Benzerara Karim Bertolino Paola Saghai Aurelien Tavera Rosaluz Lopez Garcia Purificacion January 2021 Core microbial communities of lacustrine microbialites sampled along an alkalinity gradient Environmental Microbiology 23 1 51 68 doi 10 1111 1462 2920 15252 ISSN 1462 2912 PMID 32985763 S2CID 222161047 Couradeau Estelle Benzerara Karim Moreira David Gerard Emmanuelle Kazmierczak Jozef Tavera Rosaluz Lopez Garcia Purificacion 2011 12 14 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Community Structure in Field and Cultured Microbialites from the Alkaline Lake Alchichica Mexico PLOS ONE 6 12 e28767 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 628767C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0028767 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3237500 PMID 22194908 White Richard Allen Power Ian M Dipple Gregory M Southam Gordon Suttle Curtis A 2015 09 23 Metagenomic analysis reveals that modern microbialites and polar microbial mats have similar taxonomic and functional potential Frontiers in Microbiology 6 966 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2015 00966 ISSN 1664 302X PMC 4585152 PMID 26441900 Chagas Anderson A P Webb Gregory E Burne Robert V Southam Gordon November 2016 Modern lacustrine microbialites Towards a synthesis of aqueous and carbonate geochemistry and mineralogy Earth Science Reviews 162 338 363 Bibcode 2016ESRv 162 338C doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2016 09 012 ISSN 0012 8252 Saghai Aurelien Zivanovic Yvan Zeyen Nina Moreira David Benzerara Karim Deschamps Philippe Bertolino Paola Ragon Marie Tavera Rosaluz Lopez Archilla Ana I Lopez Garcia Purificacion 2015 08 05 Metagenome based diversity analyses suggest a significant contribution of non cyanobacterial lineages to carbonate precipitation in modern microbialites Frontiers in Microbiology 6 797 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2015 00797 ISSN 1664 302X PMC 4525015 PMID 26300865 Riding Robert 2000 Microbial carbonates the geological record of calcified bacterial algal mats and biofilms Sedimentology 47 s1 179 214 doi 10 1046 j 1365 3091 2000 00003 x ISSN 1365 3091 S2CID 130272076 Webb Gregory E Kamber Balz S May 2000 Rare earth elements in Holocene reefal microbialites a new shallow seawater proxy Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 9 1557 1565 Bibcode 2000GeCoA 64 1557W doi 10 1016 s0016 7037 99 00400 7 ISSN 0016 7037 Noffke Nora February 2015 Ancient Sedimentary Structures in the lt 3 7 Ga Gillespie Lake Member Mars That Resemble Macroscopic Morphology Spatial Associations and Temporal Succession in Terrestrial Microbialites Astrobiology 15 2 169 192 Bibcode 2015AsBio 15 169N doi 10 1089 ast 2014 1218 ISSN 1531 1074 PMID 25495393 Encyclopedia of geobiology J Reitner Volker Thiel Dordrecht Springer 2011 ISBN 978 1 4020 9212 1 OCLC 710152961 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Frontiers Media SA doi 10 3389 fbioe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Microbialite amp oldid 1206429995, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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