H. heterophyllum is endemic to Turkey, being found in the north-west and west-central regions of Anatolia.[1] It is found in dry clearings of Pinus nigra forests and in garrigue among Cistus laurifolius at elevations of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft)–1,500 metres (4,900 ft).[2]
Taxonomyedit
The specific epithet "heterophyllum" indicates the differing forms of the species' leaves on different parts of the stem.[3] The species is related to H. aegypticum but is systematically isolated within the genus. It lacks the specializations of sect. Adenotrias, and has a chromosome number of 2n=18 as opposed to H. aegypticum's 2n=20.[4]
Descriptionedit
H. heterophyllum is a shrublet that usually grows between 0.1 metres (3.9 in)–0.2 metres (7.9 in) tall. It is many branched and forms a generally flattish-topped bush, with the lower branches having a more woody composition and being branched in a falsely dichotomous arrangement. The cortex of these woody branches is green, and the bark is smooth with a reddish brown or greyish brown color. All of the branches can range form eirect and straight to decumbent and twisted; they completely lack hairs and are without dark glands. The stems are 2-lined and have short internodes and small scaly leaves at first, but later they can become terete and have elongated internodes. Once the stems bear flowers, they become obscurely glandular and begin to wither, leaving the over-wintering base part bearing pairs of strobiliform condensed shoots.[4]
The leaves are free but sessile, and have different morphological characteristics based on where they are located on the plant. The leaves on the lower part of the plant are perennating, while the leaves on the upper part of the plant are deciduous. The perrenating scale-leaves are 0.5 mm (0.020 in)–1.5 mm (0.059 in) long; they are either shaped like broad ovals or disks in a manner resembling a hood. They can have short, sharply pointed tips or can lack pointed tips. All of the leaves elongate in the spring into a spathulate shape and the upper sides take on a dull grayish-green color. The foliage leaves measure 5 mm (0.20 in)–15 mm (0.59 in) by 1 mm (0.039 in)–2 mm (0.079 in) and can be elliptic-oblong and narrow or linear. They have a leathery texture and acute apexes, with a plane margin and wedge-shaped base.[3]
The inflorescence is 3–5 flowered, with cymules of flowers on the lower nodes of the stem, and the plant can have up to 13 flowers in total. The inflorescence is shaped into a rounded pyramid; its bracteoles are a triangular lance shape or linear; the pedicels are very short or absent altogether. The flowers themselves are 8 mm (0.31 in)–12 mm (0.47 in) in diameter with oval shaped buds which are subacute. The sepals are green and measure 2 mm (0.079 in)–3.5 mm (0.14 in) by 0.8 mm (0.031 in)–1.2 mm (0.047 in). They overlap each other and are unequal, with an oblong shape. There are typically five veins, with only the midrib prominent if any at all. The petals are bright yellow without any tinge of red. They number between 2.2 and 2.5 times as many as the sepals and are obtuse to rounded with a small point and linear laminar glands. The flowers have between 35 and 45 stamens which range from 4.5 mm (0.18 in)–7 mm (0.28 in) in length. The ovaries are 1.5 mm (0.059 in) by 0.7 mm (0.028 in), with a cylindrical oval shape and truncate end. Their styles are widely spreading and measure 4 mm (0.16 in) long and number approximately 2.4 times the number of ovaries. The seed capsule is shaped like a narrow cylinder, is longer than the sepals, and is surrounded by old petals. There are two seeds on each placenta which are not seen mature, and their testa have small pits along their surface.[4]
Biochemistryedit
Most species in the genus Hypericum contain significant amounts of the substances Hypericin or Pseudohypericin, or both. Unusually, however, H. heterophyllum contains neither of the two substances.[5]
Antifungal propertiesedit
Under laboratory conditions, H. heterophyllum displays moderate antifungal properties against several species of fungus in the genera Fusarium and Rhizoctonia due to a combination of several of the components of its essential oil. However, the effects of the H. heterophyllum extract were not as potent as that of the commercial antifungal benomyl, so it is unlikely to have much practical use as an antifungal.[6]
^ abNürk, Nicolai M.; Crockett, Sara L. (2011). "Morphological and Phytochemical Diversity among Hypericum Species of the Mediterranean Basin". Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology. 5 (Special Issue 1): 14–28. ISSN 1752-3389. PMC3364718. PMID 22662020.
^ abcRobson, Norman (1996). "Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 6. Sections 20. Myriandra to 28. Elodes". Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. (London), Bot. 26: 75–271.
^Ayan, Ali; Çirak, Cüneyt (2008). "Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Contents in Some Hypericum. Species Growing in Turkey". Pharmaceutical Biology. 46 (4): 288–291. doi:10.1080/13880200701741211. S2CID 86360988 – via Taylor Francis Online.
^Cakir, A.; Kordali, S.; Zengin, H.; Izumi, S.; Hirata, T. (2004). "Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from Hypericum hyssopifolium and Hypericum heterophyllum". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 19 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1002/ffj.1279. ISSN 0882-5734.
May 01, 2024
hypericum, heterophyllum, flowering, plant, hypericaceae, family, only, species, hypericum, sect, heterophylla, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae, clade, tracheophytes, clade, angiosperms, clade, eudicots, clade, rosids, order, malpighiales, family,. Hypericum heterophyllum is a flowering plant in the Hypericaceae family and is the only species in Hypericum sect Heterophylla Hypericum heterophyllum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malpighiales Family Hypericaceae Genus Hypericum Section Hypericum sect Heterophylla Species H heterophyllum Binomial name Hypericum heterophyllumVent Contents 1 Distribution and habitat 2 Taxonomy 3 Description 4 Biochemistry 4 1 Antifungal properties 5 ReferencesDistribution and habitat editH heterophyllum is endemic to Turkey being found in the north west and west central regions of Anatolia 1 It is found in dry clearings of Pinus nigra forests and in garrigue among Cistus laurifolius at elevations of 1 200 metres 3 900 ft 1 500 metres 4 900 ft 2 Taxonomy editThe specific epithet heterophyllum indicates the differing forms of the species leaves on different parts of the stem 3 The species is related to H aegypticum but is systematically isolated within the genus It lacks the specializations of sect Adenotrias and has a chromosome number of 2n 18 as opposed to H aegypticum s 2n 20 4 Description editH heterophyllum is a shrublet that usually grows between 0 1 metres 3 9 in 0 2 metres 7 9 in tall It is many branched and forms a generally flattish topped bush with the lower branches having a more woody composition and being branched in a falsely dichotomous arrangement The cortex of these woody branches is green and the bark is smooth with a reddish brown or greyish brown color All of the branches can range form eirect and straight to decumbent and twisted they completely lack hairs and are without dark glands The stems are 2 lined and have short internodes and small scaly leaves at first but later they can become terete and have elongated internodes Once the stems bear flowers they become obscurely glandular and begin to wither leaving the over wintering base part bearing pairs of strobiliform condensed shoots 4 The leaves are free but sessile and have different morphological characteristics based on where they are located on the plant The leaves on the lower part of the plant are perennating while the leaves on the upper part of the plant are deciduous The perrenating scale leaves are 0 5 mm 0 020 in 1 5 mm 0 059 in long they are either shaped like broad ovals or disks in a manner resembling a hood They can have short sharply pointed tips or can lack pointed tips All of the leaves elongate in the spring into a spathulate shape and the upper sides take on a dull grayish green color The foliage leaves measure 5 mm 0 20 in 15 mm 0 59 in by 1 mm 0 039 in 2 mm 0 079 in and can be elliptic oblong and narrow or linear They have a leathery texture and acute apexes with a plane margin and wedge shaped base 3 The inflorescence is 3 5 flowered with cymules of flowers on the lower nodes of the stem and the plant can have up to 13 flowers in total The inflorescence is shaped into a rounded pyramid its bracteoles are a triangular lance shape or linear the pedicels are very short or absent altogether The flowers themselves are 8 mm 0 31 in 12 mm 0 47 in in diameter with oval shaped buds which are subacute The sepals are green and measure 2 mm 0 079 in 3 5 mm 0 14 in by 0 8 mm 0 031 in 1 2 mm 0 047 in They overlap each other and are unequal with an oblong shape There are typically five veins with only the midrib prominent if any at all The petals are bright yellow without any tinge of red They number between 2 2 and 2 5 times as many as the sepals and are obtuse to rounded with a small point and linear laminar glands The flowers have between 35 and 45 stamens which range from 4 5 mm 0 18 in 7 mm 0 28 in in length The ovaries are 1 5 mm 0 059 in by 0 7 mm 0 028 in with a cylindrical oval shape and truncate end Their styles are widely spreading and measure 4 mm 0 16 in long and number approximately 2 4 times the number of ovaries The seed capsule is shaped like a narrow cylinder is longer than the sepals and is surrounded by old petals There are two seeds on each placenta which are not seen mature and their testa have small pits along their surface 4 Biochemistry editMost species in the genus Hypericum contain significant amounts of the substances Hypericin or Pseudohypericin or both Unusually however H heterophyllum contains neither of the two substances 5 Antifungal properties edit Under laboratory conditions H heterophyllum displays moderate antifungal properties against several species of fungus in the genera Fusarium and Rhizoctonia due to a combination of several of the components of its essential oil However the effects of the H heterophyllum extract were not as potent as that of the commercial antifungal benomyl so it is unlikely to have much practical use as an antifungal 6 References edit Hypericum heterophyllum Euro Med Plantbase www europlusmed org Retrieved 2020 12 11 Nomenclature Hypericum online hypericum myspecies info Retrieved 2020 12 11 a b Nurk Nicolai M Crockett Sara L 2011 Morphological and Phytochemical Diversity among Hypericum Species of the Mediterranean Basin Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 5 Special Issue 1 14 28 ISSN 1752 3389 PMC 3364718 PMID 22662020 a b c Robson Norman 1996 Studies in the genus Hypericum L Guttiferae 6 Sections 20 Myriandra to 28 Elodes Bull Nat Hist Mus London Bot 26 75 271 Ayan Ali Cirak Cuneyt 2008 Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Contents in Some Hypericum Species Growing in Turkey Pharmaceutical Biology 46 4 288 291 doi 10 1080 13880200701741211 S2CID 86360988 via Taylor Francis Online Cakir A Kordali S Zengin H Izumi S Hirata T 2004 Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from Hypericum hyssopifolium and Hypericum heterophyllum Flavour and Fragrance Journal 19 1 62 68 doi 10 1002 ffj 1279 ISSN 0882 5734 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hypericum heterophyllum amp oldid 1184027004, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
