Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celledeukaryotic organisms including the Spironematellidae, first identified in 1988,[1][2][3] and the Paramastigidae. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes.[2][4] In 2018 Lax et al. reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms.[3][4] It may be related to the Telonemia.[5]
Hemimastigophora
Hemimastix amphikineta, redrawn from Foissner et al., 1988[2]
One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships that classifies Hemimastigophora (red branch at right) as a supra-kingdom group.
Hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by Foissner et al., as a new phylum with a single family, Spironemidae.[1] Its placement on the eukaryote tree of life was unclear, but the authors suggested that the structure of its pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with Euglenozoa.[2] For 30 years after the description of the group, no genetic information was available. During that time, researchers proposed that it should be classified in, or near, an assortment of other groups, including the alveolates, apusomonads, ancyromonads, and Rhizaria.[3][4]
In an article published in 2018, Lax et al. announced that a new hemimastigophoran species, Hemimastix kukwesjijk, had been discovered in a Nova Scotian soil sample, and successfully cultivated in the laboratory. A second hemimastigophoran, a new species of Spironema, was found in the same sample. Phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that Hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage, which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra-kingdom level.[3][4]
The 2024 study revealed the enigmatic Meteora sporadica to be also related to Hemimastigophora.[6]
SpironematellaSilva 1970 emend. Shɨshkin 2022 (=SpironemaKlebs 1893 non Vuillemin 1905 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864)
S. multiciliata (Klebs 1892) Silva 1970 (=Spironema multiciliatumKlebs 1893)
^ abc Foissner, Wilhelm; Blatterer, H.; Foissner, Ilse (1988). "The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils". European Journal of Protistology. 23 (4): 361–383. doi:10.1016/s0932-4739(88)80027-0. PMID 23195325.
^ abcd Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (1993). "Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (4): 422–438. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04936.x. S2CID 85124745.
^ abcde Lax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. PMID 30429611. S2CID 205570993.
^ abcd Lambert, Jonathan (11 December 2018). "What a newfound kingdom means for the tree of life". Quanta Magazine. Abstractions Blog.
^Tice, Alexander K.; Žihala, David; Pánek, Tomáš; Jones, Robert E.; Salomaki, Eric D.; Nenarokov, Serafim; Burki, Fabien; Eliáš, Marek; Eme, Laura; Roger, Andrew J.; Rokas, Antonis (2021-08-06). "PhyloFisher: A phylogenomic package for resolving eukaryotic relationships". PLOS Biology. 19 (8): e3001365. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001365. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC8345874. PMID 34358228.
^Eglit, Yana; Shiratori, Takashi; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Williamson, Kelsey; Roger, Andrew J.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (January 2024). "Meteora sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032. PMID 38262350.
^Shɨshkin, Yegor (2022). "Spironematella terricola comb. n. and Spironematella goodeyi comb. n. (Hemimastigida = Hemimastigea = Hemimastigophora) for Spironema terricola and Spironema goodeyi with diagnoses of the genus and family Spironematellidae amended". Zootaxa. 5128 (2): 295–297. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.8. PMID 36101172. S2CID 252220401.
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April 22, 2024
hemimastigophora, group, single, celled, eukaryotic, organisms, including, spironematellidae, first, identified, 1988, paramastigidae, over, next, years, different, authors, proposed, placing, these, organisms, various, branches, eukaryotes, 2018, reported, fi. Hemimastigophora is a group of single celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironematellidae first identified in 1988 1 2 3 and the Paramastigidae Over the next 30 years different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes 2 4 In 2018 Lax et al reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms 3 4 It may be related to the Telonemia 5 Hemimastigophora Hemimastix amphikineta redrawn from Foissner et al 1988 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Phylum HemimastigophoraFoissner Blatterer amp Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier Smith 1993 1 379 Class HemimastigeaFoissner Blatterer amp Foissner 1988 Order HemimastigidaFoissner Blatterer amp Foissner 1988 Families Spironematellidae Paramastigidae Synonyms Spironematellozoa Doweld 2001History of classification edit nbsp One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships that classifies Hemimastigophora red branch at right as a supra kingdom group Hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by Foissner et al as a new phylum with a single family Spironemidae 1 Its placement on the eukaryote tree of life was unclear but the authors suggested that the structure of its pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with Euglenozoa 2 For 30 years after the description of the group no genetic information was available During that time researchers proposed that it should be classified in or near an assortment of other groups including the alveolates apusomonads ancyromonads and Rhizaria 3 4 In an article published in 2018 Lax et al announced that a new hemimastigophoran species Hemimastix kukwesjijk had been discovered in a Nova Scotian soil sample and successfully cultivated in the laboratory A second hemimastigophoran a new species of Spironema was found in the same sample Phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that Hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra kingdom level 3 4 The 2024 study revealed the enigmatic Meteora sporadica to be also related to Hemimastigophora 6 Classification editThe hemimastigote classification as of 2022 7 Family Spironematellidae Silva 1980 emend Shɨshkin 2022 Spironemidae Doflein 1916 Hemimastix Foissner Blatterer amp Foissner 1988 H amphikineta Foissner Blatterer amp Foissner 1988 H kukwesjijk Eglit amp Simpson 2018 3 Stereonema Foissner amp Foissner 1993 non Kutzing 1836 S geiseri Foissner amp Foissner 1993 Spironematella Silva 1970 emend Shɨshkin 2022 Spironema Klebs 1893 non Vuillemin 1905 non Leger amp Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864 S multiciliata Klebs 1892 Silva 1970 Spironema multiciliatum Klebs 1893 S terricola Foissner amp Foissner 1993 Shɨshkin 2022 Spironema terricola Foissner amp Foissner 1993 S goodeyi Foissner amp Foissner 1993 Shɨshkin 2022 Spironema goodeyi Foissner amp Foissner 1993 Family Paramastigidae Skuja 1948 emend Karpov 2012 Paramastix Skuja 1948 P lata Skuja 1956 P minuta Skuja 1964 P conifera Skuja 1948 P truncata Skuja 1948References edit a b c Foissner Wilhelm Blatterer H Foissner Ilse 1988 The Hemimastigophora Hemimastix amphikineta nov gen nov spec a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils European Journal of Protistology 23 4 361 383 doi 10 1016 s0932 4739 88 80027 0 PMID 23195325 a b c d Foissner Ilse Foissner Wilhelm 1993 Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein Protista Hemimastigophora with description of two new species Spironema terricola n sp and Stereonema geiseri n g n sp PDF Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 4 422 438 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1993 tb04936 x S2CID 85124745 a b c d e Lax Gordon Eglit Yana Eme Laura Bertrand Erin M Roger Andrew J Simpson Alastair G B 14 November 2018 Hemimastigophora is a novel supra kingdom level lineage of eukaryotes Nature 564 7736 410 414 Bibcode 2018Natur 564 410L doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0708 8 PMID 30429611 S2CID 205570993 a b c d Lambert Jonathan 11 December 2018 What a newfound kingdom means for the tree of life Quanta Magazine Abstractions Blog Tice Alexander K Zihala David Panek Tomas Jones Robert E Salomaki Eric D Nenarokov Serafim Burki Fabien Elias Marek Eme Laura Roger Andrew J Rokas Antonis 2021 08 06 PhyloFisher A phylogenomic package for resolving eukaryotic relationships PLOS Biology 19 8 e3001365 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 3001365 ISSN 1545 7885 PMC 8345874 PMID 34358228 Eglit Yana Shiratori Takashi Jerlstrom Hultqvist Jon Williamson Kelsey Roger Andrew J Ishida Ken Ichiro Simpson Alastair G B January 2024 Meteora sporadica a protist with incredible cell architecture is related to Hemimastigophora Current Biology 34 2 451 459 e6 doi 10 1016 j cub 2023 12 032 PMID 38262350 Shɨshkin Yegor 2022 Spironematella terricola comb n and Spironematella goodeyi comb n Hemimastigida Hemimastigea Hemimastigophora for Spironema terricola and Spironema goodeyi with diagnoses of the genus and family Spironematellidae amended Zootaxa 5128 2 295 297 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 5128 2 8 PMID 36101172 S2CID 252220401 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemimastigophora Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hemimastigophora amp oldid 1209998561, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
