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Euglenozoa

February 16, 2024

Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate Discoba. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups, i.e., Kinetoplastea, Diplonemea, Euglenida, and Symbiontida. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 15–40 μm (0.00059–0.00157 in) in size, although some euglenids get up to 500 μm (0.020 in) long.[3]

Euglenozoa
Temporal range: Stenian (over 1000 MYA) - present [1]
Two Euglena
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Superphylum: Discicristata
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Cavalier-Smith, 1981[2]
Classes

Structure edit

Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a cytostome or mouth, used to ingest bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of microtubules that arise from the flagellar bases; the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.[4]

Some other euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids possess chloroplasts, the only eukaryotes outside Diaphoretickes to do so without performing kleptoplasty,[5][failed verification] and so obtain energy through photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls A and B, along with other pigments, so are probably derived from a green alga, captured long ago in an endosymbiosis by a basal euglenozoan. Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it.[4]

The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella. In addition to the normal supporting microtubules or axoneme, each contains a rod (called paraxonemal), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other. Based on this, two smaller groups have been included here: the diplonemids and Postgaardi.[6]

Classification edit

Historically, euglenozoans have been treated as either plants or animals, depending on whether they belong to largely photosynthetic groups or not. Hence they have names based on either the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) or the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). For example, one family has the name Euglenaceae under the ICNafp and the name Euglenidae under the ICZN. As another example, the genus name Dinema is acceptable under the ICZN, but illegitimate under the ICNafp, as it is a later homonym of an orchid genus, so that the synonym Dinematomonas must be used instead.[7]

The Euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to Percolozoa; the two share mitochondria with disk-shaped cristae, which only occurs in a few other groups.[8] Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata.[9] This grouping, though, has been challenged.[10]

Phylogeny edit

The phylogeny based on the work of Cavalier-Smith (2016):[11]

A consensus phylogeny following the review by Kostygov et al. (2021):[7]

Taxonomy edit

Cavalier-Smith (2016/2017) edit

The following classification of Euglenozoa is as described by Cavalier-Smith in 2016,[11] modified to include the new subphylum Plicomonada according to Cavalier-Smith et al (2017).[12]

Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997 [Euglenobionta]

  • Subphylum Glycomonada Cavalier-Smith 2016
    • Class Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Simpson 1997 [Diplosonematea; Diplonemia Cavalier-Smith 1993]
      • Order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Hemistasiida]
        • Family Hemistasiidae Cavalier-Smith 2016 [Entomosigmaceae]
        • Family Diplonemidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Rhynchopodaceae Skuja 1948 ex Cavalier-Smith 1993]
    • Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 emend. Margulis 1974 [Kinetoplastida Honigberg 1963; Kinetoplasta Honigberg 1963 stat. nov.]
      • Subclass Prokinetoplastina Vickerman 2004
        • Order Prokinetoplastida Vickerman 2004
          • Family Ichthyobodonidae Isaksen et al., 2007
      • Subclass Metakinetoplastina Vickerman 2004
        • Order Bodonida* Hollande 1952 em. Vickerman 1976, Kryov et al 1980
          • Suborder Neobodonida Vickerman 2004
            • Family Rhynchomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Family Neobodonidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
          • Suborder Parabodonida Vickerman 2004
            • Family Parabodonidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Family Cryptobiidae* Vickerman 2004
          • Suborder Eubodonida Vickerman 2004
            • Family Bodonidae Bütschli 1883 [Bodonaceae Lemmermann 1914; Bodoninae Bütschli 1883; Pleuromonadidae Kent 1880]
        • Order Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 stat. n. Hollande, 1952 emend. Vickerman 2004
  • Subphylum Plicomonada Cavalier-Smith 2017
    • Infraphylum Postgaardia Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017
      • Class Postgaardea Cavalier-Smith 1998 s.s. [Symbiontida Yubuki et al., 2009]
        • Order Bihospitida Cavalier-Smith 2016
          • Family Bihospitidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
        • Order Postgaardida Cavalier-Smith 2003
    • Infraphylum Euglenoida Bütschli 1884 emend. Senn 1900 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith, 2017 [Euglenophyta; Euglenida Buetschli 1884; Euglenoidina Buetschli 1884]
      • Parvphylum Entosiphona Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017
        • Class Entosiphonea Cavalier-Smith 2016
          • Order Entosiphonida Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Family Entosiphonidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
      • Parvphylum Dipilida Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017
        • Superclass Rigimonada* Cavalier-Smith 2016
          • Class Stavomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2016 [Petalomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993; Petalomonadophyceae]
            • Subclass Heterostavia Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Order Heterostavida Cavalier-Smith 2016
                • Family Serpenomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Subclass Homostavia Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Order Decastavida Cavalier-Smith 2016a
                • Family Decastavidae Cavalier-Smith 2016a
                • Family Keelungiidae Cavalier-Smith 2016a
              • Order Petalomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Sphenomonadales Leedale 1967; Sphenomonadina Leedale 1967]
                • Family Sphenomonadidae Kent 1880
                • Family Petalomonadidae [Petalomonadaceae Buetschli 1884; Notosolenaceae Stokes 1888; Scytomonadaceae Ritter von Stein 1878]
          • Class Ploeotarea Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Order Ploeotiida Cavalier-Smith 1993
              • Family Lentomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Family Ploeotiidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
        • Superclass Spirocuta Cavalier-Smith 2016
          • Class Peranemea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Subclass Acroglissia Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Order Acroglissida Cavalier-Smith 2016
                • Family Teloproctidae Cavalier-Smith 2016a
            • Subclass Peranemia Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Order Peranemida Bütschli 1884 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 1993
                • Family Peranematidae [Peranemataceae Dujardin 1841; Pseudoperanemataceae Christen 1962]
            • Subclass Anisonemia Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Order Anisonemida Cavalier-Smith 2016 [Heteronematales Leedale 1967]
                • Family Anisonemidae Saville Kent, 1880 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016 [Heteronemidae Calkins 1926; Zygoselmidaceae Kent 188]
              • Order Natomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2016
                • Suborder Metanemina Cavalier-Smith 2016
                  • Family Neometanemidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
                • Suborder Rhabdomonadina Leedale 1967 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Astasida Ehrenberg 1831; Rhabdomonadia Cavalier-Smith 1993; Rhabdomonadophyceae; Rhabdomonadales]
                  • Family Distigmidae Hollande, 1942
                  • Family Astasiidae Saville Kent, 1884 [Astasiaceae Ehrenberg orth. mut. Senn 1900; Rhabdomonadaceae Fott 1971; Menoidiaceae Buetschli 188; Menoidiidae Hollande, 1942]
          • Class Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003 [Euglenea Bütschli 1884 emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002; Euglenoidea Bütschli 1884; Euglenida Bütschli 1884] (Photosynthetic clade)
            • Subclass Rapazia Cavalier-Smith 2016
              • Order Rapazida Cavalier-Smith 2016
                • Family Rapazidae Cavalier-Smith 2016
            • Subclass Euglenophycidae Busse and Preisfeld, 2003
              • Order Eutreptiida [Eutreptiales Leedale 1967 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003; Eutreptiina Leedale 1967]
                • Family Eutreptiaceae [Eutreptiaceae Hollande 1942]
              • Order Euglenida Ritter von Stein, 1878 stat. n. Calkins, 1926 [Euglenales Engler 1898 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003; Euglenina Buetschli 1884; Euglenomorphales Leedale 1967; Colaciales Smith 1938]
                • Family Euglenamorphidae Hollande, 1952 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2016 [Euglenomorphaceae; Hegneriaceae Brumpt & Lavier 1924]
                • Family Phacidae [Phacaceae Kim et al. 2010]
                • Family Euglenidae Bütschli 1884 [Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841 emend. Kim et al. 2010; Colaciaceae Smith 1933] (Mucilaginous clade)

Kostygov et al. (2021) edit

Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997[7]

  • Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963 emend. Vickerman, 1976
    • Subclass Prokinetoplastia Vickerman, 2004
      • Order Prokinetoplastida Vickerman, 2004
        • Family Ichthyobodonidae Isaksen et al., 2007
        • Family Perkinselidae Kostygov, 2021
    • Subclass Metakinetoplastia Vickerman, 2004
      • Order Eubodonida Vickerman 2004
        • Family Bodonidae Bütschli, 1883
      • Order Neobodonida Vickerman, 2004
        • Family Allobodonidae Goodwin et al., 2018
        • Family Neobodonidae Cavalier-Smith, 2016
        • Family Rhynchomonadinae Cavalier-Smith, 2016
      • Order Parabodonida Vickerman, 2004
        • Family Cryptobiidae Poche, 1911 emend. Kostygov, 2021
        • Family Trypanoplasmatidae Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 emend. Kostygov, 2021
      • Order Trypanosomatida Kent, 1880
  • Class Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
      • Order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
        • Family Diplonemidae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
        • Family Hemistasiidae Cavalier-Smith, 2016
        • Family Eupelagonemidae Okamoto and Keeling, 2019
  • Class Euglenida Bütschli, 1884 emend. Simpson, 1997
    • Clade Olkaspira Lax and Simpson, 2020
      • Clade Spirocuta Cavalier-Smith, 2016
        • Clade Euglenophyceae Schoenichen, 1925 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003
          • Order Euglenales Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003
            • Family Euglenaceae Dujardin, 1841 emend. Kim et al., 2010 [Euglenidae Dujardin, 1841]
            • Family Phacaceae Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010 [Phacidae Kim, Triemer and Shin 2010]
          • Order Eutreptiales Leedale, 1967 emend. Marin and Melkonian, 2003
            • Family Eutreptiaceae Hollande, 1942 [Eutreptiidae Hollande, 1942]
          • Order Rapazida Cavalier-Smith, 2016
            • Family Rapazidae Cavalier-Smith, 2016
        • Clade Anisonemia Cavalier-Smith, 2016
          • Order Anisonemida Cavalier-Smith, 2016
          • Clade Aphagea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. Busse and Preisfeld, 2002
        • Order Peranemida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Clade Alistosa Lax et al., 2020
    • Order Petalomonadida Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  • Class Symbiontida Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard and Leander, 2009

References edit

  1. ^ Zakryś, B; Milanowski, R; Karnkowska, Anna (2017). "Evolutionary Origin of Euglena". Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 979. pp. 3–17. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_1. ISBN 978-3-319-54908-8. PMID 28429314.
  2. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
  3. ^ "Euglenozoa". Encyclopedia of Life. National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b Patterson DJ (October 1999). "The Diversity of Eukaryotes". The American Naturalist. 154 (S4): S96–S124. doi:10.1086/303287. PMID 10527921. S2CID 4367158.
  5. ^ Dorrell RG, Smith AG (July 2011). "Do red and green make brown?: perspectives on plastid acquisitions within chromalveolates". Eukaryotic Cell. 10 (7): 856–868. doi:10.1128/EC.00326-10. PMC 3147421. PMID 21622904.
  6. ^ Simpson AG (1997). "The Identity and Composition of Euglenozoa". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 148 (3): 318–328. doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80012-7.
  7. ^ a b c Kostygov AY, Karnkowska A, Votýpka J, Tashyreva D, Maciszewski K, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J (March 2021). "Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses". Open Biology. 11 (3): 200407. doi:10.1098/rsob.200407. PMC 8061765. PMID 33715388.
  8. ^ Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk-Siefert I, Doolittle WF (November 2000). "A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data". Science. 290 (5493): 972–977. Bibcode:2000Sci...290..972B. doi:10.1126/science.290.5493.972. PMID 11062127.
  9. ^ Simpson AG (November 2003). "Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (Pt 6): 1759–1777. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0. PMID 14657103.
  10. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biology Letters. 6 (3): 342–345. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
  11. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (October 2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 56: 250–276. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003. PMID 27889663.
  12. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (October 2017). "Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation". European Journal of Protistology. 61 (Pt A): 137–179. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002. PMID 29073503.

External links edit

  • Tree of Life: Euglenozoa

February 16, 2024
euglenozoa, large, group, flagellate, discoba, they, include, variety, common, free, living, species, well, important, parasites, some, which, infect, humans, represented, four, major, groups, kinetoplastea, diplonemea, euglenida, symbiontida, unicellular, mos. Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate Discoba They include a variety of common free living species as well as a few important parasites some of which infect humans Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups i e Kinetoplastea Diplonemea Euglenida and Symbiontida Euglenozoa are unicellular mostly around 15 40 mm 0 00059 0 00157 in in size although some euglenids get up to 500 mm 0 020 in long 3 EuglenozoaTemporal range Stenian over 1000 MYA present 1 Pha Proterozoic Archean Had Two EuglenaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaSuperphylum DiscicristataPhylum EuglenozoaCavalier Smith 1981 2 ClassesDiplonemea Euglenida Kinetoplastea Symbiontida Postgaardia Contents 1 Structure 2 Classification 2 1 Phylogeny 2 2 Taxonomy 2 2 1 Cavalier Smith 2016 2017 2 2 2 Kostygov et al 2021 3 References 4 External linksStructure editMost euglenozoa have two flagella which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket In some these are associated with a cytostome or mouth used to ingest bacteria or other small organisms This is supported by one of three sets of microtubules that arise from the flagellar bases the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell 4 Some other euglenozoa feed through absorption and many euglenids possess chloroplasts the only eukaryotes outside Diaphoretickes to do so without performing kleptoplasty 5 failed verification and so obtain energy through photosynthesis These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls A and B along with other pigments so are probably derived from a green alga captured long ago in an endosymbiosis by a basal euglenozoan Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division During mitosis the nuclear membrane remains intact and the spindle microtubules form inside of it 4 The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella In addition to the normal supporting microtubules or axoneme each contains a rod called paraxonemal which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other Based on this two smaller groups have been included here the diplonemids and Postgaardi 6 Classification editHistorically euglenozoans have been treated as either plants or animals depending on whether they belong to largely photosynthetic groups or not Hence they have names based on either the International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants ICNafp or the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ICZN For example one family has the name Euglenaceae under the ICNafp and the name Euglenidae under the ICZN As another example the genus name Dinema is acceptable under the ICZN but illegitimate under the ICNafp as it is a later homonym of an orchid genus so that the synonym Dinematomonas must be used instead 7 The Euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic They are related to Percolozoa the two share mitochondria with disk shaped cristae which only occurs in a few other groups 8 Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata 9 This grouping though has been challenged 10 Phylogeny edit The phylogeny based on the work of Cavalier Smith 2016 11 Euglenozoa phylogeny Cavalier Smith 2016 Glycomonada Diplonemea Diplonemida HemistasiidaeEupelagonemidaeDiplonemidaeKinetoplastea Prokinetoplastina IchthyobodonidaeMetakinetoplastina RhynchobodoNeobodonidaeParabodonidaeBodonidaeTrypanosomatidaePlicomonada Postgaardia Postgaardea Bihospitida BihospitidaePostgaardida PostgaardidaeCalkinsiidaeEuglenoida Entosiphona Entosiphonea Entosiphonida EntosiphonidaeDipilida Stavomonadea Heterostavia Heterostavida SerpenomonadidaeHomostavia Decastavida DecastavidaeKeelungiidaePetalomonadida SphenomonadidaePetalomonadidaePloeotarea Ploeotiida LentomonadidaePloeotiidae Spirocuta Peranemida PeranemidaeAnisonemida AnisonemidaeNatomonadida Metanemina NeometanemidaeRhabdomonadina DistigmidaeAstasiidaeAcroglissida Teloproctidae Euglenophyceae Rapazida RapazidaeEutreptiales EutreptiaceaeEuglenales EuglenamorphaceaePhacaceaeEuglenaceae Peranemea paraphyletic A consensus phylogeny following the review by Kostygov et al 2021 7 Euglenozoa phylogeny Kostygov et al 2021 Glycomonada Kinetoplastea Prokinetoplastia Prokinetoplastida IchthyobodonidaePerkinselidaeMetakinetoplastia Neobodonida AllobodonidaeNeobodonidaeRhynchomonadidaeParabodonida CryptobiidaeTrypanoplasmatidaeEubodonida BodonidaeTrypanosomatida TrypanosomatidaeDiplonemea Diplonemida DiplonemidaeEupelagonemidaeHemistasiidae euglenids Euglenida PetalomonadidaAlistosaOlkaspira OlkasiaSpirocuta Anisonemia AnisonemidaeAphageaEuglenophyceae Rapazida RapazidaeEutreptiaceae EutreptiidaeEuglenales Euglenaceae EuglenidaePhacaceae PhacidaePeranemidaSymbiontida BihospitesCalkinsiaPostgaardiTaxonomy edit Cavalier Smith 2016 2017 edit The following classification of Euglenozoa is as described by Cavalier Smith in 2016 11 modified to include the new subphylum Plicomonada according to Cavalier Smith et al 2017 12 Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier Smith 1981 emend Simpson 1997 Euglenobionta Subphylum Glycomonada Cavalier Smith 2016 Class Diplonemea Cavalier Smith 1993 emend Simpson 1997 Diplosonematea Diplonemia Cavalier Smith 1993 Order Diplonemida Cavalier Smith 1993 Hemistasiida Family Hemistasiidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Entomosigmaceae Family Diplonemidae Cavalier Smith 1993 Rhynchopodaceae Skuja 1948 ex Cavalier Smith 1993 Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 emend Margulis 1974 Kinetoplastida Honigberg 1963 Kinetoplasta Honigberg 1963 stat nov Subclass Prokinetoplastina Vickerman 2004 Order Prokinetoplastida Vickerman 2004 Family Ichthyobodonidae Isaksen et al 2007 Subclass Metakinetoplastina Vickerman 2004 Order Bodonida Hollande 1952 em Vickerman 1976 Kryov et al 1980 Suborder Neobodonida Vickerman 2004 Family Rhynchomonadidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Neobodonidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Suborder Parabodonida Vickerman 2004 Family Parabodonidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Cryptobiidae Vickerman 2004 Suborder Eubodonida Vickerman 2004 Family Bodonidae Butschli 1883 Bodonaceae Lemmermann 1914 Bodoninae Butschli 1883 Pleuromonadidae Kent 1880 Order Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 stat n Hollande 1952 emend Vickerman 2004 Family Trypanosomatidae Doflein 1901 Subphylum Plicomonada Cavalier Smith 2017 Infraphylum Postgaardia Cavalier Smith 2016 stat nov Cavalier Smith 2017 Class Postgaardea Cavalier Smith 1998 s s Symbiontida Yubuki et al 2009 Order Bihospitida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Bihospitidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Postgaardida Cavalier Smith 2003 Family Calkinsiidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Postgaardidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Infraphylum Euglenoida Butschli 1884 emend Senn 1900 stat nov Cavalier Smith 2017 Euglenophyta Euglenida Buetschli 1884 Euglenoidina Buetschli 1884 Parvphylum Entosiphona Cavalier Smith 2016 stat nov Cavalier Smith 2017 Class Entosiphonea Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Entosiphonida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Entosiphonidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Parvphylum Dipilida Cavalier Smith 2016 stat nov Cavalier Smith 2017 Superclass Rigimonada Cavalier Smith 2016 Class Stavomonadea Cavalier Smith 2016 Petalomonadea Cavalier Smith 1993 Petalomonadophyceae Subclass Heterostavia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Heterostavida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Serpenomonadidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Subclass Homostavia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Decastavida Cavalier Smith 2016a Family Decastavidae Cavalier Smith 2016a Family Keelungiidae Cavalier Smith 2016a Order Petalomonadida Cavalier Smith 1993 Sphenomonadales Leedale 1967 Sphenomonadina Leedale 1967 Family Sphenomonadidae Kent 1880 Family Petalomonadidae Petalomonadaceae Buetschli 1884 Notosolenaceae Stokes 1888 Scytomonadaceae Ritter von Stein 1878 Class Ploeotarea Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Ploeotiida Cavalier Smith 1993 Family Lentomonadidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Ploeotiidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Superclass Spirocuta Cavalier Smith 2016 Class Peranemea Cavalier Smith 1993 emend Cavalier Smith 2016 Subclass Acroglissia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Acroglissida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Teloproctidae Cavalier Smith 2016a Subclass Peranemia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Peranemida Butschli 1884 stat nov Cavalier Smith 1993 Family Peranematidae Peranemataceae Dujardin 1841 Pseudoperanemataceae Christen 1962 Subclass Anisonemia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Anisonemida Cavalier Smith 2016 Heteronematales Leedale 1967 Family Anisonemidae Saville Kent 1880 em Cavalier Smith 2016 Heteronemidae Calkins 1926 Zygoselmidaceae Kent 188 Order Natomonadida Cavalier Smith 2016 Suborder Metanemina Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Neometanemidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Suborder Rhabdomonadina Leedale 1967 emend Cavalier Smith 1993 Astasida Ehrenberg 1831 Rhabdomonadia Cavalier Smith 1993 Rhabdomonadophyceae Rhabdomonadales Family Distigmidae Hollande 1942 Family Astasiidae Saville Kent 1884 Astasiaceae Ehrenberg orth mut Senn 1900 Rhabdomonadaceae Fott 1971 Menoidiaceae Buetschli 188 Menoidiidae Hollande 1942 Class Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925 emend Marin amp Melkonian 2003 Euglenea Butschli 1884 emend Busse amp Preisfeld 2002 Euglenoidea Butschli 1884 Euglenida Butschli 1884 Photosynthetic clade Subclass Rapazia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Rapazida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Rapazidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Subclass Euglenophycidae Busse and Preisfeld 2003 Order Eutreptiida Eutreptiales Leedale 1967 emend Marin amp Melkonian 2003 Eutreptiina Leedale 1967 Family Eutreptiaceae Eutreptiaceae Hollande 1942 Order Euglenida Ritter von Stein 1878 stat n Calkins 1926 Euglenales Engler 1898 emend Marin amp Melkonian 2003 Euglenina Buetschli 1884 Euglenomorphales Leedale 1967 Colaciales Smith 1938 Family Euglenamorphidae Hollande 1952 stat n Cavalier Smith 2016 Euglenomorphaceae Hegneriaceae Brumpt amp Lavier 1924 Family Phacidae Phacaceae Kim et al 2010 Family Euglenidae Butschli 1884 Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841 emend Kim et al 2010 Colaciaceae Smith 1933 Mucilaginous clade Kostygov et al 2021 edit Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier Smith 1981 emend Simpson 1997 7 Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 emend Vickerman 1976 Subclass Prokinetoplastia Vickerman 2004 Order Prokinetoplastida Vickerman 2004 Family Ichthyobodonidae Isaksen et al 2007 Family Perkinselidae Kostygov 2021 Subclass Metakinetoplastia Vickerman 2004 Order Eubodonida Vickerman 2004 Family Bodonidae Butschli 1883 Order Neobodonida Vickerman 2004 Family Allobodonidae Goodwin et al 2018 Family Neobodonidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Rhynchomonadinae Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Parabodonida Vickerman 2004 Family Cryptobiidae Poche 1911 emend Kostygov 2021 Family Trypanoplasmatidae Hartmann and Chagas 1910 emend Kostygov 2021 Order Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 Family Trypanosomatidae Doflein 1901 Class Diplonemea Cavalier Smith 1993 Order Diplonemida Cavalier Smith 1993 Family Diplonemidae Cavalier Smith 1993 Family Hemistasiidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Eupelagonemidae Okamoto and Keeling 2019 Class Euglenida Butschli 1884 emend Simpson 1997 Clade Olkaspira Lax and Simpson 2020 Clade Spirocuta Cavalier Smith 2016 Clade Euglenophyceae Schoenichen 1925 emend Marin and Melkonian 2003 Order Euglenales Leedale 1967 emend Marin and Melkonian 2003 Family Euglenaceae Dujardin 1841 emend Kim et al 2010 Euglenidae Dujardin 1841 Family Phacaceae Kim Triemer and Shin 2010 Phacidae Kim Triemer and Shin 2010 Order Eutreptiales Leedale 1967 emend Marin and Melkonian 2003 Family Eutreptiaceae Hollande 1942 Eutreptiidae Hollande 1942 Order Rapazida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Rapazidae Cavalier Smith 2016 Clade Anisonemia Cavalier Smith 2016 Order Anisonemida Cavalier Smith 2016 Family Anisonemidae Kent 1880 Clade Aphagea Cavalier Smith 1993 emend Busse and Preisfeld 2002 Order Peranemida Cavalier Smith 1993 Clade Alistosa Lax et al 2020 Order Petalomonadida Cavalier Smith 1993 Class Symbiontida Yubuki Edgcomb Bernhard and Leander 2009References edit Zakrys B Milanowski R Karnkowska Anna 2017 Evolutionary Origin of Euglena Euglena Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Vol 979 pp 3 17 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 54910 1 1 ISBN 978 3 319 54908 8 PMID 28429314 Cavalier Smith T 1981 Eukaryote kingdoms seven or nine Bio Systems 14 3 4 461 481 doi 10 1016 0303 2647 81 90050 2 PMID 7337818 Euglenozoa Encyclopedia of Life National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 16 January 2020 a b Patterson DJ October 1999 The Diversity of Eukaryotes The American Naturalist 154 S4 S96 S124 doi 10 1086 303287 PMID 10527921 S2CID 4367158 Dorrell RG Smith AG July 2011 Do red and green make brown perspectives on plastid acquisitions within chromalveolates Eukaryotic Cell 10 7 856 868 doi 10 1128 EC 00326 10 PMC 3147421 PMID 21622904 Simpson AG 1997 The Identity and Composition of Euglenozoa Archiv fur Protistenkunde 148 3 318 328 doi 10 1016 s0003 9365 97 80012 7 a b c Kostygov AY Karnkowska A Votypka J Tashyreva D Maciszewski K Yurchenko V Lukes J March 2021 Euglenozoa taxonomy diversity and ecology symbioses and viruses Open Biology 11 3 200407 doi 10 1098 rsob 200407 PMC 8061765 PMID 33715388 Baldauf SL Roger AJ Wenk Siefert I Doolittle WF November 2000 A kingdom level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data Science 290 5493 972 977 Bibcode 2000Sci 290 972B doi 10 1126 science 290 5493 972 PMID 11062127 Simpson AG November 2003 Cytoskeletal organization phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata Eukaryota International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 Pt 6 1759 1777 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 02578 0 PMID 14657103 Cavalier Smith T June 2010 Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree Biology Letters 6 3 342 345 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2009 0948 PMC 2880060 PMID 20031978 a b Cavalier Smith T October 2016 Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa European Journal of Protistology 56 250 276 doi 10 1016 j ejop 2016 09 003 PMID 27889663 Cavalier Smith T October 2017 Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology Semi conservative microtubule strip duplication strip shaping and transformation European Journal of Protistology 61 Pt A 137 179 doi 10 1016 j ejop 2017 09 002 PMID 29073503 External links editTree of Life Euglenozoa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Euglenozoa amp oldid 1178614376, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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