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User innovation

January 04, 2023

User innovation refers to innovation by intermediate users (e.g. user firms) or consumer users (individual end-users or user communities), rather than by suppliers (producers or manufacturers).[1] This is a concept closely aligned to co-design and co-creation, and has been proven to result in more innovative solutions than traditional consultation methodologies.[2]

Eric von Hippel[3] and others[4][5][6] observed that many products and services are actually developed or at least refined, by users, at the site of implementation and use. These ideas are then moved back into the supply network. This is because products are developed to meet the widest possible need; when individual users face problems that the majority of consumers do not, they have no choice but to develop their own modifications to existing products, or entirely new products, to solve their issues. Often, user innovators will share their ideas with manufacturers in hopes of having them produce the product, a process called free revealing. However, user innovators also generate their own firms to commercialize their innovations and generate new markets, a process called "consumer-led market emergence." For example, research on how users innovated in multiple boardsports shows that some users capitalized on their innovations, founding firms in sports that became global markets.[7]

Based on research on the evolution of Internet technologies and open source software Ilkka Tuomi (Tuomi 2002) further highlighted the point that users are fundamentally social. User innovation, therefore, is also socially and socio-technically distributed innovation. According to Tuomi,[8] key uses are often unintended uses invented by user communities that reinterpret and reinvent the meaning of emerging technological opportunities.

The existence of user innovation, for example, by users of industrial robots, rather than the manufacturers of robots (Fleck 1988) is a core part of the argument against the Linear Innovation Model, i.e. innovation comes from research and development, is then marketed and 'diffuses' to end-users. Instead innovation is a non-linear process involving innovations at all stages.[9]

In 1986 Eric von Hippel introduced the lead user method that can be used to systematically learn about user innovation in order to apply it in new product development. In 2007 another specific type of user innovator, the creative consumer was introduced. These are consumers who adapt, modify, or transform a proprietary offering as opposed to creating completely new products.[10]

User innovation has a number of degrees: innovation of use,[11] innovation in services, innovation in configuration of technologies, and finally the innovation of novel technologies themselves. While most user innovation is concentrated in use and configuration of existing products and technologies, and is a normal part of long term innovation, new technologies that are easier for end-users to change and innovate with, and new channels of communication are making it much easier for user innovation to occur and have an impact.

Recent research has focused on Web-based forums that facilitate user (or customer) innovation - referred to as virtual customer environment, these forums help companies partner with their customers in various phases of product development as well as in other value creation activities. For example, Threadless, a T-shirt manufacturing company, relies on the contribution of online community members in the design process. The community includes a group of volunteer designers who submit designs and vote on the designs of others. In addition to free exposure, designers are provided monetary incentives including a $2,500 base award as well as a percentage of T-shirt sales. These incentives allow Threadless to encourage continual user contribution.[12]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Bogers, M.; Afuah, A.; Bastian, B. (2010), "Users as innovators: A review, critique, and future research directions", Journal of Management, 36 (4): 857–875.
  2. ^ Mitchell, Val; Ross, Tracy; Sims, Ruth; Parker, Christopher J. (2015). "Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions". CoDesign. 12 (4): 205–220. doi:10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894.
  3. ^ von Hippel, E. (1986). Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts. Management Science, 32(7), 791-805. doi:10.1287/mnsc.32.7.791
  4. ^ Morrison, Pamela D.; Roberts, John H.; von Hippel, Eric (2000-12-01). "Determinants of User Innovation and Innovation Sharing in a Local Market". Management Science. 46 (12): 1513–1527. doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.12.1513.12076. hdl:1721.1/127231. ISSN 0025-1909. S2CID 13933755.
  5. ^ Nambisan, Satish; Agarwal, Ritu; Tanniru, Mohan (September 1999). "Organizational Mechanisms for Enhancing User Innovation in Information Technology". MIS Quarterly. 23 (3): 365. doi:10.2307/249468. JSTOR 249468.
  6. ^ Berthon, Pierre R.; Pitt, Leyland F.; McCarthy, Ian; Kates, Steven M. (2007-01-01). "When customers get clever: Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers". Business Horizons. 50 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2006.05.005. ISSN 0007-6813.
  7. ^ Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Makkar, Marian (January 1, 2021). "Market bifurcations in board sports: How consumers shape markets through boundary work". Journal of Business Research. 122: 38–50. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.039. S2CID 224993317 – via ScienceDirect.
  8. ^ Tuomi, I: Networks of Innovation, chapter 2. Oxford University Press, 2002.
  9. ^ Williams, Robin; Edge, David (September 1996). "The social shaping of technology" (PDF). Research Policy. 25 (6): 865–899. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(96)00885-2.
  10. ^ Berthon, Pierre R.; Pitt, Leyland F.; McCarthy, Ian; Kates, Steven M. (2007-01-01). "When customers get clever: Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers". Business Horizons. 50 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2006.05.005. ISSN 0007-6813.
  11. ^ *Faulkner, Philip; Runde, Jochen (2009), "On the Identity of Technological Objects and User Innovations in Function", Academy of Management Review, 34 (3): 442–462, doi:10.5465/amr.2009.40632318, S2CID 53451098
  12. ^ Magee,Joe. "The Contribution Revolution: Letting Volunteers Build Your Business", Harvard Business Review, October 2008.

Sources

  • Bilgram, V.; Brem, A.; Voigt, K.-I.: User-Centric Innovations in New Product Development; Systematic Identification of Lead User Harnessing Interactive and Collaborative Online-Tools, in: International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 12 (2008), No. 3, pp. 419–458.
  • Bogers, Marcel; Afuah, Allan; Bastian, Bettina (2010), "Users as innovators: A review, critique, and future research directions", Journal of Management, 36 (4): 857–875, doi:10.1177/0149206309353944, S2CID 55469132
  • Braun, Viktor R.G. (2007): Barriers to user-innovation & the paradigm of licensing to innovate, Doctoral dissertation: Hamburg University of Technology
  • Fleck, James (1988), "Innofusion or Diffusation? The nature of technological development in robotics", Edinburgh PICT Working Paper No. 7
  • Nambisan, Satish; Nambisan, Priya (2008), "How to Profit from a better Virtual Customer Environment", MIT Sloan Management Review: 53–61
  • Tuomi, Ilkka (2002), Networks of Innovation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925698-3
  • von Hippel, Eric (2005), Democratizing Innovation, MIT Press
  • von Hippel, Eric (1986), "Lead users: a source of novel product concepts", Management Science, 32 (7): 791–805, doi:10.1287/mnsc.32.7.791, S2CID 154790566
  • Williams, R; David Edge (1996), "The Social Shaping of Technology" (PDF), Research Policy, 25 (6): 865–899, doi:10.1016/0048-7333(96)00885-2
  • Faulkner, Philip; Runde, Jochen (2009), "On the Identity of Technological Objects and User Innovations in Function", Academy of Management Review, 34 (3): 442–462, doi:10.5465/amr.2009.40632318, S2CID 53451098

External links

  • New York Times on User Innovation (2007)
  • New York Times on User Innovation (2005)
  • Eric Von Hippel's books on user innovation, available under the creative commons license.
  • Innovation Culture
  • VisionX
  • The Contribution Revolution wiki collects information about user contribution systems in the business world. It is based on the Harvard Business Review article of the same name by Scott Cook

January 04, 2023
user, innovation, this, article, unclear, citation, style, references, used, made, clearer, with, different, consistent, style, citation, footnoting, december, 2014, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, refers, innovation, intermediate, users, user, f. This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting December 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message User innovation refers to innovation by intermediate users e g user firms or consumer users individual end users or user communities rather than by suppliers producers or manufacturers 1 This is a concept closely aligned to co design and co creation and has been proven to result in more innovative solutions than traditional consultation methodologies 2 Eric von Hippel 3 and others 4 5 6 observed that many products and services are actually developed or at least refined by users at the site of implementation and use These ideas are then moved back into the supply network This is because products are developed to meet the widest possible need when individual users face problems that the majority of consumers do not they have no choice but to develop their own modifications to existing products or entirely new products to solve their issues Often user innovators will share their ideas with manufacturers in hopes of having them produce the product a process called free revealing However user innovators also generate their own firms to commercialize their innovations and generate new markets a process called consumer led market emergence For example research on how users innovated in multiple boardsports shows that some users capitalized on their innovations founding firms in sports that became global markets 7 Based on research on the evolution of Internet technologies and open source software Ilkka Tuomi Tuomi 2002 further highlighted the point that users are fundamentally social User innovation therefore is also socially and socio technically distributed innovation According to Tuomi 8 key uses are often unintended uses invented by user communities that reinterpret and reinvent the meaning of emerging technological opportunities The existence of user innovation for example by users of industrial robots rather than the manufacturers of robots Fleck 1988 is a core part of the argument against the Linear Innovation Model i e innovation comes from research and development is then marketed and diffuses to end users Instead innovation is a non linear process involving innovations at all stages 9 In 1986 Eric von Hippel introduced the lead user method that can be used to systematically learn about user innovation in order to apply it in new product development In 2007 another specific type of user innovator the creative consumer was introduced These are consumers who adapt modify or transform a proprietary offering as opposed to creating completely new products 10 User innovation has a number of degrees innovation of use 11 innovation in services innovation in configuration of technologies and finally the innovation of novel technologies themselves While most user innovation is concentrated in use and configuration of existing products and technologies and is a normal part of long term innovation new technologies that are easier for end users to change and innovate with and new channels of communication are making it much easier for user innovation to occur and have an impact Recent research has focused on Web based forums that facilitate user or customer innovation referred to as virtual customer environment these forums help companies partner with their customers in various phases of product development as well as in other value creation activities For example Threadless a T shirt manufacturing company relies on the contribution of online community members in the design process The community includes a group of volunteer designers who submit designs and vote on the designs of others In addition to free exposure designers are provided monetary incentives including a 2 500 base award as well as a percentage of T shirt sales These incentives allow Threadless to encourage continual user contribution 12 See also EditCreativity techniques Crowdsourcing Domestication theory Ideas bank List of emerging technologies Open design movement Participatory design Professional amateurs Prosumer Science and technology studies Toolkits for User InnovationFootnotes Edit Bogers M Afuah A Bastian B 2010 Users as innovators A review critique and future research directions Journal of Management 36 4 857 875 Mitchell Val Ross Tracy Sims Ruth Parker Christopher J 2015 Empirical investigation of the impact of using co design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions CoDesign 12 4 205 220 doi 10 1080 15710882 2015 1091894 von Hippel E 1986 Lead Users A Source of Novel Product Concepts Management Science 32 7 791 805 doi 10 1287 mnsc 32 7 791 Morrison Pamela D Roberts John H von Hippel Eric 2000 12 01 Determinants of User Innovation and Innovation Sharing in a Local Market Management Science 46 12 1513 1527 doi 10 1287 mnsc 46 12 1513 12076 hdl 1721 1 127231 ISSN 0025 1909 S2CID 13933755 Nambisan Satish Agarwal Ritu Tanniru Mohan September 1999 Organizational Mechanisms for Enhancing User Innovation in Information Technology MIS Quarterly 23 3 365 doi 10 2307 249468 JSTOR 249468 Berthon Pierre R Pitt Leyland F McCarthy Ian Kates Steven M 2007 01 01 When customers get clever Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers Business Horizons 50 1 39 47 doi 10 1016 j bushor 2006 05 005 ISSN 0007 6813 Diaz Ruiz Carlos Makkar Marian January 1 2021 Market bifurcations in board sports How consumers shape markets through boundary work Journal of Business Research 122 38 50 doi 10 1016 j jbusres 2020 08 039 S2CID 224993317 via ScienceDirect Tuomi I Networks of Innovation chapter 2 Oxford University Press 2002 Williams Robin Edge David September 1996 The social shaping of technology PDF Research Policy 25 6 865 899 doi 10 1016 0048 7333 96 00885 2 Berthon Pierre R Pitt Leyland F McCarthy Ian Kates Steven M 2007 01 01 When customers get clever Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers Business Horizons 50 1 39 47 doi 10 1016 j bushor 2006 05 005 ISSN 0007 6813 Faulkner Philip Runde Jochen 2009 On the Identity of Technological Objects and User Innovations in Function Academy of Management Review 34 3 442 462 doi 10 5465 amr 2009 40632318 S2CID 53451098 Magee Joe The Contribution Revolution Letting Volunteers Build Your Business Harvard Business Review October 2008 Sources EditBilgram V Brem A Voigt K I User Centric Innovations in New Product Development Systematic Identification of Lead User Harnessing Interactive and Collaborative Online Tools in International Journal of Innovation Management Vol 12 2008 No 3 pp 419 458 Bogers Marcel Afuah Allan Bastian Bettina 2010 Users as innovators A review critique and future research directions Journal of Management 36 4 857 875 doi 10 1177 0149206309353944 S2CID 55469132 Braun Viktor R G 2007 Barriers to user innovation amp the paradigm of licensing to innovate Doctoral dissertation Hamburg University of Technology Fleck James 1988 Innofusion or Diffusation The nature of technological development in robotics Edinburgh PICT Working Paper No 7 Nambisan Satish Nambisan Priya 2008 How to Profit from a better Virtual Customer Environment MIT Sloan Management Review 53 61 Tuomi Ilkka 2002 Networks of Innovation Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 925698 3 von Hippel Eric 2005 Democratizing Innovation MIT Press von Hippel Eric 1986 Lead users a source of novel product concepts Management Science 32 7 791 805 doi 10 1287 mnsc 32 7 791 S2CID 154790566 Williams R David Edge 1996 The Social Shaping of Technology PDF Research Policy 25 6 865 899 doi 10 1016 0048 7333 96 00885 2 Faulkner Philip Runde Jochen 2009 On the Identity of Technological Objects and User Innovations in Function Academy of Management Review 34 3 442 462 doi 10 5465 amr 2009 40632318 S2CID 53451098External links EditNew York Times on User Innovation 2007 New York Times on User Innovation 2005 Eric Von Hippel s books on user innovation available under the creative commons license Innovation Culture VisionX The Contribution Revolution wiki collects information about user contribution systems in the business world It is based on the Harvard Business Review article of the same name by Scott Cook Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title User innovation amp oldid 1105783364, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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