For 5-adic numbers, see p-adic number. For the pental numeral system, see Quinary.
Pentadic numerals (Swedish: pentadiska siffror) are a notation for presenting numbers, usually by inscribing in wood or stone. The notation has been used in Scandinavia, usually in conjunction with runic calendars and inscriptions in runes.
Edward Larsson's notes from 1885 show the use of "pentadic" runic numerals to replace the Arabic numerals in representing dates. The number shown here as zero is normally used for ten.
The notation is similar to the older Roman numerals for numbers 1 to 9 (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX). Unlike the Roman notation, there are only symbols for numbers one ("I") and five ("U"), protruding off the side of a vertical stroke, or stem, which has no numeric value by itself. In some inscriptions the notches are placed horizontally on a vertical stem or stav of the rune; on other inscriptions the stave is horizontal and the "I" and inverted "U" rise off of it.
The number 4 is represented by four vertical lines on the horizontal stem, 5 is represented by what looks like a half-turned letter U, resembling the letter "P" in combination with the stem. 10 is represented by two turned U's opposing each other. More numbers up to 19 or 20, can be represented by a combination of I's and U's branching off of a stem, similar to how Roman numerals are represented by combinations of I's and V's.[a]
Dating and extent of use
The widest use of the notation is in presenting the Golden Numbers, 1–19 on Runic calendars (Danish: kalenderstave, Swedish: runstavar, Norwegian: kalenderstavar, also known as clogs).[1] The numbers are commonly found in Modern Age and possibly Early Modern Agecalendar sticks. It is unknown if they were in use in the Middle Ages, let alone in the Viking Age. On older runic calendars, a different notation for representing the Golden Numbers was used; the 16 runes of Younger Futhark represented the numbers from 1 to 16 and three ad hoc, runes were improvised for the numbers 17, 18, and 19. For example, the Computus Runicus manuscript, originally from 1328, but collected and published by the Dane Ole Worm (1588–1654), uses this futhark notation, and not the pentadic numerals under discussion here.[2]
The authors of the North American rune stones do not seem to understand the positional notation or the concept of zero. The rune for 10 is used interchangeably for 0, 10, and <1,0> with little consistency. The inscription stone from Spirit Pond contains the sequences ahr:011 and ahr:00,[4] which have been read as year 1011 and year 1010 respectively. It is unclear if the notation can represent all numbers unambiguously; for example, it may not be possible to distinguish 1010 from 100.
^Ole Worm (1328). "The Runic Calendar from Gotland". arild-hauge.com. Computus Runicus.
^Sköld, Tryggve (Winter 2003). (PDF). DAUM-katta (in Swedish). Umeå, Sv: Dialekt-, ortnamns-, och folkminnesarkivet i Umeå: 5–6. ISSN 1401-548X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^"Spirit Pond" (transcription). number 3], lines 3 and 8.
Further reading
Bengtson, John D. (n.d.), The Kensington Rune Stone: A Study Guide
Hagen, S. N. (1950). "The Kensington Runic Inscription". Speculum. 25 (3): 321–356. doi:10.2307/2854163. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2854163. S2CID 162374269.
January 06, 2023
pentadic, numerals, adic, numbers, adic, number, pental, numeral, system, quinary, swedish, pentadiska, siffror, notation, presenting, numbers, usually, inscribing, wood, stone, notation, been, used, scandinavia, usually, conjunction, with, runic, calendars, i. For 5 adic numbers see p adic number For the pental numeral system see Quinary Pentadic numerals Swedish pentadiska siffror are a notation for presenting numbers usually by inscribing in wood or stone The notation has been used in Scandinavia usually in conjunction with runic calendars and inscriptions in runes Edward Larsson s notes from 1885 show the use of pentadic runic numerals to replace the Arabic numerals in representing dates The number shown here as zero is normally used for ten Contents 1 Notation 2 Dating and extent of use 3 Positional notation 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 Further readingNotation EditThe notation is similar to the older Roman numerals for numbers 1 to 9 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Unlike the Roman notation there are only symbols for numbers one I and five U protruding off the side of a vertical stroke or stem which has no numeric value by itself In some inscriptions the notches are placed horizontally on a vertical stem or stav of the rune on other inscriptions the stave is horizontal and the I and inverted U rise off of it The number 4 is represented by four vertical lines on the horizontal stem 5 is represented by what looks like a half turned letter U resembling the letter P in combination with the stem 10 is represented by two turned U s opposing each other More numbers up to 19 or 20 can be represented by a combination of I s and U s branching off of a stem similar to how Roman numerals are represented by combinations of I s and V s a Dating and extent of use EditThe widest use of the notation is in presenting the Golden Numbers 1 19 on Runic calendars Danish kalenderstave Swedish runstavar Norwegian kalenderstavar also known as clogs 1 The numbers are commonly found in Modern Age and possibly Early Modern Age calendar sticks It is unknown if they were in use in the Middle Ages let alone in the Viking Age On older runic calendars a different notation for representing the Golden Numbers was used the 16 runes of Younger Futhark represented the numbers from 1 to 16 and three ad hoc runes were improvised for the numbers 17 18 and 19 For example the Computus Runicus manuscript originally from 1328 but collected and published by the Dane Ole Worm 1588 1654 uses this futhark notation and not the pentadic numerals under discussion here 2 Positional notation EditIn some peculiar instances runic numbers have been used as numerals in a base ten positional system replacing the Arabic numerals It is unknown if this use existed before the 19th century The oldest authenticated use of this notation is in the notes of an 18 year old journeyman tailor Edward Larsson that are dated to 1885 in pentadic runes A copy of the note was first published by the Institute for Dialectology Onomastics and Folklore Research in Umea in 2004 3 This positional notation however appears on two unrelated sets of rune stones allegedly discovered in North America The first is the Kensington Runestone found in 1898 the second are the three Spirit Pond runestones found in 1971 All refer to pre Columbian Norse exploration of the Americas The authors of the North American rune stones do not seem to understand the positional notation or the concept of zero The rune for 10 is used interchangeably for 0 10 and lt 1 0 gt with little consistency The inscription stone from Spirit Pond contains the sequences ahr 011 and ahr 00 4 which have been read as year 1011 and year 1010 respectively It is unclear if the notation can represent all numbers unambiguously for example it may not be possible to distinguish 1010 from 100 See also EditBiquinary Ogham Pental system Runic calendarFootnotes Edit The number 10 is represented in Roman numerals as X which is two turned V s opposing each other gt lt References Edit Rune calendars Gangleri nl Ole Worm 1328 The Runic Calendar from Gotland arild hauge com Computus Runicus Skold Tryggve Winter 2003 Edward Larssons alfabet PDF DAUM katta in Swedish Umea Sv Dialekt ortnamns och folkminnesarkivet i Umea 5 6 ISSN 1401 548X Archived from the original PDF on 2010 08 17 Retrieved 2009 06 02 Spirit Pond transcription number 3 lines 3 and 8 Further reading EditBengtson John D n d The Kensington Rune Stone A Study Guide Hagen S N 1950 The Kensington Runic Inscription Speculum 25 3 321 356 doi 10 2307 2854163 ISSN 0038 7134 JSTOR 2854163 S2CID 162374269 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pentadic numerals amp oldid 1110799061, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
