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Sudan People's Liberation Movement

January 08, 2023

Not to be confused with the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition in South Sudan or the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North in Sudan or the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army in Darfur.

The Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM; Arabic: الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان, Al-Ḥarakat ash-Shaʿbiyyat liTaḥrīr as-Sūdān) is a political party in South Sudan. It was initially founded as the political wing of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA; a key belligerent of the Second Sudanese Civil War) in 1983. On January 9, 2005 the SPLA, SPLM and Government of Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, ending the civil war. SPLM then obtained representation in the Government of Sudan, and was the main constituent of the Government of the then semi-autonomous Southern Sudan. When South Sudan became a sovereign state on 9 July 2011, SPLM became the ruling party of the new republic. SPLM branches in Sudan separated themselves from SPLM, forming the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North. Further factionalism appeared as a result of the 2013-2014 South Sudanese Civil War, with President Salva Kiir leading the SPLM-Juba and former Vice President Riek Machar leading the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition.

Sudan People's Liberation Movement
الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان
ChairmanSalva Kiir Mayardit
FoundersKerubino Kuanyin Bol
John Garang
Founded16 May 1983 (1983-05-16)
HeadquartersJuba, South Sudan
Youth wingSPLM Youth League
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[1]
Until 2005:
Big tent
National Legislative Assembly
332 / 550
Council of States
46 / 100
Party flag
Website
www.splmtoday.com

Although the party has not adhered to one consistent ideology since the independence of South Sudan and by extension the effective end of the New Sudan concept, and many factions exist, it has been described as "being on the left of centre ideological[ly] speaking,"[2] and section IV.2 of the party manifesto states support for a regulated market economy[3] with similar elements to social democracy.

History

The SPLM as a rebel movement was formed on 16 May 1983, after the Sudan government's abandonment of the Addis Ababa agreement signed between the Gaafar Nimeiry government and the Anyanya leader Joseph Lagu, who had first introduced the Southern Sudanese to the effective political, economic, social, educational, and religious situations they would face after Sudan's independence. The movement published a manifesto setting out its positions and attracted a group of rebellious south Sudanese soldiers of the Sudanese Army based in Bor, Pochalla, and Ayod (first called the Bor Mutiny). These joined remnants of the Anyanya rebels of the First Sudanese Civil War based in Ethiopia. Founders of the SPLA (the military wing of the movement) included Captain Salva Kiir Mayardit, Samuel AbuJohn Khabas, Major William Nyuon Bany, Major Kerubino Kuanyin Bol and many other South Sudanese officers of the Sudan armed forces. Joseph Oduho was made chairman of the SPLM and Colonel John Garang, a Dinka army officer, was made commander of the SPLA. Later Oduho was deposed by Garang, who made himself overall leader of the combined movement (SPLA/M).[4]

The government of Sudan has been associated with Islam and Arab descent and culture since then, in deep contrast with the SPLA, associated instead with Africanism, indigenous beliefs, African culture and, in a measure, Christianity.[5]

It fought against the governments of Gaafar Nimeiry, Sadiq al-Mahdi and Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir in what is now called the Second Sudanese Civil War. SPLA/M's declared aim was to establish a democratic Sudan with it as the leading party in control of the southern areas. The war has been largely described in religious and ethnic terms, and also as a struggle for control of the water and oil resources located in southern and western Sudan.

In 1991, the SPLA-Nasir faction led by Dr Riek Machar and Dr Lam Akol attempted to overthrow chairman Garang. The attempt failed but led to widespread fighting in the south and the formation of other rebel groups, such as Kerubino Kwanyin Bol's SPLA Bahr-al-Ghazal faction. These internal divisions hampered negotiations with the government. SPLA-Nasir renamed itself SPLA-United and then transformed itself, with substantial personnel changes, into the South Sudan Independence Movement/Army. Several smaller factions signed the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the government in April 1997 and formed the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF).

In July 1992, a government offensive seized southern Sudan, and captured the SPLA headquarters in Torit.[6] The Sudanese government accused Uganda and Eritrea of supporting the SPLA/M, who were alleged to have operated on the Ugandan side of the Sudanese border with Uganda at the southern limit of Sudan.

In 2005, a treaty between the SPLA/M and the Sudanese government led to the formal recognition of Southern Sudanese autonomy. SPLM joined the government as part of the 2005 peace agreement, gaining about one-third of government positions. On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government, alleging violations of the peace agreement; this raised concerns about the future of the agreement.[7]

In 2012, as a consequence of South Sudanese independence, SPLM became the new country's governing political party and the SPLA the country's army. The Sudan branch separated from the movement and formed SPLM-N to carry out anti-government activities in Sudan.

Factionalism

  • SPLM-DC (Democratic Change, 2009–present)
  • SPLM–N (North, 2011–present)
  • SPLM-IG (In Government, 2013–present)
  • SPLM-IO (In-Opposition, 2013–present)
  • SPLM-FD (Freed Detainees, 2015–present)

As a result of the South Sudanese Civil War in 2013-2014, the SPLM factionalised into the SPLM-Juba, led by President Salva Kiir,[8] and SPLM-IO (in opposition), led by former Vice President Riek Machar.[9]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ a b c https://africaelects.com/south-sudan/ South Sudan - Africa Elects
  2. ^ Arop-Gotnyiel, Arop Madur (10 February 2014). "Disenchantment and bickering in party politics brings ruin to South Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  3. ^ Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (May 2008). "The Manifesto of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement" (PDF). Their Words. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  4. ^ "A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY". European Sudanese Public Affairs council. 19 April 1985. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  5. ^ "Islam, State and Identity". Fanack.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Karl R. DeRouen and Uk Heo. Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 748.
  7. ^ "Southern Sudan party pulls out of unity government", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), 11 October 2007.
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2014-07-02.

Further reading

External links

  • by the International Crisis Group, 9 August 2005 (PDF)
  • Sudan Photographic Exhibition – Documentary photographer's images of Sudan's displaced

January 08, 2023
sudan, people, liberation, movement, confused, with, opposition, south, sudan, north, sudan, sudan, liberation, movement, army, darfur, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, impro. Not to be confused with the Sudan People s Liberation Movement in Opposition in South Sudan or the Sudan People s Liberation Movement North in Sudan or the Sudan Liberation Movement Army in Darfur This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations July 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Sudan People s Liberation Movement SPLM Arabic الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان Al Ḥarakat ash Shaʿbiyyat liTaḥrir as Sudan is a political party in South Sudan It was initially founded as the political wing of the Sudan People s Liberation Army SPLA a key belligerent of the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983 On January 9 2005 the SPLA SPLM and Government of Sudan signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ending the civil war SPLM then obtained representation in the Government of Sudan and was the main constituent of the Government of the then semi autonomous Southern Sudan When South Sudan became a sovereign state on 9 July 2011 SPLM became the ruling party of the new republic SPLM branches in Sudan separated themselves from SPLM forming the Sudan People s Liberation Movement North Further factionalism appeared as a result of the 2013 2014 South Sudanese Civil War with President Salva Kiir leading the SPLM Juba and former Vice President Riek Machar leading the Sudan People s Liberation Movement in Opposition Sudan People s Liberation Movement الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودانChairmanSalva Kiir MayarditFoundersKerubino Kuanyin BolJohn GarangFounded16 May 1983 1983 05 16 HeadquartersJuba South SudanYouth wingSPLM Youth LeagueIdeologySocial democracy 1 Civic nationalism 1 Until 2005 New SudanPolitical positionCentre left 1 Until 2005 Big tentNational Legislative Assembly332 550Council of States46 100Party flagWebsitewww wbr splmtoday wbr comPolitics of South SudanPolitical partiesElectionsAlthough the party has not adhered to one consistent ideology since the independence of South Sudan and by extension the effective end of the New Sudan concept and many factions exist it has been described as being on the left of centre ideological ly speaking 2 and section IV 2 of the party manifesto states support for a regulated market economy 3 with similar elements to social democracy Contents 1 History 1 1 Factionalism 2 Notable people 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sudan People s Liberation Movement news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The SPLM as a rebel movement was formed on 16 May 1983 after the Sudan government s abandonment of the Addis Ababa agreement signed between the Gaafar Nimeiry government and the Anyanya leader Joseph Lagu who had first introduced the Southern Sudanese to the effective political economic social educational and religious situations they would face after Sudan s independence The movement published a manifesto setting out its positions and attracted a group of rebellious south Sudanese soldiers of the Sudanese Army based in Bor Pochalla and Ayod first called the Bor Mutiny These joined remnants of the Anyanya rebels of the First Sudanese Civil War based in Ethiopia Founders of the SPLA the military wing of the movement included Captain Salva Kiir Mayardit Samuel AbuJohn Khabas Major William Nyuon Bany Major Kerubino Kuanyin Bol and many other South Sudanese officers of the Sudan armed forces Joseph Oduho was made chairman of the SPLM and Colonel John Garang a Dinka army officer was made commander of the SPLA Later Oduho was deposed by Garang who made himself overall leader of the combined movement SPLA M 4 The government of Sudan has been associated with Islam and Arab descent and culture since then in deep contrast with the SPLA associated instead with Africanism indigenous beliefs African culture and in a measure Christianity 5 It fought against the governments of Gaafar Nimeiry Sadiq al Mahdi and Omar Hasan Ahmad al Bashir in what is now called the Second Sudanese Civil War SPLA M s declared aim was to establish a democratic Sudan with it as the leading party in control of the southern areas The war has been largely described in religious and ethnic terms and also as a struggle for control of the water and oil resources located in southern and western Sudan In 1991 the SPLA Nasir faction led by Dr Riek Machar and Dr Lam Akol attempted to overthrow chairman Garang The attempt failed but led to widespread fighting in the south and the formation of other rebel groups such as Kerubino Kwanyin Bol s SPLA Bahr al Ghazal faction These internal divisions hampered negotiations with the government SPLA Nasir renamed itself SPLA United and then transformed itself with substantial personnel changes into the South Sudan Independence Movement Army Several smaller factions signed the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the government in April 1997 and formed the United Democratic Salvation Front UDSF In July 1992 a government offensive seized southern Sudan and captured the SPLA headquarters in Torit 6 The Sudanese government accused Uganda and Eritrea of supporting the SPLA M who were alleged to have operated on the Ugandan side of the Sudanese border with Uganda at the southern limit of Sudan In 2005 a treaty between the SPLA M and the Sudanese government led to the formal recognition of Southern Sudanese autonomy SPLM joined the government as part of the 2005 peace agreement gaining about one third of government positions On 11 October 2007 the SPLM withdrew from the government alleging violations of the peace agreement this raised concerns about the future of the agreement 7 In 2012 as a consequence of South Sudanese independence SPLM became the new country s governing political party and the SPLA the country s army The Sudan branch separated from the movement and formed SPLM N to carry out anti government activities in Sudan Factionalism Edit SPLM DC Democratic Change 2009 present SPLM N North 2011 present SPLM IG In Government 2013 present SPLM IO In Opposition 2013 present SPLM FD Freed Detainees 2015 present As a result of the South Sudanese Civil War in 2013 2014 the SPLM factionalised into the SPLM Juba led by President Salva Kiir 8 and SPLM IO in opposition led by former Vice President Riek Machar 9 Notable people EditBarnaba Okony Gilo South Sudanese politicianReferences Edit a b c https africaelects com south sudan South Sudan Africa Elects Arop Gotnyiel Arop Madur 10 February 2014 Disenchantment and bickering in party politics brings ruin to South Sudan Sudan Tribune Retrieved 25 March 2020 Sudan People s Liberation Movement May 2008 The Manifesto of the Sudan People s Liberation Movement PDF Their Words Retrieved 25 March 2020 A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY European Sudanese Public Affairs council 19 April 1985 Retrieved 17 August 2011 Islam State and Identity Fanack com Retrieved 9 August 2016 permanent dead link Karl R DeRouen and Uk Heo Civil wars of the world major conflicts since World War II Vol 1 ABC CLIO p 748 Southern Sudan party pulls out of unity government Associated Press International Herald Tribune 11 October 2007 Political parties reject President Kiir s red line Radio Tamazuj Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2014 07 02 SPLM IO criticizes rush to form unity government Radio Tamazuj Archived from the original on 2014 07 10 Retrieved 2014 07 02 Further reading EditAkol Lam 2003 SPLM SPLA The Nasir Declaration iUniverse ISBN 978 0 595 28459 7 Eggers Dave 2009 What Is the What Knopf Canada ISBN 978 0 307 37137 9 External links EditWho s who in SPLM Juba Garang s Death Implications for Peace in Sudan by the International Crisis Group 9 August 2005 PDF Sudan Photographic Exhibition Documentary photographer s images of Sudan s displaced Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sudan People 27s Liberation Movement amp oldid 1129942549, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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