fbpx
Wikipedia

List of private spaceflight companies

January 05, 2023

This article is a list of non-governmental, or privately owned, entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. The list includes both inactive and active entities.

List of abbreviations used in this article

LEO: Low Earth orbit
GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit
HCO: Heliocentric orbit
VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing
SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit
TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit
SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

Commercial astronauts

Manufacturers of space vehicles

Main article: List of spacecraft manufacturers

Cargo transport vehicles

See also: Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
Company name Spacecraft Launch system Length (m) Dry mass (kg) Launch mass (kg) Payload (kg) Payload volume (m3) Return payload (kg) Diameter (m) Generated power (W) Automated docking Status
SpaceX Dragon Falcon 9 Block 5 6.1 4,200[4] 10,200 6,000[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] 3,000 capsule return[8] 3.7 2,000[9] No Retired (21/22)
Dragon 2 Falcon 9 Block 5 8.1 6,400 6,000[5] 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized) 3,000[5] 3.7 Yes Operational (5/5)
Orbital Cygnus (standard) Antares 1x0 5.14 1,500[10] 2,000[10] 18.9[10] None 3.07 3,500[11] No Retired (3/4)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus (enhanced) Antares 230
Atlas V 401 		6.34 1,800[12] 3,500[12] 27[12] None 3.07 No Operational (14/14)
Sierra Nevada Corporation Dream Chaser Cargo System Atlas V
Vulcan[13]		 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[14] 1,750[14] Yes Development
Planned: 2023

Crew transport vehicles

See also: Comparison of crewed space vehicles

Orbital

Company name Spacecraft Range Launch
system 		Crew
size 		Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system 		Generated
power (W) 		First
spaceflight* 		Status
Blue Origin Biconic Space Vehicle LEO New Glenn Planned date not known Development
Boeing CST-100 Starliner LEO Multiple, initially Atlas V 7[15] 5.03[16] 4.56[16] Solar panels Planned: First Crewed 2023
(First Uncrewed: 20 December 2019, Second Uncrewed: 19 May 2022) 		Testing

(2/3)

Sierra Nevada Corporation Dream Chaser Space System LEO Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur 7[17][18] 9[19] 11,300[20] 2026[21] Development
SpaceX Dragon 2 LEO Falcon 9 Block 5 7[note 1] 8.1[22] 3.7[23] Solar Crewed: May 30, 2020
(Uncrewed: 2 March 2019) 		Operational (8/8)
Starship Mars[24][note 2] Super Heavy <=100 50[24] 9[24][note 3] 1,335,000[24] Solar panels Planned: 2022 without crew Development
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
  1. ^ Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS
  2. ^ Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the solar system, this vehicle's intended maximum range is Mars
  3. ^ Plus fins/legs

Suborbital

See also: Ansari X Prize § Contestants
Company name Spacecraft Range Launch
system 		Crew
size 		Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) First
spaceflight* 		Status
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne 100 km (62 mi) White Knight 1 8.53 8.05 3,600 21 June 2004 Retired (3/3)[note 1]
Blue Origin New Shepard Crew Capsule 114 km (71 mi) (capsule, using the launch escape system motor) New Shepard 6 3.6 Crewed: July 20, 2021

(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015)

Operational (6/6)
The Spaceship Company SpaceShipTwo 110 km (68 mi) White Knight Two 8 (2 Pilots, 6 Passengers) 18.3 8.3 9,740 13 December 2018 Testing (5/6)[note 2]
Copenhagen Suborbitals[note 3] Tycho Deep Space 105 km (65 mi)
 Spica 1 13 0.955 4,000 Planned date not known Development
PD AeroSpace (Unknown) 110 km (68 mi)[25] (Unknown) 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots) 14.8[26] >6,000 Planned date not known Development
World View Explorer Capsule 30 km (19 mi) Stratospheric Balloon 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge) 5.5 4,500 Planned 2024 Development
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
  1. ^ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  2. ^ Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space
  3. ^ Denmark's amateur human space program.

Launch vehicle manufacturers

Further information: List of orbital launch systems
Company name Launcher
name 		Launcher
type 		No. of
stages 		Maximum
reach 		Launcher
status 		Maiden
flight 		Ref
ABL Space Systems RS1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 9 January 2023 (planned) [27]
Agnikul Cosmos Agnibaan Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown
ARCA Space Haas 2b Suborbital crewed rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [28]
Haas 2CA Light rocket 1 LEO Cancelled — [29]
Super Haas Medium rocket 2 LEO Proposed Unknown [30]
EcoRocket Demonstrator Reusable light rocket 3 LEO Development 2022 (planned) [31]
EcoRocket Heavy Heavy rocket 3 Deep space Proposed Unknown [31]
Australian Space Research Institute AUSROC Nano Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [32]
Astra Space Astra Rocket 1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (0/1) 2018 [33][34][35]
Astra Rocket 2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (0/1) 2018 [36]
Astra Rocket 3 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2020 [37][38]
Astra Rocket 4 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [39][40]
SALVO Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [41][42][43]
Bellatrix Aerospace Chetak Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned)
Blue Origin New Shepard Reusable suborbital rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (22/23) 2015
New Glenn Reusable heavy rocket 2 or 3 GTO Development 2023 (planned) [44][45][46]
New Armstrong Reusable super-heavy rocket 3 HCO Proposed ~2030 (proposed)
BluShift Aerospace Stardust Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2020
Starless Rogue Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Development Unknown
Brown Dwarf Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Cancelled —
Red Dwarf Light rocket 3 LEO Development Q2 2024 (planned)
Borneo SubOrbitals TBA Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [47][48][49]
Canadian Arrow Canadian Arrow Suborbital crewed rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [50]
CubeCab Cab-3A Light rocket 3 + airplane LEO Proposed Unknown [51][52]
Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C. JFCR.2000-Pollux Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [53][54]
Exos Aerospace SARGE Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (3/4) 2018 [55][56]
Equatorial Space Systems Volans Light Rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown [57]
Dorado Sounding Rocket 1 or 2 Suborbital Development 2023 (planned) [58]
LAD Sounding Rocket 1 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2020 [59]
Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha Light rocket 2 LEO Operational (1/2) 2021 [60]
Firefly MLV Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2025 (planned) [61]
General Astronautics Urania Medium rocket 3 LEO Cancelled — [62][63]
Gilmour Space Technologies RASTA Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2016 [64]
Eris Light rocket 3 LEO Development April 2023 (Planned) [64]
Generation Orbit X-60A (GOLauncher 1) Air-launched sounding rocket 1 + airplane Suborbital Development Unknown [65][66]
GOLauncher 2 Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Development Unknown
Independence-X Aerospace DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle) Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [67][68]
Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N series Light rocket 3–4 LEO Development Unknown [69][70]
NEPTUNE N36 Light rocket 4 TLI Proposed Unknown [69][70]
Neptune TSAAHTO Medium rocket 2½ TLI Proposed Unknown [69]
Interstellar Technologies Momo Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (3/7) 2017 [71][72]
Isar Aerospace Spectrum Light rocket 2 LEO Development H1 2023 (planned) [73]
Launcher Light Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2024 (planned) [74]
Leaf Space Primo Light rocket 2 LEO Proposed Unknown [75][76]
Lin Industrial Taymyr Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown [77][78]
Lockheed Martin VentureStar Reusable spaceplane 1 LEO Cancelled — [79]
Athena Medium rocket 2 or 3 TLI Retired (5/7) 1995
Mishaal Aerospace M-SV Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [80][81][82]
M-OV Light rocket 1 + 6 Boosters LEO Development Unknown [80][81][83]
M-LV Light rocket 1 + 8 boosters TLI Development Unknown [80][81][84]
OneSpace OS-X Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (2/2) 2018 [85]
OS-M1 Light rocket 3 LEO Operational (0/1) 2019 [86]
OS-M2 Light rocket 3 + 2 boosters LEO Development Unknown [87]
OS-M4 Light rocket 3 + 4 boosters LEO Development Unknown [88]
Orbex Prime Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [89]
OrbitX Haribon SLS-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023–2024 (planned)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares Medium rocket 3 LEO Operational (15/16) 2013 [90]
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus Light rocket 4 LEO Operational (7/10) 1994 [91][92][93]
Pegasus Air-launch-to-orbit 3-4 + airplane HEO Operational (40/45) 1990
Omega Medium rocket 3 + 0-6 boosters GEO Cancelled (Was planned for 2021) [94]
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG OTRAG Medium rocket variable LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved) 		Retired (15/18) 1977 [95]
Perigee Aerospace Blue Whale 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [96][97]
PLD Space Miura 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 15 January 2023 (planned) [98][99][100][101]
Miura 5 Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2024 (planned) [102]
Relativity Space Terran 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2022 (planned) [103][104]
Terran R Reusable medium rocket 2 Deep space Development 2024 (planned) [105]
Rocket Crafters Intrepid-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [106][107]
Rocket Lab Ātea-1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2009 [108][109]
Ātea-2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [110]
Electron Reusable light rocket 2 TLI Operational (26/29) 2017 [111]
Neutron Medium rocket 2 GTO Development 2024 (planned) [112][113]
RocketStar Star-Lord Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [114]
Rocket Factory Augsburg RFA One Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [115][116][73]
Skyroot Aerospace Vikram S Sounding rocket 3 LEO Operational 2022 November 18 [117]
Vikram-II Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown
Vikram-III Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown
Skyrora Skyrora 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [118][119][120]
Skylark Micro Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2021 [121]
Skylark L Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [122][123]
Skyrora XL Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [124][125][126][127]
SpaceForest Bigos Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (5/5) 2015 [128]
Candle-2 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2016 [129][130][131]
Perun Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2020[132] [133]
SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket) Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [128][134]
Space Services Inc. Percheron Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [135]
Conestoga 1620 Medium rocket 4 LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved) 		Retired (0/1) 1995 [135]
SpaceLS Prometheus-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [136][137]
Space Pioneer Tiansuo-1 Vertical landing test stage 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [138]
Tianlong-1 Light rocket LEO Development Unknown [138]
SpaceX Falcon 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2006 [139]
Falcon 1e Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [139]
Falcon 5 Medium rocket 2 GTO Cancelled — [140]
Falcon 9 v1.0 Medium rocket 2 GTO (designed)
LEO (achieved) 		Retired (5/5) 2010 [141]
Falcon 9 v1.1 Medium rocket 2 HCO Retired (14/15) 2013 [141]
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Block 1-4 		Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable) 		2 TMI[142] Retired (36/36) 2015 [141]
Falcon 9 Block 5 Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable) 		2 TMI[142] Operational (139/139) 2018 [143][144]
Falcon Heavy Reusable heavy rocket /
Super-heavy rocket (expendable) 		2 + 2 boosters Deep space (Pluto)[145] Operational (4/4) 2018 [141][146]
Starship Super-Heavy Reusable super-heavy rocket 2 Deep space Development 2022 (planned)[147] [148][149]
Success Rockets Nebo 1 Ultralight rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) December 2021 [150]
Stalker Ultralight rocket 2 LEO Development 2024 [151]
United Launch Alliance Atlas V Medium rocket 2 + 0-5 boosters TMI Operational (94/95) 2002 [152]
Delta II 6000 Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters GTO Retired (17/17) 1989 [153]
Delta II 7000 Light rocket 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters GTO Retired (130/132) 1990 [153]
Delta II 7000H Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters TMI Retired (6/6) 2003 [153]
Delta IV Medium rocket 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters GTO Retired (28/28) 2003 [154]
Delta IV Heavy Heavy rocket 2 + 2 boosters GTO Operational (10/11) 2004 [155]
Vulcan Heavy rocket 2 + 0-6 boosters GTO Development 2023 (planned) [156]
UP Aerospace Skyloft/Skyloft XL Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (18/19) 2006
Spyder Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023
Vector Launch Vector-R Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (2 prototype launches in 2017)
Vector-RE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled —
Vector-H Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled —
Vector-HE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled —
Virgin Orbit LauncherOne Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Operational (4/5) 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021) [157]
Zero2infinity Bloostar Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher) 3 + high-altitude balloon LEO Development Unknown [158]

Landers, rovers and orbiters

See also: Google Lunar X Prize § Competitors
Company name Craft name Craft type Craft status Ref
ARCASPACE ELE (European Lunar Explorer) lunar orbiter Development [159]
Astrobotic Technology Red Rover lunar rover Development [160]
Griffin (previously Artemis Lander) lunar lander Negotiating [161]
Peregrine Lander lunar lander Development [162]
Blue Origin Blue Moon lunar lander Development
Integrated Lander Vehicle crewed lunar lander Development
Dynetics Dynetics HLS lunar lander Development
Euroluna ROMIT lunar rover Cancelled [163]
Golden Spike Company
(defunct) 		unnamed crewed lunar lander Cancelled [164]
Hakuto Sorato lunar rover Development [165][166]
Tetris lunar rover Cancelled [167]
Independence-X Aerospace SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) lunar lander Cancelled [168]
Interorbital Systems RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever) lunar lander Development [169]
Intuitive Machines Nova-C lander, and Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[170] lunar lander; reusable orbital vehicle Development [171]
Lunar Mission One unnamed lunar lander Proposed (2014) [172]
Masten Space Systems XEUS lunar lander Negotiating [161]
Masten Space Systems XL-1 lunar lander Development [173]
Moon Express MX-1 lunar lander Testing [161][174]
Odyssey Moon MoonOne (M-1) lunar rover Cancelled [175]
Omega Envoy Sagan lunar rover Cancelled [176]
OrbitBeyond Z-01 lunar landers and rovers Proposed (2018) [177][178]
PTScientists Audi Lunar quattro lunar rover Testing [179]
PTScientists ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module) lunar lander Development [180]
Puli Space Technologies Puli lunar rover Fundraising [181]
SpaceX Starship crewed mars lander Development
Starship HLS crewed lunar lander Development
Team FREDNET Picorover lunar rover Cancelled [182]
Team Italia AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte) lunar rover Cancelled [183]
Team Indus HHK-1 lunar lander Development
Team Indus ECA lunar rover Development
TransOrbital TrailBlazer lunar orbiter Cancelled [184]
Team Plan B Plan B lunar rover Cancelled
Spacebit Asagumo lunar rover Testing [185][186]
Space IL Beresheet lunar lander Crashed upon landing
Space Explration Corp Defiant lunar lander Cancelled [187]
Synergy Moon Tesla lunar rover Development [188]

Research craft and tech demonstrators

Further information: List of sounding rockets
Company name Craft name Craft purpose Craft status Ref
ARCA Demonstrator 2b demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine Retired
Armadillo Aerospace Quad demonstrate VTOL Retired
ASRI AUSROC I systems Testing Retired
AUSROC II payload to 10 km Retired
AUSROC 2.5 systems Testing Testing
AUSROC III payload of 150 kg to 500 km Development
Blue Origin Goddard demonstrate VTOL Retired
Deep Blue Aerospace Nebula-1 demonstrate VTOL Development [189]
Interorbital Systems Neutrino systems Testing Operational
Tachyon systems Testing Operational [190]
Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrate SSTO Cancelled
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1 demonstrate VTOL Retired
XA-0.1B Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 Operational
XA-0.1E Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights Retired (12 flights)
XA-0.1E2 commercial flights Destroyed (115 flights)
XA-0.1E4 commercial flights Retired (75 flights)
XA-0.1E5 commercial flights Operational
XL-1T terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander Development
Xeus commercial flights Cancelled
McDonnell Douglas DC-X demonstrate VTOL Retired (11 test flights)
Origin Space Yang Wang-1 space mineral resources developer Development [191]
Rotary Rocket Roton ATV demonstrate VTOL Retired (3 test flights)
Space Services Inc. Conestoga I systems Testing Retired (1 test) [135]
SpaceX Grasshopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (8 tests) [192]
F9R Dev1 refine VTOL (low altitude) Destroyed (5 flights) [193]
F9R Dev2 refine VTOL (high altitude) Cancelled
Starhopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (4 test flights)
Starship prototypes demonstrate VTOL Retired (7 test flight)
Swedish Space Corp. Maxus payload to 700 km Operational
Maser payload to 300 km Operational
UP Aerospace SpaceLoft XL payload to 140 km Operational [194]
World View Enterprises Stratollite payload up to 30 km and 300 kg Operational [195] [196]
zero2infinity nanobloon 1.0 payload to 32 km Operational [197]
nanobloon 2.0 payload to 33 km Operational
microbloon 1.0 payload to 24 km Operational
microbloon 2.0 payload to 31 km Operational
microbloon 3.0 payload to 27 km Operational

Propulsion manufacturers

Company name Engine Engine type Applications Status Ref
Accion Systems Inc. MAX-1, TILE electrospray ion small satellite/CubeSat Development [198][199]
Ad Astra Rocket Company VASIMR plasma propulsion space tug/orbital transfer vehicle Development [200]
ARCA Executor LOX/RP-1 IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas Development
ArianeGroup Vulcain LH2/LOX Ariane 5/Ariane 6 Main stage Operational
Blue Origin BE-3 LH2/LOX New Shepard Operational
BE-4 LOX/CH
4 		Vulcan, New Glenn Testing
CU Aerospace PUC microcavity discharge small satellite/CubeSat Development [201][202]
CHIPS resistojet small satellite/CubeSat Development [202][203]
PPT-11 pulsed plasma small satellite/CubeSat Development [204][205]
Exo Terra Resource Halo Hall effect small satellite/CubeSat Development [206]
Firefly Aerospace Reaver LOX/RP-1 Firefly Alpha first stage Operational
Miranda LOX/RP-1 Firefly MLV first stage Development [61]
Reaction Engines Ltd. SABRE hybrid air-breathing/chemical Skylon Development [207]
Rocket Lab Rutherford LOX/RP-1 Electron first stage Operational
Rutherford Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Electron second stage Operational
Archimedes LOX/CH
4 		Neutron first stage Development [208]
Sierra Space VR35K-A LH2/LOX Upper Stage Development [209][210]
SpaceDev RocketMotorOne hybrid SpaceShipOne Retired [211]
SpaceX Kestrel LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1 second stage Retired
Merlin LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters Operational [212][213][145]
Merlin Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage Operational [213][145]
Raptor LOX/CH
4 		SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, Starship, Starship HLS Testing [214]
Virgin Galactic RocketMotorTwo hybrid SpaceShipTwo Operational
Ursa Major Technologies Hadley Jet-A/LOX Hypersonics, Boost Stage, Upper Stage Development [215][216]

Satellite launchers

Company Launch vehicles Notes Refs
Arianespace Ariane, Vega Minority owned by some EU states
Astra Space Rocket 3, Rocket 4 Rocket 3 retired in August 2022 [40]
Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV
IHI Corporation Epsilon Some R&D by JAXA
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA R&D done by JAXA. [217]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares, Minotaur Own launchers, funded by NASA
Rocket Lab Neutron, Electron
SpaceX Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy
Sea Launch Zenit Owned by S7 Airlines
United Launch Alliance Atlas V, Delta IV Heavy 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing
Vaya Space Dauntless http://www.vayaspace.com

Space-based economy

Further information: Space-based economy

Space manufacturing

Company name Products Manufacturing craft Status Ref
Shackleton Energy Company propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot Unknown Defunct (2020) [218]
Made In Space 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics Unknown Operational (2018) [219]
Varda Space Industries building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs) Unknown Operational (2021) [220]
Deep Space Industries propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites MicroGravity Foundry Defunct (2020) [221]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation Space Materials; Multifunctional polymers for spacecraft and habitat structural and shielding components Unknown Operational (2021) [222][223]

Space mining

Company name Body to be mined Mining craft Mining status Ref
Deep Space Industries Near-Earth asteroids Prospector-1, Harvestor 1 Defunct (2019) [224][225]
ispace Moon Hakuto-R Development [226][227]
Moon Express Moon MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 Development [228]
Planetary Resources Near-Earth asteroids Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 Cancelled [229]
Shackleton Energy Company Moon TBD Defunct (2020) [218]

Space stations

Private Company name Space Craft name Space Craft type Internal
volume 		Passenger
capacity 		Craft status Orbit Around Ref
Axiom Space Axiom International Commercial Space Station Rigid Module 8[230] Development (2016) Earth [231][232]
Bigelow Aerospace Genesis I subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[233] Uncrewed Derelict, on orbit[234] Earth [235]
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[236] Uncrewed Derelict, on orbit[234] Earth [237]
Galaxy Inflatable module 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[238] Uncrewed Cancelled Earth [239]
Sundancer Inflatable module 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft) 3 Cancelled Earth [240]
BA 330 Inflatable module 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft) 6 Cancelled[241] Earth [242][243][244]
BA 2100 Inflatable module 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft) 16 Cancelled[241] Earth [245]
Space Complex Alpha Inflatable space station 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft) 12 Cancelled Earth
Excalibur Almaz Almaz derivative Rigid module 3 Cancelled Earth [246][247][248]
Galactic Suite Ltd. Galactic Suite Rigid module 6 Proposed (2007) Earth [249]
Orion Span Aurora Space Station Rigid module 160 m3 (5,650 cu ft) 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists) Proposed (2018) Earth [250][251]
Sierra Nevada Corporation Large Inflatable Fabric Environment Inflatable module 300 m3 (10,594 cu ft) 4 Testing Moon/Mars [252]
Blue Origin Orbital Reef Rigid module 830 m3 (29,311 cu ft)[253] TBA Proposed (2021) Earth [254]

Space settlement

Company name Colony location Status Ref
SpaceX Mars Development [255][256][257]

Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

Company Products Refs
Altius Space Machines Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulators[when?] [citation needed]
Andrews Space Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers[when?] [citation needed]
Alén Space NanoSats and CubeSats [258]
Astranis MicroGEO Satellites
TESBL Aerospace Corporation In-space services; Solar Array Drive Actuators (SADA); microgravity payload integration, as of 2019 [259]

[260]

Axelspace CubeSats [261][262]
CesiumAstro Active phase array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017. [263][264]
Craig Technologies Small satellite deployment services (up to 110 kg); microgravity payload integration[when?] [265]
EADS Astrium Satellites Spacecraft and ground segment elements [citation needed]
EADS Astrium Space Transportation Launchers and orbital infrastructure [citation needed]
Innovative Solutions In Space CubeSat manufacture and operation, as of 2018 [266]
Made in Space 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013 [267]
Mynaric Laser communication for satellites and aircraft [citation needed]
RUAG Space Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures as of 2009 [268]
SpaceDev Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures[when?] [citation needed]
SpaceQuest, Ltd. Spacecraft and spacecraft components[when?] [citation needed]
Xplore Satellite payload transport and hosting in Earth orbit and Beyond Earth orbit (BEO) destinations, including flight to asteroids, Venus, and Mars. Active as of 2020 [269]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation Radiation Shielding materials for spacecraft and spacesuits; Space Weather Forecasting and Mitigation [222]
ADDMAN Engineering Metallurgy development and production of components including thrusters, injectors, cold plates, hot gas manifolds to space and hypersonic industry, especially refractory metals (Titatnium, Niobium) as of 2020

Spaceliner companies

Company name Contracts for Craft utilised Status Notes Refs
Axiom Space SpaceX Crew Dragon Active SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022 [270][271]
Benson Space Company SpaceDev Dream Chaser Defunct [272]
MirCorp none Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir Defunct Mir deorbited
Space Adventures - Soyuz and the ISS Active 9 tourists sent [273]
RocketShip Tours XCOR Lynx rocketplane Defunct
Virgin Galactic Scaled Composites Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 Active 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - H+Pedia". hpluspedia.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  2. ^ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, retrieved 2018-07-31
  3. ^ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
  4. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  5. ^ a b c SpaceX (1 March 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  6. ^ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012. CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon’s Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS’ robotic assets after berthing.
  7. ^ (PDF). www.spacex.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  8. ^ "Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS-1 mission to the ISS – NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. 7 October 2012.
  9. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  10. ^ a b c "Cygnus Fast Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Co. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  11. ^ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  12. ^ a b c "Cygnus Spacecraft Information". Spaceflight101.
  13. ^ "NSRC Day 2 Summary". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  14. ^ a b "Sierra Nevada Hopes Dream Chaser Finds "Sweet Spot" of ISS Cargo Competition". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  15. ^ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  16. ^ a b Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). (PDF). Boeing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-01. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  17. ^ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  18. ^ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  19. ^ Wade, Mark (2014). . Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  20. ^ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16.Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.
  21. ^ Foust, Jeff (2022-06-14). "Sierra Space to start astronaut training program". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  22. ^ . SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  23. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  24. ^ a b c d (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  25. ^ "SpacePlane Project｜Business｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd". www.pdas.co.jp.
  26. ^ "Spaceplane Project｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd". www.pdas.co.jp.
  27. ^ "ABL Payload User's Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  28. ^ Haas2b specifications 2017-04-05 at the Wayback Machine ARCA
  29. ^ Haas2c specifications 2013-07-17 at the Wayback Machine ARCA
  30. ^ Super haas Specifications 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine ARCA
  31. ^ a b Popescu, Dimitru (2022-07-18). "Arca Space : AMi Exploration White Paper" (PDF). AMi Exploration.
  32. ^ "AUSROC Nano | Australian Space Research Institute". www.asri.org.au. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  33. ^ "Sky7 spots stealthy space startup Testing its rocket in Alameda". 16 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  34. ^ "Astra Space preparing for suborbital test launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  35. ^ "Super Cali upstart's new rocket test approaches, even though the size of it won't launch a Tesla motor". The Register. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  36. ^ December 2018, Jeff Foust 07 (7 December 2018). "Secretive Astra Space Suborbital Launch Fails". Space.com.
  37. ^ "A Closer Look at Astra Space". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  38. ^ "Astra to fly upgraded rocket on next launch". SpaceNews. 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  39. ^ "Astra CEO Chris Kemp previews Rocket 4.0, daily launches, and a smarter planet - Page 2 of 2". NASASpaceFlight.com. 2021-06-12. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  40. ^ a b "Astra announces second quarter 2022 financial results". Astra. 2022-08-04.
  41. ^ "SALVO Cubesat Rocket Debuts Stealth Launch Vehicle Era". AmericaSpace. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  42. ^ "Ventions, LLC to launch liquid-fueled rocket from Wallops this week". NewSpace Watch. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  43. ^ Pike, John. "Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (ALASA)". www.globalsecurity.org.
  44. ^ "Blue Origin Announces Big 'New Glenn' Rocket for Satellite & Crew Launches". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  45. ^ Henry, Caleb (12 September 2017). "Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn's payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard". SpaceNews. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  46. ^ "New Glenn's progress towards maiden flight". Blue Origin. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  47. ^ "Borneo SubOrbitals". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  48. ^ Assiqin, Naziatul (2019-05-29). "Parties sign MoU on educational hybrid rocket". StartUp Borneo. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  49. ^ "Sarawak dijangka saksi pelancaran roket hibrid dalam masa tiga tahun - Utusan Borneo (The Borneo Post) through PressReader.com". www.pressreader.com. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  50. ^ . www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016.
  51. ^ "Rapidly Deployable VLEO Cubesat Network for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)". Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  52. ^ "CubeCab To Launch Satellites Via Starfighter". 23 February 2017.
  53. ^ "Edison Effect | Aerospace". edisoneffect.tech. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  54. ^ Vázquez, Nelly Acosta (17 May 2017). . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018 – via Huff Post.
  55. ^ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2018). "Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch". Space New.
  56. ^ "Stig-B / SARGE". space.skyrocket.de.
  57. ^ "Space Access". Equatorial Space. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  58. ^ "Suborbital". Equatorial Space. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  59. ^ "Suborbital". Equatorial Space. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  60. ^ Clark, Stephen. "Firefly says early engine shutdown led to launch failure – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  61. ^ a b "MLV". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  62. ^ General Astronautics Urania 2001-02-01
  63. ^ "Firefly Space Systems Adds General Astronautics as Strategic Partner – Parabolic Arc". www.parabolicarc.com.
  64. ^ a b "Gilmour Space Tech - Small Launch Vehicles - Australia, Singapore". Rocket company in Australia - Singapore - Gilmour Space Technologies.
  65. ^ Tyler, Roxy (29 June 2018). "First-of-its-kind hypersonic flight booster tested at Cecil..." www.news4jax.com.
  66. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  67. ^ "Launch Services". Independence-X Aerospace.
  68. ^ "About Us". Independence-X Aerospace.
  69. ^ a b c Interorbital Systems Neptune 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Interorbital Systems
  70. ^ a b "Neptune". space.skyrocket.de.
  71. ^ "Japanese company preparing for country's first private rocket launch". 26 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  72. ^ Krishna, Swapna (31 July 2017). "Japan's first private rocket launch is a partial success". engadget.com.
  73. ^ a b Messier, Doug (2022-08-09). "German Launch Providers Isar Aerospace and RFA Eye Maiden Launches in 2023". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  74. ^ Berger, Eric (2020-11-09). "Meet Launcher, the rocket engine builder with just eight employees". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  75. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  76. ^ "Leaf Space Building 20 Ground Station Network for SmallSat Market - Via Satellite -". 16 December 2015.
  77. ^ "Pioneers of Private Astronautics in Russia: Lin Industrial — The Dialogue". The Dialogue. 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  78. ^ "Лин Индастриал - Сверхлегкая ракета "Таймыр"". spacelin.ru.
  79. ^ "X-33/VentureStar – What really happened - NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. 4 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  80. ^ a b c "Mishaal Aerospace". www.mishaalaerospace.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  81. ^ a b c "MISHAAL Aerospace Receives Letter of Intent for Launch – Parabolic Arc". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  82. ^ [1][dead link]
  83. ^ "Mishaal Aerospace". www.mishaalaerospace.com.
  84. ^ "Mishaal Aerospace". www.mishaalaerospace.com.
  85. ^ China's private space sector has achieved liftoff. Michelle Toh and Serenitie Wang, CNN News. 17 May 2018.
  86. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  87. ^ "OS-M2 - OneSpace 零壹空间". www.onespacechina.com.
  88. ^ "OS-M4 - OneSpace 零壹空间". www.onespacechina.com.
  89. ^ "Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market". SpaceNews. July 18, 2018.
  90. ^ "Orbital ATK". www.orbital.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  91. ^ . archive.org. 22 Nov 2013. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved 23 Sep 2014.
  92. ^ Clark, Stephen (24 February 2014). "Taurus rocket on the market with new name, upgrades". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 Sep 2014.
  93. ^ "Minotaur C". orbital.com. Retrieved 23 Sep 2014.
  94. ^ "Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program". SpaceNews. 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  95. ^ "OTRAG". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  96. ^ "South Korean rocket startup to launch from South Australia". September 30, 2019.
  97. ^ "Backed by Samsung, South Korean startup Perigee aims for 2020 maiden launch". October 23, 2019.
  98. ^ Giménez, Jorge (March 16, 2015). "PLD Space fabricará los primeros motores de combustible líquido de España". Defensa Global y Avances en el Desarrollo Argentino (in Spanish).
  99. ^ "PLD Space". www.pldspace.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  100. ^ "PLD Space raises additional $10 million for reusable smallsat launchers - SpaceNews.com". 11 June 2018.
  101. ^ "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch". SpaceNews. 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  102. ^ "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch". SpaceNews. 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  103. ^ Eric Berger (March 21, 2018). "Relativity Space reveals its ambitions with big NASA deal". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  104. ^ Chelsea Gohd (2022-01-13). "Meet Relativity Space: the little 3D printing rocket company that could". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  105. ^ "Relativity Space". Relativity Space. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
  106. ^ . rocketcrafters.space. Archived from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  107. ^ "3D Printing Industry-The Authority on 3D Printing & Additive Manufacturing". 3D Printing Industry.
  108. ^ "NZ's first space launch saved by $6 replacement part". The New Zealand Herald. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  109. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  110. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
  111. ^ . www.rocketlabusa.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  112. ^ "Neutron". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  113. ^ Grush, Loren (2021-12-02). "Rocket Lab unveils details of new reusable Neutron launcher". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
  114. ^ Wenz, John (November 19, 2015). "RocketStar Wants To Make Going To Space a One-Step Process". Popular Mechanics.
  115. ^ "Rocket Factory Augsburg secures launch site in Andøya, Norway". 28 April 2021.
  116. ^ "German Microlauncher start-up Rocket Factory announces unrivalled low price of EUR 3 million per rocket launch". 12 February 2021.
  117. ^ www.ndtv.com. ""New Dawn": Launch Of India's First Private Rocket, Vikram-S, Successful". NDTV. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  118. ^ . Space technologies - Skyrora. Archived from the original on 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  119. ^ Speed, Richard (22 August 2019). "Brit rocketeer Skyrora reckons it'll be orbital in 3 years – that is, if UK government plays ball". The Register. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  120. ^ "UK-Ukrainian launch vehicle developer Skyrora to establish smallsat launch site - SpaceNews.com". 1 February 2018.
  121. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "Skyrora Rocket Launch From Iceland Reaches Three Times The Height Of Mount Everest". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  122. ^ "Skylark L Rocket | Skyrora". www.skyrora.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  123. ^ "British rocket firm Skyrora gets ready for debut rocket launch from Scotland in 2023-Xinhua". english.news.cn. 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  124. ^ . Space technologies - Skyrora. Archived from the original on 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  125. ^ . Industry Analysis. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  126. ^ "UK-Ukrainian satellite launch vehicle developer Skyrora to test its first rocket in 2018 -". 8 February 2018.
  127. ^ Berger, Eric (2022-08-19). "Rocket Report: Europe wants a super-heavy lifter, Starship nets launch contract". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  128. ^ a b Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "SIR – Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket Project". SpaceForest.
  129. ^ Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "Testing experiments on research rockets". SpaceForest.
  130. ^ "SpaceForest - Rocket engine, diagram, design, tests".
  131. ^ Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "Demonstrator rocket". SpaceForest.
  132. ^ "Perun demonstrator". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  133. ^ "Perun". SpaceForest. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  134. ^ "SpaceForest receives financing for the SIR rocket". Kosmonauta.net. 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
  135. ^ a b c "TSE - Conestoga". www.tbs-satellite.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  136. ^ . www.spacels.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  137. ^ "SpaceLS develops commercial rocket to launch small satellites - The Engineer The Engineer". www.theengineer.co.uk. September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  138. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (27 July 2021). "Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding ahead of first launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  139. ^ a b . Archived from the original on January 3, 2011.
  140. ^ . Archived from the original on March 26, 2013.
  141. ^ a b c d spacexcmsadmin (15 November 2012). . Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  142. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
  143. ^ . Archived from the original on January 18, 2012.
  144. ^ Musk, Elon (21 January 2017). "Yes. Block 5 is the final upgrade of the Falcon architecture. Significantly improves performance & ease of reusability. Flies end of year". Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  145. ^ a b c spacexcmsadmin (15 November 2012). . Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  146. ^ "Falcon Heavy enabler for Dragon solar system explorer - NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. 2015-05-11. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  147. ^ "United States Commercial Launch Manifest (30 Dec 2021)".
  148. ^ Elon Musk (29 September 2017). Becoming a Multiplanet Species (video). 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia: SpaceX. Retrieved 2017-12-14 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  149. ^ SpaceX. "SpaceX - Starship". Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  150. ^ Kurasheva, A. (2021-12-24). "Российская космическая компания Success Rockets совершила первый суборбитальный запуск" [Russian Company Success Rockets Makes First Successful Suborbital Launch]. Inc. (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-01-10.
  151. ^ "Кто зарабатывает на космосе в России и мире" [Making Money in Space: Russian and International Players] (in Russian). RBC Trends. 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  152. ^ . Space Launch Report. 1 Mar 2022. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022.
  153. ^ a b c . Space Launch Report. 20 Oct 2018. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022.
  154. ^ . Space Launch Report. 26 Apr 2021. Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022.
  155. ^ "Delta IV Heavy – Rockets". spaceflight101.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  156. ^ Ray, Justin. "ULA unveils its future with the Vulcan rocket family – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  157. ^ "Virgin Orbit plans 2018 first launch". 2 August 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  158. ^ Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). "Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars". Universe Today. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  159. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  160. ^ Astrobotic reveals moon mission plans msnbc.msn.com
  161. ^ a b c "About Lunar CATALYST". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  162. ^ "Peregrine Lander | Astrobotic". www.astrobotic.com. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  163. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  164. ^ Lindsey, Clark (2013-01-03). "Golden Spike contracts Northrop Grumman for lunar lander design". NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  165. ^ . Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  166. ^ "Hakuto - 日本発の月面探査チーム on Twitter".
  167. ^ "History". ispace technologies, inc. July 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  168. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  169. ^ . www.interorbital.com. Archived from the original on 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
  170. ^ Universal Reentry Vehicle 2018-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. Intuitive Machines. Accessed on 1 December 2018.
  171. ^ Houston company among 9 tapped to build moon landers. Alex Stuckey, The Houston Chronicle. 30 November 2018.
  172. ^ . British Interplanetary Society. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  173. ^ . Masten Space Systems. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  174. ^ Herridge, Linda (3 March 2015). . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  175. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  176. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  177. ^ OrbitBeyond Teams with Team Indus, Honeybee Robotics for NASA Lunar Program. Doug Messier, Parabolic Arc. 29 November 2018.
  178. ^ OrbitBeyond, Inc. Press Release 2018-11-14 at the Wayback Machine. 12 November 2018.
  179. ^ "Lunar Rover".[permanent dead link]
  180. ^ "ALINA".[permanent dead link]
  181. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  182. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  183. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  184. ^ [2] BBC News: Moon opens for business
  185. ^ "Spacebit — The New Economics of Space". spacebit.com. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  186. ^ "Spacebit books a second trip to the moon via NASA's commercial lunar payload program". 6 October 2020.
  187. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  188. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  189. ^ Chinese space firm launches and lands small test rocket, SpaceNews, 2 August 2021.
  190. ^ Advantages of using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as an oXidizer in rockets [lunarlander.spaceracenews.com]
  191. ^ Jones, Andrew (23 April 2020). "Chinese space resource utilization firm Origin Space signs deal for space telescope". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  192. ^ Klotz, Irene (2011-09-27). "A rocket that lifts off — and lands — on launch pad". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  193. ^ Rhian, Jason (2014-08-22). "SpaceX F9R explodes in the skies above Texas in recent test flight". www.spaceflightinsider.com. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  194. ^ Private rocket launches ashes of Star Trek's Scotty, astronaut to suborbital space [www.space.com]
  195. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  196. ^ Mike Wall (2019-10-01). "World View's 'Stratollite' Balloon Stays Aloft for Record 32 Days". Space.com. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  197. ^ López-Urdiales, José Mariano (March 12, 2014). (PDF) (Report). European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid (Spain). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  198. ^ . Accion Systems — A New Ion Engine. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  199. ^ "Smallsats need small propulsion. Boston startup Accion has a few big ideas. - SpaceNews.com". 8 August 2017.
  200. ^ Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR® Propulsion 2014-04-09 at the Wayback Machine 2013
  201. ^ Chadenedes, Mark de; Ahern, Drew; Cho, Jin-Hoon; Park, Sung-Jin; Eden, J.; Burton, Rodney; Yoon, Je Kwon; Garrett, Stephen; Sitaraman, Hariswaran; Raja, Laxminarayan; Laystrom-Woodard, Julia; Carroll, David; Benavides, Gabriel. 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2010-6616.
  202. ^ a b . www.cuaerospace.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  203. ^ "NASA Selects Green Propulsion Projects for SBIR Phase II Awards – Parabolic Arc". www.parabolicarc.com.
  204. ^ Laystrom, Julia; Burton, Rodney; Benavides, Gabriel (2003). "Geometric Optimization of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster". 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. doi:10.2514/6.2003-5025. ISBN 978-1-62410-098-7.
  205. ^ "NASA TechPort". techport.nasa.gov.
  206. ^ "ExoTerra banks $1.5 million for solar electric propulsion". SpaceNews. October 30, 2018.
  207. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  208. ^ "Neutron". Rocket Lab. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  209. ^ "VORTEX® Upper Stage Engine Achieves Critical Design Milestone". sncorp.com. Sierra Nevada Corporation. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  210. ^ "Rocket Engines and Propulsion". sierraspace.com. Sierra Space. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  211. ^ Jefferson Morris - Aerospace Daily (2003-09-23). "SpaceDev chosen to provide hybrid rocket for SpaceShipOne | AWIN content from". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  212. ^ Clark, Stephen (2008-09-28). "Sweet success at last for Falcon 1 rocket". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
  213. ^ a b Whitesides, Loretta Hidalgo (2007-11-12). "SpaceX Completes Development of Rocket Engine for Falcon 1 and 9". Wired. Wired Science. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
  214. ^ Foust, Jeff (2017-10-21). "Air Force adds more than $40 million to SpaceX engine contract". Space News. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  215. ^ "THE ENGINES". Ursa Major Tech.
  216. ^ "Rocket engine startup sees opportunities in crowded launch market". 3 May 2021.
  217. ^ "三菱重工｜株式基本情報". mhi.co.jp. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  218. ^ a b "Program". Shackleton Energy Company.
  219. ^ "Made In Space". Made In Space.
  220. ^ "Varda Space Industries". Varda Space.
  221. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  222. ^ a b "Cosmic Shielding Corporation". cosmicshielding.com. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  223. ^ "SpaceFund Invests In Cosmic Shielding Corporation".
  224. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  225. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  226. ^ The Japanese Space Bots That Could Build Moon Valley. Sarah Scoles, Wired. 14 May 2018.
  227. ^ ispace Home site. Accessed: 11 September 2018.
  228. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  229. ^ . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  230. ^ "Axiom Space | Axiom Station".
  231. ^ "Former NASA ISS manager planning commercial space station venture - SpaceNews.com". SpaceNews.com. 2016-06-23. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  232. ^ Kolodny, Lora (14 November 2017). "29 start-ups that prove Silicon Valley innovation isn't dead". CNBC.
  233. ^ . Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  234. ^ a b "We hoped to receive 6 months..." Twitter.com. Bigelow Aerospace. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  235. ^ . Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  236. ^ . Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  237. ^ . Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  238. ^ . www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18.
  239. ^ Knapp, George (2007-08-17). . Las Vegas Now. Archived from the original on 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  240. ^ "Bigelow Aerospace Expediting BA 330 Development". BigelowAerospace.com. July 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
  241. ^ a b "Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce". SpaceNews. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  242. ^ "The Five-Billion-Star Hotel". Popular Science. 18 March 2019.
  243. ^ Mahoney, Erin (9 August 2016). "NextSTEP Partners Develop Deep Space Habitat Ground Prototypes".
  244. ^ Madden, Duncan. "Mankind's First Space Hotel Is Coming In 2021 - Probably". Forbes.
  245. ^ Simberg, Rand (October 28, 2010). "Bigelow Aerospace Shows Off Bigger, Badder Space Real Estate". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
  246. ^ "Spaceflight Now - Breaking News - Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz". www.spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  247. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  248. ^ "Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race". The Independent. March 11, 2015.
  249. ^ "Spanish venture aims to build space hotel". NBC News. 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  250. ^ O'Hare, Maureen (April 6, 2018). "First luxury hotel in space announced". CNN. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  251. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  252. ^ "Inside Sierra Nevada's Inflatable Space Habitat for Astronauts in Lunar Orbit (Photos)". Space.com. 22 August 2019.
  253. ^ "Blue Origin unveils plans to build a private space station called Orbital Reef by 2030". Space.com. 25 October 2021.
  254. ^ "Orbital Reef | Home".
  255. ^ SpaceX (2017-09-29), Making Life Multiplanetary, retrieved 2017-10-29
  256. ^ "Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system - SpaceNews.com". SpaceNews.com. 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  257. ^ Richardson, Derek (2016-09-27). "Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  258. ^ "Alén Space | Nanosatellites - CubeSats - Small Satellites". Alén Space.
  259. ^ "NASA – NanoRacks Platforms". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
  260. ^ "TESBL Aerospace Corporation - World Leader in Aerospace & Enterprise Technology Cloud Solutions". www.tesbl.com.
  261. ^ Uesaka, Yoshifumi (June 10, 2015). "'Good enough' is best for satellite startup Axelspace". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
  262. ^ . Axelspace. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
  263. ^ Hall, Loura (2021-03-10). "What is Starling?". NASA. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  264. ^ "CesiumAstro raises $60 million in Series B funding round". SpaceNews. 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2022-04-11.
  265. ^ "Craig Technologies – Because It's All About The Mission®". Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  266. ^ ISIS - General Information. Accessed: 18 October 2018.
  267. ^ Biggs, John (2013-08-14). "Made In Space, Makers Of The Only 3D Printer In Orbit, Answer Some Pressing Questions About Manufacturing And Yoda". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
  268. ^ "Home | Beyond Gravity". www.ruag.com. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  269. ^ Boyle, Alan (30 January 2020). "Xplore partners with Nanoracks to set up opportunities for deep-space missions". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  270. ^ Foust, Jeff (5 March 2020). "Axiom to fly Crew Dragon mission to the space station". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  271. ^ Foust, Jeff (2022-04-08). "SpaceX launches commercial mission to ISS". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  272. ^ "Jim Benson, RIP « NewSpace Journal". www.newspacejournal.com.
  273. ^ "Japanese billionaire, Russian actress to fly to ISS". SpaceNews. 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-11-20.

External links

  • CubeSat Database & Nanosatellites
  • NewSpace Index

January 05, 2023
list, private, spaceflight, companies, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, factual, accuracy, compromised, date, information, please, help, u. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2020 This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is Broken tables Please help improve this article if you can April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is a list of non governmental or privately owned entities focused on developing and or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight both robotic and human The list includes both inactive and active entities List of abbreviations used in this articleLEO Low Earth orbitGTO Geostationary transfer orbitHCO Heliocentric orbitVTOL Vertical take off and landingSSTO Single stage to orbitTSTO Two stage to orbitSSTSO Single stage to sub orbitContents 1 Commercial astronauts 2 Manufacturers of space vehicles 2 1 Cargo transport vehicles 2 2 Crew transport vehicles 2 2 1 Orbital 2 2 2 Suborbital 2 3 Launch vehicle manufacturers 2 4 Landers rovers and orbiters 2 5 Research craft and tech demonstrators 3 Propulsion manufacturers 4 Satellite launchers 5 Space based economy 5 1 Space manufacturing 5 2 Space mining 5 3 Space stations 5 4 Space settlement 6 Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers 7 Spaceliner companies 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksCommercial astronauts EditAssociation of Spaceflight Professionals 1 2 Astronaut training applied research and development payload testing and integration mission planning and operations support Christopher Altman Soyeon Yi 1 3 Manufacturers of space vehicles EditMain article List of spacecraft manufacturers Cargo transport vehicles Edit See also Comparison of space station cargo vehicles Company name Spacecraft Launch system Length m Dry mass kg Launch mass kg Payload kg Payload volume m3 Return payload kg Diameter m Generated power W Automated docking StatusSpaceX Dragon Falcon 9 Block 5 6 1 4 200 4 10 200 6 000 5 pressurized or unpressurized in any mixture 6 10 0 pressurized plus 14 unpressurized or 34 unpressurized with extended trunk 7 3 000 capsule return 8 3 7 2 000 9 No Retired 21 22 Dragon 2 Falcon 9 Block 5 8 1 6 400 6 000 5 10 0 pressurized plus 14 unpressurized 3 000 5 3 7 Yes Operational 5 5 Orbital Cygnus standard Antares 1x0 5 14 1 500 10 2 000 10 18 9 10 None 3 07 3 500 11 No Retired 3 4 Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus enhanced Antares 230Atlas V 401 6 34 1 800 12 3 500 12 27 12 None 3 07 No Operational 14 14 Sierra Nevada Corporation Dream Chaser Cargo System Atlas VVulcan 13 5 000 pressurized 500 unpressurized 14 1 750 14 Yes DevelopmentPlanned 2023Crew transport vehicles Edit See also Comparison of crewed space vehicles Orbital Edit Company name Spacecraft Range Launchsystem Crewsize Length m Diameter m Launch mass kg Powersystem Generatedpower W Firstspaceflight StatusBlue Origin Biconic Space Vehicle LEO New Glenn Planned date not known DevelopmentBoeing CST 100 Starliner LEO Multiple initially Atlas V 7 15 5 03 16 4 56 16 Solar panels Planned First Crewed 2023 First Uncrewed 20 December 2019 Second Uncrewed 19 May 2022 Testing 2 3 Sierra Nevada Corporation Dream Chaser Space System LEO Multiple initially Vulcan Centaur 7 17 18 9 19 11 300 20 2026 21 DevelopmentSpaceX Dragon 2 LEO Falcon 9 Block 5 7 note 1 8 1 22 3 7 23 Solar Crewed May 30 2020 Uncrewed 2 March 2019 Operational 8 8 Starship Mars 24 note 2 Super Heavy lt 100 50 24 9 24 note 3 1 335 000 24 Solar panels Planned 2022 without crew Development Format Crewed Uncrewed includes failures Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the solar system this vehicle s intended maximum range is Mars Plus fins legs Suborbital Edit See also Ansari X Prize Contestants Company name Spacecraft Range Launchsystem Crewsize Length m Diameter m Launch mass kg Firstspaceflight StatusScaled Composites SpaceShipOne 100 km 62 mi White Knight 1 8 53 8 05 3 600 21 June 2004 Retired 3 3 note 1 Blue Origin New Shepard Crew Capsule 114 km 71 mi capsule using the launch escape system motor New Shepard 6 3 6 Crewed July 20 2021 Uncrewed April 29 2015 Operational 6 6 The Spaceship Company SpaceShipTwo 110 km 68 mi White Knight Two 8 2 Pilots 6 Passengers 18 3 8 3 9 740 13 December 2018 Testing 5 6 note 2 Copenhagen Suborbitals note 3 Tycho Deep Space 105 km 65 mi Spica 1 13 0 955 4 000 Planned date not known DevelopmentPD AeroSpace Unknown 110 km 68 mi 25 Unknown 8 6 passengers 2 pilots 14 8 26 gt 6 000 Planned date not known DevelopmentWorld View Explorer Capsule 30 km 19 mi Stratospheric Balloon 10 8 passengers 1 pilot 1 concierge 5 5 4 500 Planned 2024 Development Format Crewed Uncrewed includes failures Does not include crewed atmospheric flights Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space Denmark s amateur human space program Launch vehicle manufacturers Edit Further information List of orbital launch systems Company name Launchername Launchertype No ofstages Maximumreach Launcherstatus Maidenflight RefABL Space Systems RS1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 9 January 2023 planned 27 Agnikul Cosmos Agnibaan Light rocket 2 LEO Development UnknownARCA Space Haas 2b Suborbital crewed rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled 28 Haas 2CA Light rocket 1 LEO Cancelled 29 Super Haas Medium rocket 2 LEO Proposed Unknown 30 EcoRocket Demonstrator Reusable light rocket 3 LEO Development 2022 planned 31 EcoRocket Heavy Heavy rocket 3 Deep space Proposed Unknown 31 Australian Space Research Institute AUSROC Nano Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown 32 Astra Space Astra Rocket 1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired 0 1 2018 33 34 35 Astra Rocket 2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired 0 1 2018 36 Astra Rocket 3 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired 2 5 2020 37 38 Astra Rocket 4 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 planned 39 40 SALVO Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled 41 42 43 Bellatrix Aerospace Chetak Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 planned Blue Origin New Shepard Reusable suborbital rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 22 23 2015New Glenn Reusable heavy rocket 2 or 3 GTO Development 2023 planned 44 45 46 New Armstrong Reusable super heavy rocket 3 HCO Proposed 2030 proposed BluShift Aerospace Stardust Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 1 1 2020Starless Rogue Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Development UnknownBrown Dwarf Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Cancelled Red Dwarf Light rocket 3 LEO Development Q2 2024 planned Borneo SubOrbitals TBA Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Development 2022 planned 47 48 49 Canadian Arrow Canadian Arrow Suborbital crewed rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled 50 CubeCab Cab 3A Light rocket 3 airplane LEO Proposed Unknown 51 52 Datiotec Aeroespacial INMEU A C JFCR 2000 Pollux Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown 53 54 Exos Aerospace SARGE Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 3 4 2018 55 56 Equatorial Space Systems Volans Light Rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown 57 Dorado Sounding Rocket 1 or 2 Suborbital Development 2023 planned 58 LAD Sounding Rocket 1 Suborbital Retired 1 1 2020 59 Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha Light rocket 2 LEO Operational 1 2 2021 60 Firefly MLV Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2025 planned 61 General Astronautics Urania Medium rocket 3 LEO Cancelled 62 63 Gilmour Space Technologies RASTA Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Retired 1 1 2016 64 Eris Light rocket 3 LEO Development April 2023 Planned 64 Generation Orbit X 60A GOLauncher 1 Air launched sounding rocket 1 airplane Suborbital Development Unknown 65 66 GOLauncher 2 Air launch to orbit 2 airplane LEO Development UnknownIndependence X Aerospace DNLV Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 planned 67 68 Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N series Light rocket 3 4 LEO Development Unknown 69 70 NEPTUNE N36 Light rocket 4 TLI Proposed Unknown 69 70 Neptune TSAAHTO Medium rocket 2 TLI Proposed Unknown 69 Interstellar Technologies Momo Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 3 7 2017 71 72 Isar Aerospace Spectrum Light rocket 2 LEO Development H1 2023 planned 73 Launcher Light Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2024 planned 74 Leaf Space Primo Light rocket 2 LEO Proposed Unknown 75 76 Lin Industrial Taymyr Light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown 77 78 Lockheed Martin VentureStar Reusable spaceplane 1 LEO Cancelled 79 Athena Medium rocket 2 or 3 TLI Retired 5 7 1995Mishaal Aerospace M SV Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown 80 81 82 M OV Light rocket 1 6 Boosters LEO Development Unknown 80 81 83 M LV Light rocket 1 8 boosters TLI Development Unknown 80 81 84 OneSpace OS X Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational 2 2 2018 85 OS M1 Light rocket 3 LEO Operational 0 1 2019 86 OS M2 Light rocket 3 2 boosters LEO Development Unknown 87 OS M4 Light rocket 3 4 boosters LEO Development Unknown 88 Orbex Prime Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 planned 89 OrbitX Haribon SLS 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 2024 planned Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares Medium rocket 3 LEO Operational 15 16 2013 90 Minotaur C formerly Taurus Light rocket 4 LEO Operational 7 10 1994 91 92 93 Pegasus Air launch to orbit 3 4 airplane HEO Operational 40 45 1990Omega Medium rocket 3 0 6 boosters GEO Cancelled Was planned for 2021 94 Orbital Transport amp Raketen AG OTRAG Medium rocket variable LEO designed Suborbital achieved Retired 15 18 1977 95 Perigee Aerospace Blue Whale 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown 96 97 PLD Space Miura 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 15 January 2023 planned 98 99 100 101 Miura 5 Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2024 planned 102 Relativity Space Terran 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2022 planned 103 104 Terran R Reusable medium rocket 2 Deep space Development 2024 planned 105 Rocket Crafters Intrepid 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown 106 107 Rocket Lab Atea 1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired 1 1 2009 108 109 Atea 2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled 110 Electron Reusable light rocket 2 TLI Operational 26 29 2017 111 Neutron Medium rocket 2 GTO Development 2024 planned 112 113 RocketStar Star Lord Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown 114 Rocket Factory Augsburg RFA One Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 planned 115 116 73 Skyroot Aerospace Vikram S Sounding rocket 3 LEO Operational 2022 November 18 117 Vikram II Light rocket 3 LEO Development UnknownVikram III Light rocket 3 LEO Development UnknownSkyrora Skyrora 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown 118 119 120 Skylark Micro Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational 1 1 2021 121 Skylark L Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 planned 122 123 Skyrora XL Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 planned 124 125 126 127 SpaceForest Bigos Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 5 5 2015 128 Candle 2 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 1 1 2016 129 130 131 Perun Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 1 1 2020 132 133 SIR Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 planned 128 134 Space Services Inc Percheron Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled 135 Conestoga 1620 Medium rocket 4 LEO designed Suborbital achieved Retired 0 1 1995 135 SpaceLS Prometheus 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown 136 137 Space Pioneer Tiansuo 1 Vertical landing test stage 1 Suborbital Development Unknown 138 Tianlong 1 Light rocket LEO Development Unknown 138 SpaceX Falcon 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired 2 5 2006 139 Falcon 1e Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled 139 Falcon 5 Medium rocket 2 GTO Cancelled 140 Falcon 9 v1 0 Medium rocket 2 GTO designed LEO achieved Retired 5 5 2010 141 Falcon 9 v1 1 Medium rocket 2 HCO Retired 14 15 2013 141 Falcon 9 Full ThrustBlock 1 4 Reusable medium rocket Heavy rocket expendable 2 TMI 142 Retired 36 36 2015 141 Falcon 9 Block 5 Reusable medium rocket Heavy rocket expendable 2 TMI 142 Operational 139 139 2018 143 144 Falcon Heavy Reusable heavy rocket Super heavy rocket expendable 2 2 boosters Deep space Pluto 145 Operational 4 4 2018 141 146 Starship Super Heavy Reusable super heavy rocket 2 Deep space Development 2022 planned 147 148 149 Success Rockets Nebo 1 Ultralight rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 1 1 December 2021 150 Stalker Ultralight rocket 2 LEO Development 2024 151 United Launch Alliance Atlas V Medium rocket 2 0 5 boosters TMI Operational 94 95 2002 152 Delta II 6000 Medium rocket 2 3 9 boosters GTO Retired 17 17 1989 153 Delta II 7000 Light rocket 2 3 3 4 or 9 boosters GTO Retired 130 132 1990 153 Delta II 7000H Medium rocket 2 3 9 boosters TMI Retired 6 6 2003 153 Delta IV Medium rocket 2 0 2 or 4 boosters GTO Retired 28 28 2003 154 Delta IV Heavy Heavy rocket 2 2 boosters GTO Operational 10 11 2004 155 Vulcan Heavy rocket 2 0 6 boosters GTO Development 2023 planned 156 UP Aerospace Skyloft Skyloft XL Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 18 19 2006Spyder Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023Vector Launch Vector R Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 2 prototype launches in 2017 Vector RE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled Vector H Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled Vector HE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled Virgin Orbit LauncherOne Air launch to orbit 2 airplane LEO Operational 4 5 2020 First successful attempt Jan 2021 157 Zero2infinity Bloostar Rockoon system high altitude balloon and space launcher 3 high altitude balloon LEO Development Unknown 158 Landers rovers and orbiters Edit See also Google Lunar X Prize Competitors Company name Craft name Craft type Craft status RefARCASPACE ELE European Lunar Explorer lunar orbiter Development 159 Astrobotic Technology Red Rover lunar rover Development 160 Griffin previously Artemis Lander lunar lander Negotiating 161 Peregrine Lander lunar lander Development 162 Blue Origin Blue Moon lunar lander DevelopmentIntegrated Lander Vehicle crewed lunar lander DevelopmentDynetics Dynetics HLS lunar lander DevelopmentEuroluna ROMIT lunar rover Cancelled 163 Golden Spike Company defunct unnamed crewed lunar lander Cancelled 164 Hakuto Sorato lunar rover Development 165 166 Tetris lunar rover Cancelled 167 Independence X Aerospace SQUALL Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander lunar lander Cancelled 168 Interorbital Systems RIPPER Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever lunar lander Development 169 Intuitive Machines Nova C lander and Universal Reentry Vehicle URV 170 lunar lander reusable orbital vehicle Development 171 Lunar Mission One unnamed lunar lander Proposed 2014 172 Masten Space Systems XEUS lunar lander Negotiating 161 Masten Space Systems XL 1 lunar lander Development 173 Moon Express MX 1 lunar lander Testing 161 174 Odyssey Moon MoonOne M 1 lunar rover Cancelled 175 Omega Envoy Sagan lunar rover Cancelled 176 OrbitBeyond Z 01 lunar landers and rovers Proposed 2018 177 178 PTScientists Audi Lunar quattro lunar rover Testing 179 PTScientists ALINA Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module lunar lander Development 180 Puli Space Technologies Puli lunar rover Fundraising 181 SpaceX Starship crewed mars lander DevelopmentStarship HLS crewed lunar lander DevelopmentTeam FREDNET Picorover lunar rover Cancelled 182 Team Italia AMALIA Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte lunar rover Cancelled 183 Team Indus HHK 1 lunar lander DevelopmentTeam Indus ECA lunar rover DevelopmentTransOrbital TrailBlazer lunar orbiter Cancelled 184 Team Plan B Plan B lunar rover CancelledSpacebit Asagumo lunar rover Testing 185 186 Space IL Beresheet lunar lander Crashed upon landingSpace Explration Corp Defiant lunar lander Cancelled 187 Synergy Moon Tesla lunar rover Development 188 Research craft and tech demonstrators Edit Further information List of sounding rockets Company name Craft name Craft purpose Craft status RefARCA Demonstrator 2b demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine RetiredArmadillo Aerospace Quad demonstrate VTOL RetiredASRI AUSROC I systems Testing RetiredAUSROC II payload to 10 km RetiredAUSROC 2 5 systems Testing TestingAUSROC III payload of 150 kg to 500 km DevelopmentBlue Origin Goddard demonstrate VTOL RetiredDeep Blue Aerospace Nebula 1 demonstrate VTOL Development 189 Interorbital Systems Neutrino systems Testing OperationalTachyon systems Testing Operational 190 Lockheed Martin X 33 demonstrate SSTO CancelledMasten Space Systems XA 0 1 demonstrate VTOL RetiredXA 0 1B Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 OperationalXA 0 1E Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2 commercial precursor flights Retired 12 flights XA 0 1E2 commercial flights Destroyed 115 flights XA 0 1E4 commercial flights Retired 75 flights XA 0 1E5 commercial flights OperationalXL 1T terrestrial test bed for the XL 1 lunar lander DevelopmentXeus commercial flights CancelledMcDonnell Douglas DC X demonstrate VTOL Retired 11 test flights Origin Space Yang Wang 1 space mineral resources developer Development 191 Rotary Rocket Roton ATV demonstrate VTOL Retired 3 test flights Space Services Inc Conestoga I systems Testing Retired 1 test 135 SpaceX Grasshopper demonstrate VTOL Retired 8 tests 192 F9R Dev1 refine VTOL low altitude Destroyed 5 flights 193 F9R Dev2 refine VTOL high altitude CancelledStarhopper demonstrate VTOL Retired 4 test flights Starship prototypes demonstrate VTOL Retired 7 test flight Swedish Space Corp Maxus payload to 700 km OperationalMaser payload to 300 km OperationalUP Aerospace SpaceLoft XL payload to 140 km Operational 194 World View Enterprises Stratollite payload up to 30 km and 300 kg Operational 195 196 zero2infinity nanobloon 1 0 payload to 32 km Operational 197 nanobloon 2 0 payload to 33 km Operationalmicrobloon 1 0 payload to 24 km Operationalmicrobloon 2 0 payload to 31 km Operationalmicrobloon 3 0 payload to 27 km OperationalPropulsion manufacturers EditCompany name Engine Engine type Applications Status RefAccion Systems Inc MAX 1 TILE electrospray ion small satellite CubeSat Development 198 199 Ad Astra Rocket Company VASIMR plasma propulsion space tug orbital transfer vehicle Development 200 ARCA Executor LOX RP 1 IAR 111 Haas 2 Haas 2b Super Haas DevelopmentArianeGroup Vulcain LH2 LOX Ariane 5 Ariane 6 Main stage OperationalBlue Origin BE 3 LH2 LOX New Shepard OperationalBE 4 LOX CH4 Vulcan New Glenn TestingCU Aerospace PUC microcavity discharge small satellite CubeSat Development 201 202 CHIPS resistojet small satellite CubeSat Development 202 203 PPT 11 pulsed plasma small satellite CubeSat Development 204 205 Exo Terra Resource Halo Hall effect small satellite CubeSat Development 206 Firefly Aerospace Reaver LOX RP 1 Firefly Alpha first stage OperationalMiranda LOX RP 1 Firefly MLV first stage Development 61 Reaction Engines Ltd SABRE hybrid air breathing chemical Skylon Development 207 Rocket Lab Rutherford LOX RP 1 Electron first stage OperationalRutherford Vacuum LOX RP 1 Electron second stage OperationalArchimedes LOX CH4 Neutron first stage Development 208 Sierra Space VR35K A LH2 LOX Upper Stage Development 209 210 SpaceDev RocketMotorOne hybrid SpaceShipOne Retired 211 SpaceX Kestrel LOX RP 1 Falcon 1 second stage RetiredMerlin LOX RP 1 Falcon 1 Falcon 9 Falcon Heavy first stage boosters Operational 212 213 145 Merlin Vacuum LOX RP 1 Falcon 9 second stage Falcon Heavy second stage Operational 213 145 Raptor LOX CH4 SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Starship Starship HLS Testing 214 Virgin Galactic RocketMotorTwo hybrid SpaceShipTwo OperationalUrsa Major Technologies Hadley Jet A LOX Hypersonics Boost Stage Upper Stage Development 215 216 Satellite launchers EditCompany Launch vehicles Notes RefsArianespace Ariane Vega Minority owned by some EU statesAstra Space Rocket 3 Rocket 4 Rocket 3 retired in August 2022 40 Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha Firefly MLVIHI Corporation Epsilon Some R amp D by JAXAMitsubishi Heavy Industries H IIA R amp D done by JAXA 217 Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares Minotaur Own launchers funded by NASARocket Lab Neutron ElectronSpaceX Falcon 9 Falcon HeavySea Launch Zenit Owned by S7 AirlinesUnited Launch Alliance Atlas V Delta IV Heavy 50 owned by Lockheed Martin 50 BoeingVaya Space Dauntless http www vayaspace comSpace based economy EditFurther information Space based economy Space manufacturing Edit Company name Products Manufacturing craft Status RefShackleton Energy Company propellant space infrastructure propellant depot Unknown Defunct 2020 218 Made In Space 3D printing in ISS in space antenna systems fiber optics Unknown Operational 2018 219 Varda Space Industries building products in space and bringing them back to earth ex ZBLAN 3d printed organs Unknown Operational 2021 220 Deep Space Industries propellant communications platforms space solar power satellites MicroGravity Foundry Defunct 2020 221 Cosmic Shielding Corporation Space Materials Multifunctional polymers for spacecraft and habitat structural and shielding components Unknown Operational 2021 222 223 Space mining Edit Company name Body to be mined Mining craft Mining status RefDeep Space Industries Near Earth asteroids Prospector 1 Harvestor 1 Defunct 2019 224 225 ispace Moon Hakuto R Development 226 227 Moon Express Moon MX 1 MX 2 MX 5 MX 9 Development 228 Planetary Resources Near Earth asteroids Arkyd Series 100 200 300 Cancelled 229 Shackleton Energy Company Moon TBD Defunct 2020 218 Space stations Edit Private Company name Space Craft name Space Craft type Internalvolume Passengercapacity Craft status Orbit Around RefAxiom Space Axiom International Commercial Space Station Rigid Module 8 230 Development 2016 Earth 231 232 Bigelow Aerospace Genesis I subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11 5 m3 406 cu ft 233 Uncrewed Derelict on orbit 234 Earth 235 Genesis II subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11 5 m3 406 cu ft 236 Uncrewed Derelict on orbit 234 Earth 237 Galaxy Inflatable module 16 7 m3 590 cu ft 238 Uncrewed Cancelled Earth 239 Sundancer Inflatable module 180 m3 6 357 cu ft 3 Cancelled Earth 240 BA 330 Inflatable module 330 m3 11 654 cu ft 6 Cancelled 241 Earth 242 243 244 BA 2100 Inflatable module 2 100 m3 74 161 cu ft 16 Cancelled 241 Earth 245 Space Complex Alpha Inflatable space station 690 m3 24 367 cu ft 12 Cancelled EarthExcalibur Almaz Almaz derivative Rigid module 3 Cancelled Earth 246 247 248 Galactic Suite Ltd Galactic Suite Rigid module 6 Proposed 2007 Earth 249 Orion Span Aurora Space Station Rigid module 160 m3 5 650 cu ft 6 2 Crew 4 Tourists Proposed 2018 Earth 250 251 Sierra Nevada Corporation Large Inflatable Fabric Environment Inflatable module 300 m3 10 594 cu ft 4 Testing Moon Mars 252 Blue Origin Orbital Reef Rigid module 830 m3 29 311 cu ft 253 TBA Proposed 2021 Earth 254 Space settlement Edit Company name Colony location Status RefSpaceX Mars Development 255 256 257 Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers EditCompany Products RefsAltius Space Machines Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats lightweight robotic manipulators when citation needed Andrews Space Reusable space vehicles HTHL spacecraft magnetorquers when citation needed Alen Space NanoSats and CubeSats 258 Astranis MicroGEO SatellitesTESBL Aerospace Corporation In space services Solar Array Drive Actuators SADA microgravity payload integration as of 2019 update 259 260 Axelspace CubeSats 261 262 CesiumAstro Active phase array communications payloads that include RF inter satellite links as of 2017 263 264 Craig Technologies Small satellite deployment services up to 110 kg microgravity payload integration when 265 EADS Astrium Satellites Spacecraft and ground segment elements citation needed EADS Astrium Space Transportation Launchers and orbital infrastructure citation needed Innovative Solutions In Space CubeSat manufacture and operation as of 2018 update 266 Made in Space 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013 update 267 Mynaric Laser communication for satellites and aircraft citation needed RUAG Space Antenna Pointing Mechanisms Solar Array Drive Assembly SADA satellite components launchers and structures as of 2009 update 268 SpaceDev Small spacecraft propulsion products and services space components mechanisms and structures when citation needed SpaceQuest Ltd Spacecraft and spacecraft components when citation needed Xplore Satellite payload transport and hosting in Earth orbit and Beyond Earth orbit BEO destinations including flight to asteroids Venus and Mars Active as of 2020 update 269 Cosmic Shielding Corporation Radiation Shielding materials for spacecraft and spacesuits Space Weather Forecasting and Mitigation 222 ADDMAN Engineering Metallurgy development and production of components including thrusters injectors cold plates hot gas manifolds to space and hypersonic industry especially refractory metals Titatnium Niobium as of 2020Spaceliner companies EditCompany name Contracts for Craft utilised Status Notes RefsAxiom Space SpaceX Crew Dragon Active SpaceX Axiom Space 1 launched in April 2022 270 271 Benson Space Company SpaceDev Dream Chaser Defunct 272 MirCorp none Soyuz TM Progress M1 and Mir Defunct Mir deorbitedSpace Adventures Soyuz and the ISS Active 9 tourists sent 273 RocketShip Tours XCOR Lynx rocketplane DefunctVirgin Galactic Scaled Composites Spaceship Two White Knight 2 Active 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completedSee also EditList of government space agencies List of spacecraft manufacturers including the traditional space companies NewSpace Private spaceflight Robert Truax Space industryReferences Edit a b Association of Spaceflight Professionals H Pedia hpluspedia org Retrieved 2018 07 31 Kisfaludy Eddie 2012 06 17 Welcome to the World s First Commercial Astronaut Corps Christopher Altman Kristine Ferrone Jose Hurtado IMDb Internet Movie Database retrieved 2018 07 31 Seedhouse Erik Astronauts for Hire The Emergence of the World s First Commercial Astronaut Corps Springer Verlag New York 2012 SpaceX Brochure v7 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 20 March 2012 Retrieved 29 May 2012 a b c SpaceX 1 March 2019 Dragon SpaceX Archived from the original on 2 March 2019 Retrieved 3 March 2019 Bergin Chris 19 October 2012 Dragon enjoying ISS stay despite minor issues Falcon 9 investigation begins NASASpaceflight com Retrieved 21 October 2012 CRS 2 will debut the use of Dragon s Trunk section capable of delivering unpressurized cargo prior to the payload being removed by the ISS robotic assets after berthing Fact sheet PDF www spacex com Archived from the original PDF on 2011 01 04 Retrieved 2018 05 10 Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS 1 mission to the ISS NASASpaceFlight com www nasaspaceflight com 7 October 2012 Dragonlab Datasheet PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 January 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2012 a b c Cygnus Fast Sheet PDF Orbital Sciences Co Retrieved 7 August 2013 The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation 2012 PDF Federal Aviation Administration February 2012 Retrieved 8 February 2013 a b c Cygnus Spacecraft Information Spaceflight101 NSRC Day 2 Summary Parabolic Arc Retrieved 6 June 2016 a b Sierra Nevada Hopes Dream Chaser Finds Sweet Spot of ISS Cargo Competition SpaceNews Retrieved 20 February 2016 Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled Aviation Week July 20 2010 Retrieved September 16 2010 a b Burghardt Mike August 2011 Boeing CST 100 Commercial Crew Transportation System PDF Boeing Archived from the original PDF on 2013 05 01 Retrieved May 8 2014 Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden Press release Dryden Flight Research Center NASA 2010 12 17 Archived from the original on 2014 01 06 Retrieved 2012 08 29 Chang Kenneth 2011 02 01 Businesses Take Flight With Help From NASA New York Times p D1 Archived from the original on 2014 01 06 Retrieved 2012 08 29 Wade Mark 2014 Dream Chaser Encyclopedia Astronautix Archived from the original on 2014 01 06 Retrieved 2012 08 29 Sirangelo Mark August 2011 NewSpace 2011 Sierra Nevada Corporation Spacevidcast Retrieved 2011 08 16 Sirangelo Mark 24 August 2014 Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser s First Flights One on One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo Part 3 AmericaSpace Foust Jeff 2022 06 14 Sierra Space to start astronaut training program SpaceNews Retrieved 2022 09 05 Falcon 9 SpaceX Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 Retrieved 20 January 2016 SpaceX Brochure 2008 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 20 March 2012 Retrieved 9 December 2010 a b c d Making Life Multiplanetary PDF SpaceX 2017 10 18 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 11 19 Retrieved 2017 11 19 SpacePlane Project Business PD Aerospace Co Ltd www pdas co jp Spaceplane Project PD Aerospace Co Ltd www pdas co jp ABL Payload User s Guide PDF Retrieved 2022 01 21 Haas2b specifications Archived 2017 04 05 at the Wayback Machine ARCA Haas2c specifications Archived 2013 07 17 at the Wayback Machine ARCA Super haas Specifications Archived 2014 10 09 at the Wayback Machine ARCA a b Popescu Dimitru 2022 07 18 Arca Space AMi Exploration White Paper PDF AMi Exploration AUSROC Nano Australian Space Research Institute www asri org au 18 July 2016 Retrieved 2018 02 20 Sky7 spots stealthy space startup Testing its rocket in Alameda 16 February 2018 Retrieved 18 February 2018 Astra Space preparing for suborbital test launch SpaceNews Retrieved 2018 04 28 Super Cali upstart s new rocket test approaches even though the size of it won t launch a Tesla motor The Register Retrieved 2018 04 28 December 2018 Jeff Foust 07 7 December 2018 Secretive Astra Space Suborbital Launch Fails Space com A Closer Look at Astra Space Parabolic Arc Retrieved 2018 04 28 Astra to fly upgraded rocket on next launch SpaceNews 2021 08 13 Retrieved 2021 08 17 Astra CEO Chris Kemp previews Rocket 4 0 daily launches and a smarter planet Page 2 of 2 NASASpaceFlight com 2021 06 12 Retrieved 2022 01 21 a b Astra announces second quarter 2022 financial results Astra 2022 08 04 SALVO Cubesat Rocket Debuts Stealth Launch Vehicle Era AmericaSpace 16 June 2015 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Ventions LLC to launch liquid fueled rocket from Wallops this week NewSpace Watch 2012 11 05 Retrieved 2012 11 06 Pike John Airborne Launch Assist Space Access ALASA www globalsecurity org Blue Origin Announces Big New Glenn Rocket for Satellite amp Crew Launches Space com Retrieved 2016 10 14 Henry Caleb 12 September 2017 Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn s payload fairing preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard SpaceNews Retrieved 25 October 2017 New Glenn s progress towards maiden flight Blue Origin Retrieved 2021 03 20 Borneo SubOrbitals www facebook com Retrieved 2020 10 15 Assiqin Naziatul 2019 05 29 Parties sign MoU on educational hybrid rocket StartUp Borneo Retrieved 2020 10 14 Sarawak dijangka saksi pelancaran roket hibrid dalam masa tiga tahun Utusan Borneo The Borneo Post through PressReader com www pressreader com Retrieved 2020 10 15 Canadian Arrow www astronautix com Archived from the original on December 28 2016 Rapidly Deployable VLEO Cubesat Network for Position Navigation and Timing PNT Retrieved 2022 11 01 CubeCab To Launch Satellites Via Starfighter 23 February 2017 Edison Effect Aerospace edisoneffect tech 23 February 2016 Retrieved 20 February 2018 Vazquez Nelly Acosta 17 May 2017 Datiotec los mexicanos que van en busca del espacio perdido Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 Retrieved 13 April 2018 via Huff Post Foust Jeff 23 March 2018 Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch Space New Stig B SARGE space skyrocket de Space Access Equatorial Space Retrieved 2022 10 18 Suborbital Equatorial Space Retrieved 2022 10 18 Suborbital Equatorial Space Retrieved 2022 10 18 Clark Stephen Firefly says early engine shutdown led to launch failure Spaceflight Now Retrieved 2022 01 21 a b MLV Firefly Aerospace Retrieved 2022 09 05 General Astronautics Urania 2001 02 01 Firefly Space Systems Adds General Astronautics as Strategic Partner Parabolic Arc www parabolicarc com a b Gilmour Space Tech Small Launch Vehicles Australia Singapore Rocket company in Australia Singapore Gilmour Space Technologies Tyler Roxy 29 June 2018 First of its kind hypersonic flight booster tested at Cecil www news4jax com X 60A Archived from the original on 15 January 2020 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Launch Services Independence X Aerospace About Us Independence X Aerospace a b c Interorbital Systems Neptune Archived 2009 01 08 at the Wayback Machine Interorbital Systems a b Neptune space skyrocket de Japanese company preparing for country s first private rocket launch 26 July 2017 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Krishna Swapna 31 July 2017 Japan s first private rocket launch is a partial success engadget com a b Messier Doug 2022 08 09 German Launch Providers Isar Aerospace and RFA Eye Maiden Launches in 2023 Parabolic Arc Retrieved 2022 09 05 Berger Eric 2020 11 09 Meet Launcher the rocket engine builder with just eight employees Ars Technica Retrieved 2020 11 09 Leaf Space Primo Archived from the original on 2018 02 07 Retrieved 2018 02 06 Leaf Space Building 20 Ground Station Network for SmallSat Market Via Satellite 16 December 2015 Pioneers of Private Astronautics in Russia Lin Industrial The Dialogue The Dialogue 2016 04 05 Retrieved 2016 10 16 Lin Indastrial Sverhlegkaya raketa Tajmyr spacelin ru X 33 VentureStar What really happened NASASpaceFlight com www nasaspaceflight com 4 January 2006 Retrieved 11 August 2017 a b c Mishaal Aerospace www mishaalaerospace com Retrieved 11 August 2017 a b c MISHAAL Aerospace Receives Letter of Intent for Launch Parabolic Arc Retrieved 11 August 2017 1 dead link Mishaal Aerospace www mishaalaerospace com Mishaal Aerospace www mishaalaerospace com China s private space sector has achieved liftoff Michelle Toh and Serenitie Wang CNN News 17 May 2018 Archived copy Archived from the original on 2018 05 14 Retrieved 2018 05 19 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link OS M2 OneSpace 零壹空间 www onespacechina com OS M4 OneSpace 零壹空间 www onespacechina com Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market SpaceNews July 18 2018 Orbital ATK www orbital com Retrieved 11 August 2017 Taurus archive org 22 Nov 2013 Archived from the original on November 22 2013 Retrieved 23 Sep 2014 Clark Stephen 24 February 2014 Taurus rocket on the market with new name upgrades Spaceflight Now Retrieved 22 Sep 2014 Minotaur C orbital com Retrieved 23 Sep 2014 Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program SpaceNews 2020 09 09 Retrieved 2021 08 17 OTRAG space skyrocket de Retrieved 11 August 2017 South Korean rocket startup to launch from South Australia September 30 2019 Backed by Samsung South Korean startup Perigee aims for 2020 maiden launch October 23 2019 Gimenez Jorge March 16 2015 PLD Space fabricara los primeros motores de combustible liquido de Espana Defensa Global y Avances en el Desarrollo Argentino in Spanish PLD Space www pldspace com Retrieved 11 August 2017 PLD Space raises additional 10 million for reusable smallsat launchers SpaceNews com 11 June 2018 Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch SpaceNews 2021 11 24 Retrieved 2022 01 21 Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch SpaceNews 2021 11 24 Retrieved 2022 01 21 Eric Berger March 21 2018 Relativity Space reveals its ambitions with big NASA deal Ars Technica Retrieved March 25 2018 Chelsea Gohd 2022 01 13 Meet Relativity Space the little 3D printing rocket company that could Space com Retrieved 2022 01 21 Relativity Space Relativity Space Retrieved 2021 08 17 Intrepid 1 Rocket Crafters Inc rocketcrafters space Archived from the original on 2018 07 19 Retrieved 2018 02 06 3D Printing Industry The Authority on 3D Printing amp Additive Manufacturing 3D Printing Industry NZ s first space launch saved by 6 replacement part The New Zealand Herald 30 November 2009 Retrieved 22 September 2011 Atea 1 Rocket Lab New Zealand Rocket Archived from the original on 2009 10 11 Retrieved 2009 11 30 Atea 2 Rocket Lab New Zealand Rocket Archived from the original on 2011 09 11 Retrieved 2018 07 27 Electron Rocket Lab www rocketlabusa com Archived from the original on 2015 04 17 Retrieved 2015 06 06 Neutron Rocket Lab Retrieved 2022 01 21 Grush Loren 2021 12 02 Rocket Lab unveils details of new reusable Neutron launcher The Verge Retrieved 2022 01 21 Wenz John November 19 2015 RocketStar Wants To Make Going To Space a One Step Process Popular Mechanics Rocket Factory Augsburg secures launch site in Andoya Norway 28 April 2021 German Microlauncher start up Rocket Factory announces unrivalled low price of EUR 3 million per rocket launch 12 February 2021 www ndtv com New Dawn Launch Of India s First Private Rocket Vikram S Successful NDTV Retrieved 2022 11 21 Space technologies Skyrora SKYRORA 1 Space technologies Skyrora Archived from the original on 2018 07 11 Retrieved 2018 02 06 Speed Richard 22 August 2019 Brit rocketeer Skyrora reckons it ll be orbital in 3 years that is if UK government plays ball The Register Retrieved 11 November 2019 UK Ukrainian launch vehicle developer Skyrora to establish smallsat launch site SpaceNews com 1 February 2018 O Callaghan Jonathan Skyrora Rocket Launch From Iceland Reaches Three Times The Height Of Mount Everest Forbes Retrieved 2022 09 05 Skylark L Rocket Skyrora www skyrora com Retrieved 2022 09 05 British rocket firm Skyrora gets ready for debut rocket launch from Scotland in 2023 Xinhua english news cn 2022 08 29 Retrieved 2022 09 05 Space technologies Skyrora Skyrora XL Space technologies Skyrora Archived from the original on 2018 07 11 Retrieved 2018 02 06 Skyrora announces new engine test plant in Scotland Industry Analysis 18 October 2019 Archived from the original on 11 November 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 UK Ukrainian satellite launch vehicle developer Skyrora to test its first rocket in 2018 8 February 2018 Berger Eric 2022 08 19 Rocket Report Europe wants a super heavy lifter Starship nets launch contract Ars Technica Retrieved 2022 09 05 a b Gdynia 81 451 Al Zwyciestwa 96 98 SIR Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket Project SpaceForest Gdynia 81 451 Al Zwyciestwa 96 98 Testing experiments on research rockets SpaceForest SpaceForest Rocket engine diagram design tests Gdynia 81 451 Al Zwyciestwa 96 98 Demonstrator rocket SpaceForest Perun demonstrator YouTube Archived from the original on 2021 12 14 Retrieved 2020 02 16 Perun SpaceForest Retrieved 2020 02 16 SpaceForest receives financing for the SIR rocket Kosmonauta net 2018 01 07 Retrieved 2018 08 02 a b c TSE Conestoga www tbs satellite com Retrieved 11 August 2017 SpaceLS Space Launch Services Low cost space launch services www spacels com Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 Retrieved 11 August 2017 SpaceLS develops commercial rocket to launch small satellites The Engineer The Engineer www theengineer co uk September 2015 Retrieved 11 August 2017 a b Jones Andrew 27 July 2021 Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding ahead of first launch SpaceNews Retrieved 27 July 2021 a b Space Exploration Technologies Corporation Falcon 1 Archived from the original on January 3 2011 Space Exploration Technologies Corporation Press Archived from the original on March 26 2013 a b c d spacexcmsadmin 15 November 2012 Falcon 9 Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 Retrieved 11 August 2017 a b Space Exploration Technologies Corporation Falcon 9 Archived from the original on 2013 05 01 Retrieved 2016 08 30 Space Exploration Technologies Corporation Falcon 9 Archived from the original on January 18 2012 Musk Elon 21 January 2017 Yes Block 5 is the final upgrade of the Falcon architecture Significantly improves performance amp ease of reusability Flies end of year Retrieved 11 August 2017 a b c spacexcmsadmin 15 November 2012 Falcon Heavy Archived from the original on 19 May 2020 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Falcon Heavy enabler for Dragon solar system explorer NASASpaceFlight com www nasaspaceflight com 2015 05 11 Retrieved 11 August 2017 United States Commercial Launch Manifest 30 Dec 2021 Elon Musk 29 September 2017 Becoming a Multiplanet Species video 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide Australia SpaceX Retrieved 2017 12 14 via YouTube a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint location link SpaceX SpaceX Starship Retrieved 2022 01 25 Kurasheva A 2021 12 24 Rossijskaya kosmicheskaya kompaniya Success Rockets sovershila pervyj suborbitalnyj zapusk Russian Company Success Rockets Makes First Successful Suborbital Launch Inc in Russian Retrieved 2022 01 10 Kto zarabatyvaet na kosmose v Rossii i mire Making Money in Space Russian and International Players in Russian RBC Trends 2021 05 17 Retrieved 2021 11 11 Space Launch Report Atlas 5 Data Sheet Space Launch Report 1 Mar 2022 Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022 a b c Space Launch Report Delta II Data Sheet Space Launch Report 20 Oct 2018 Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022 Space Launch Report Delta IV Data Sheet Space Launch Report 26 Apr 2021 Archived from the original on 6 Apr 2022 Delta IV Heavy Rockets spaceflight101 com Retrieved 2016 10 14 Ray Justin ULA unveils its future with the Vulcan rocket family Spaceflight Now Retrieved 2016 10 14 Virgin Orbit plans 2018 first launch 2 August 2017 Retrieved 28 January 2018 Reyes Tim October 17 2014 Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars Universe Today Retrieved 9 July 2015 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Astrobotic reveals moon mission plans msnbc msn com a b c About Lunar CATALYST www nasa gov NASA Retrieved August 27 2014 Peregrine Lander Astrobotic www astrobotic com Retrieved 2017 03 23 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Lindsey Clark 2013 01 03 Golden Spike contracts Northrop Grumman for lunar lander design NewSpace Watch Retrieved 2013 01 04 Hakuto Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Hakuto 日本発の月面探査チーム on Twitter History ispace technologies inc July 20 2015 Retrieved 2015 08 20 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Lunar Missions 1 www interorbital com Archived from the original on 2016 07 06 Retrieved 2016 06 27 Universal Reentry Vehicle Archived 2018 12 01 at the Wayback Machine Intuitive Machines Accessed on 1 December 2018 Houston company among 9 tapped to build moon landers Alex Stuckey The Houston Chronicle 30 November 2018 Lunar Mission One A New Lunar Mission for Everyone British Interplanetary Society 19 November 2014 Archived from the original on 20 October 2020 Retrieved 18 November 2015 XL 1 Masten Space Systems Archived from the original on August 12 2017 Retrieved August 12 2017 Herridge Linda 3 March 2015 Moon Express Testing Compact Lunar Lander at Kennedy Space Center Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 OrbitBeyond Teams with Team Indus Honeybee Robotics for NASA Lunar Program Doug Messier Parabolic Arc 29 November 2018 OrbitBeyond Inc Press Release Archived 2018 11 14 at the Wayback Machine 12 November 2018 Lunar Rover permanent dead link ALINA permanent dead link Team Puli Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 16 July 2014 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 2 BBC News Moon opens for business Spacebit The New Economics of Space spacebit com Retrieved 2020 01 28 Spacebit books a second trip to the moon via NASA s commercial lunar payload program 6 October 2020 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Google Lunar XPrize Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Chinese space firm launches and lands small test rocket SpaceNews 2 August 2021 Advantages of using White Fuming Nitric Acid WFNA as an oXidizer in rockets lunarlander spaceracenews com Jones Andrew 23 April 2020 Chinese space resource utilization firm Origin Space signs deal for space telescope SpaceNews Retrieved 29 April 2020 Klotz Irene 2011 09 27 A rocket that lifts off and lands on launch pad MSNBC Retrieved 2011 11 23 Rhian Jason 2014 08 22 SpaceX F9R explodes in the skies above Texas in recent test flight www spaceflightinsider com Retrieved 2014 10 21 Private rocket launches ashes of Star Trek s Scotty astronaut to suborbital space www space com World View Research and Education Mission Archived from the original on 23 July 2015 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Mike Wall 2019 10 01 World View s Stratollite Balloon Stays Aloft for Record 32 Days Space com Retrieved 2022 07 11 Lopez Urdiales Jose Mariano March 12 2014 NEAr Space high altitude balloons the alternative for space tourism and science PDF Report European Space Astronomy Centre Madrid Spain Archived from the original PDF on 10 July 2015 Retrieved 9 July 2015 TILE Accion Systems A New Ion Engine Archived from the original on 12 August 2017 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Smallsats need small propulsion Boston startup Accion has a few big ideas SpaceNews com 8 August 2017 Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR Propulsion Archived 2014 04 09 at the Wayback Machine 2013 Chadenedes Mark de Ahern Drew Cho Jin Hoon Park Sung Jin Eden J Burton Rodney Yoon Je Kwon Garrett Stephen Sitaraman Hariswaran Raja Laxminarayan Laystrom Woodard Julia Carroll David Benavides Gabriel 46th AIAA ASME SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference amp Exhibit American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics doi 10 2514 6 2010 6616 a b CU Aerospace Small Satellite Propulsion Unit for CubeSats PUC www cuaerospace com Archived from the original on 2018 02 26 Retrieved 2018 02 26 NASA Selects Green Propulsion Projects for SBIR Phase II Awards Parabolic Arc www parabolicarc com Laystrom Julia Burton Rodney Benavides Gabriel 2003 Geometric Optimization of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster 39th AIAA ASME SAE ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit doi 10 2514 6 2003 5025 ISBN 978 1 62410 098 7 NASA TechPort techport nasa gov ExoTerra banks 1 5 million for solar electric propulsion SpaceNews October 30 2018 The SABRE Engine Archived from the original on 2007 02 22 Retrieved 2010 08 10 Neutron Rocket Lab Retrieved 2022 09 05 VORTEX Upper Stage Engine Achieves Critical Design Milestone sncorp com Sierra Nevada Corporation 4 August 2022 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Rocket Engines and Propulsion sierraspace com Sierra Space Retrieved 5 November 2022 Jefferson Morris Aerospace Daily 2003 09 23 SpaceDev chosen to provide hybrid rocket for SpaceShipOne AWIN content from Aviation Week Retrieved 2018 07 20 Clark Stephen 2008 09 28 Sweet success at last for Falcon 1 rocket Spaceflight Now Retrieved 2011 01 27 a b Whitesides Loretta Hidalgo 2007 11 12 SpaceX Completes Development of Rocket Engine for Falcon 1 and 9 Wired Wired Science Retrieved 2011 01 27 Foust Jeff 2017 10 21 Air Force adds more than 40 million to SpaceX engine contract Space News Retrieved 2018 02 25 THE ENGINES Ursa Major Tech Rocket engine startup sees opportunities in crowded launch market 3 May 2021 三菱重工 株式基本情報 mhi co jp Retrieved 11 August 2017 a b Program Shackleton Energy Company Made In Space Made In Space Varda Space Industries Varda Space Asteroid Mining Deep Space Industries Archived from the original on 2018 01 29 Retrieved 2018 01 29 a b Cosmic Shielding Corporation cosmicshielding com Retrieved 2021 03 17 SpaceFund Invests In Cosmic Shielding Corporation Xplorer Deep Space Industries Archived from the original on 2018 01 29 Retrieved 2018 01 29 Missions Deep Space Industries Archived from the original on 2018 02 01 Retrieved 2018 01 29 The Japanese Space Bots That Could Build Moon Valley Sarah Scoles Wired 14 May 2018 ispace Home site Accessed 11 September 2018 Scalable Robotic Spacecraft Capable Of Reaching The Moon Archived from the original on 2018 01 29 Retrieved 2018 01 29 Technology Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 Retrieved 19 August 2012 Axiom Space Axiom Station Former NASA ISS manager planning commercial space station venture SpaceNews com SpaceNews com 2016 06 23 Retrieved 2016 10 14 Kolodny Lora 14 November 2017 29 start ups that prove Silicon Valley innovation isn t dead CNBC Genesis I Specs Bigelow Aerospace Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 Retrieved 28 August 2014 a b We hoped to receive 6 months Twitter com Bigelow Aerospace 9 January 2016 Retrieved 21 February 2016 Genesis I Bigelow Aerospace Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 Retrieved 28 August 2014 Genesis 2 Specs Bigelow Aerospace Archived from the original on 15 August 2014 Retrieved 28 August 2014 Genesis II Bigelow Aerospace Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 Retrieved 28 August 2014 Developing a Galaxy www webcitation org Archived from the original on 2007 12 18 Knapp George 2007 08 17 I Team Bigelow Aerospace Makes Giant Leap Towards Commercial Space Travel Las Vegas Now Archived from the original on 2009 05 09 Retrieved 2007 08 19 Bigelow Aerospace Expediting BA 330 Development BigelowAerospace com July 2011 Retrieved November 14 2011 a b Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce SpaceNews 23 March 2020 Retrieved 24 March 2020 The Five Billion Star Hotel Popular Science 18 March 2019 Mahoney Erin 9 August 2016 NextSTEP Partners Develop Deep Space Habitat Ground Prototypes Madden Duncan Mankind s First Space Hotel Is Coming In 2021 Probably Forbes Simberg Rand October 28 2010 Bigelow Aerospace Shows Off Bigger Badder Space Real Estate Popular Mechanics Retrieved December 11 2010 Spaceflight Now Breaking News Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz www spaceflightnow com Retrieved 11 August 2017 Excalibur Almaz to Pioneer Private Orbital Manned Space Flight In cooperation with NPOM of Russia OnOrbit Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Shooting for the Moon Time is called on Isle of Man space race The Independent March 11 2015 Spanish venture aims to build space hotel NBC News 2007 08 10 Retrieved 2009 03 04 O Hare Maureen April 6 2018 First luxury hotel in space announced CNN Retrieved 8 April 2018 Orion Span Archived from the original on 2018 04 08 Retrieved 2018 04 08 Inside Sierra Nevada s Inflatable Space Habitat for Astronauts in Lunar Orbit Photos Space com 22 August 2019 Blue Origin unveils plans to build a private space station called Orbital Reef by 2030 Space com 25 October 2021 Orbital Reef Home SpaceX 2017 09 29 Making Life Multiplanetary retrieved 2017 10 29 Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system SpaceNews com SpaceNews com 2017 09 29 Retrieved 2017 10 29 Richardson Derek 2016 09 27 Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System Spaceflight Insider Retrieved 2016 10 03 Alen Space Nanosatellites CubeSats Small Satellites Alen Space NASA NanoRacks Platforms www nasa gov Retrieved 2019 11 15 TESBL Aerospace Corporation World Leader in Aerospace amp Enterprise Technology Cloud Solutions www tesbl com Uesaka Yoshifumi June 10 2015 Good enough is best for satellite startup Axelspace Nikkei Asian Review Retrieved 2017 07 23 Axelspace Axelspace Archived from the original on 2018 07 21 Retrieved 2018 07 20 Hall Loura 2021 03 10 What is Starling NASA Retrieved 2022 04 11 CesiumAstro raises 60 million in Series B funding round SpaceNews 2022 03 02 Retrieved 2022 04 11 Craig Technologies Because It s All About The Mission Retrieved 2022 04 17 ISIS General Information Accessed 18 October 2018 Biggs John 2013 08 14 Made In Space Makers Of The Only 3D Printer In Orbit Answer Some Pressing Questions About Manufacturing And Yoda TechCrunch Retrieved 2013 09 25 Home Beyond Gravity www ruag com Retrieved 20 April 2021 Boyle Alan 30 January 2020 Xplore partners with Nanoracks to set up opportunities for deep space missions Yahoo Finance Retrieved 11 February 2020 Foust Jeff 5 March 2020 Axiom to fly Crew Dragon mission to the space station SpaceNews com Retrieved 25 November 2022 Foust Jeff 2022 04 08 SpaceX launches commercial mission to ISS SpaceNews Retrieved 2022 09 05 Jim Benson RIP NewSpace Journal www newspacejournal com Japanese billionaire Russian actress to fly to ISS SpaceNews 2021 05 13 Retrieved 2021 11 20 External links EditCubeSat Database amp Nanosatellites NewSpace Index Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of private spaceflight companies amp oldid 1129059279, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.