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Lake Muhazi

January 07, 2023

"Muhazi" redirects here. For the former district in Kibungo Province, see Muhazi (district).

Lake Muhazi (Kinyarwanda: Ikiyaga cya Muhazi) is a long thin shallow lake in the east of Rwanda. The bulk of the lake lies in the Eastern Province, with the western end forming the border between the Northern and Kigali Provinces.[2] It is a flooded valley lake, lying predominantly in an east to west direction, but with numerous offshoots in a north to south direction, formerly the location of tributaries.[3] The lake has a concrete dam at the western end, constructed in 1999 to replace an earth dam which had existed since time immemorial.[1] The lake empties into the Nyabugogo River, which flows southwards to Kigali where it meets the Nyabarongo River, part of the upper Nile.[4]

Lake Muhazi
NASA satellite image of Lake Muhazi
Lake Muhazi
Lake Muhazi at the Seeds of Peace centre in Gahini
Coordinates1°51′S 30°24′E / 1.850°S 30.400°E / -1.850; 30.400Coordinates: 1°51′S 30°24′E / 1.850°S 30.400°E / -1.850; 30.400
Primary outflowsNyabugogo River[1]
Catchment area829 km2 (320 sq mi)[1]
Basin countriesRwanda
Max. length37 km (23 mi)[1]
Max. width0.6 km (0.37 mi)[1]
Surface area33 km2 (10 sq mi)[1]
Average depth10 m (33 ft)[1]
Max. depth14 m (46 ft)[1]
Water volume0.33 km3 (0 cu mi)[1]
Surface elevation1,443 m (4,734 ft)[1]
SettlementsGahini, Rwesero

Description

Lake Muhazi is located in the eastern part of Rwanda, at coordinates 1°52′S 30°22′E / 1.867°S 30.367°E / -1.867; 30.367.[5] It is accessible from three of Rwanda's primary routes. The Kigali to Gatuna road passes close to the lake's western end, the Kigali to Kayonza road, which runs parallel to the lake to the south; finally, the Kayonza to Kagitumba road runs along the lakeshore for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) near Gahini,[6] before passing over two of the ridges emanating from the lake and finally leaving the lake near Kawangire.[7] and it is a research proposal of Mediatrice, Irene and Sandra

Lake Muhazi is 60 km long, in an east–west direction, but its width is less than 5 km.[8] It is located in east-central Rwanda and has shoreline in three of the country's five provinces.[2] The western third of the lake forms the border between Kigali Province (Gasabo District) to the south,[9] and Northern Province (Gicumbi District) to the north.[10] The eastern two-thirds or the lake is in the Eastern Province, forming the border between Rwamagana District to the south, and Gatsibo and Kayonza Districts to the north.[11]

Various meteorological and limnological observations have taken place (Plisnier, 1990, Mukankomeje et al. 1993).

History

According to oral history the Kingdom of Rwanda was founded in the 14th century after disintegration of Kitara empire on the shores of Lake Muhazi in the Buganza area, close to the modern city of Rwamagana.[12][13][14] At that time Rwanda was a small state in a loose confederation with larger and more powerful neighbours, Bugesera and Gisaka.[15] By playing these neighbours against each other, the early kingdom flourished in the area, expanding westwards towards Lake Kivu.[16] In this expanded kingdom, the region around the lake became a powerful religious site, being synonymous with the earliest and most revered mwamis of the kingdom.[17] In the late 16th or early 17th centuries, the kingdom of Rwanda was invaded by the Banyoro and the kings forced to flee westward, leaving Buganza and the Lake Muhazi area in the hands of Bugesera and Gisaka.[13][15]

The formation in the 17th century of a new Rwandan dynasty by mwami Ruganzu Ndori, followed by eastward invasions, the retaking of Buganza and the conquest of Bugesera, marked the beginning of the Rwandan kingdom's dominance in the area.[18] Lake Muhazi became a border zone between Rwanda and the still independent Gisaka, a situation which remained in place for 200 years, despite several unsuccessful attempts by the Rwandan kings to subdue Gisaka.[19] Eventually, in around 1830, Gisaka was annexed and the eastern borders of the state began to take their present form, with the lake fully under Rwandan control.[13][20]

Under German and Belgian colonial rule Lake Muhazi became an important east–west transport route, linking Kigali and the west of the country with the north–south and eastbound roads from Gahini.[21] From 1922, the eastern area was temporarily fell under British control as part of the surveying process for the proposed Cape-Cairo railway, a period during which the Church Missionary Society (CMS), started missionary and medical work across eastern Rwanda.[22] This land was returned to Belgium in 1924 but the rulers allowed the CMS to continue its work, and a permanent mission and hospital was set up close to Lake Muhazi in Gahini village.[21]

In common with the rest of the country, Lake Muhazi was the scene of many killings during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Large numbers of bodies were discarded in the lake by Interahamwe militias, while others drowned attempting to escape; witnesses described the water at the time as "mixed with blood."[23]

Geology and climate

The rocks underlying Lake Muhazi vary along its length. The western end, which is flanked by high hills has a schist base, while the soil at the eastern end is granite based.[1] This geology arose between 1400 Ma (million years ago) and 1000 Ma during the Mesoproterozoic, through folded and metamorphosed sediments, in what is known as the Kibaran orogeny.[24][25] The Lake is slightly alkaline with pH ranging from 6.2 to 8.5 with a mean value of 7.8.[citation needed]

Lake Muhazi, in common with the rest of Rwanda, has a temperate tropical highland climate, with lower temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries due to its high elevation.[26] Temperature measurements in Kigali, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of the lake, show a typical daily temperature range between 12 °C (54 °F) and 27 °C (81 °F), with little variation through the year.[27] There are two rainy seasons in the year; the first runs from February to June and the second from September to December. These are separated by two dry seasons: the major one from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all, and a shorter and less severe one from December to February.[28]

Flora, fauna, limnology

The lake is noted for its large population of spotted-necked otters (Hydrictis maculicollis) with an estimated 200 to 400 individuals in 1990, a density of around 20 individuals per 10 km of shoreline.[29]

There are a number of bird species around the lake. These include African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer), malachite kingfishers (Alcedo cristata),[3] pied kingfishers (Ceryle rudis), swamp flycatchers (Muscicapa aquatica), village weavers (Ploceus cucullatus), speckled mousebirds (Colius striatus), black-lored (Turdoides melanops) and arrow-marked (T. jardineii) babblers, African paradise-flycatchers (Terpsiphone viridis), scarlet-chested (Nectarinia senegalensis), bronze (N. kilimensis) and green-headed (N. verticalis) sunbirds, yellow-fronted canaries (Serinus mozambicus), green-winged pytilias (Pytilia melba), great (Phalacrocorax carbo) and white-breasted (P. lucidus) cormorants, openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus) and yellow-billed (Mycteria ibis) storks and cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis).[30] There is also a pair of semi-domesticated grey crowned cranes (Balearica regulorum) at the Jambo Beach resort in Gahini.[30]

The population of Haplochromis (Gaurochromis) sp fishes at Lake Muhazi and its possible exploitation was studied and compared with another population of Haplochromis (Gaurochromis) sp at Lake Ihema (Rwanda).[31]

Various fish species have been introduced to the lake over the years, including marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) in 1989,[32] and tilapia at various times including 2003 and 2009, in an attempt to reduce reliance on imports.[33][34]

Historical changes in environmental conditions and various limnological observations of lake Muhazi have been studied.[31]

The phytoplankton of the lake is predominantly Microcystis aeruginosa and Ceratium hirundinella.[35]

Economy and tourism

 
Passenger tour boat on lake Muhazi

The Muhazi lake shore at Gahini is popular with tourists and features two resorts: the Seeds of Peace centre, which offers accommodation, and Jambo Beach.[3] These are used both as stop off points for journeys to or from Akagera National Park, and as venues for lake tourism, offering boating, fishing and bird watching.[36] There are also several resorts at Rwesero, on the north-eastern shore of the lake, including Rwesero Beach, offering camping accommodation and also popular with day-trippers from Kigali.[3]

A new resort, the Lake Muhazi Golf & Country Resort and Boulevard, is planned for the southern shore of the lake, on the Gati Peninsular.[37] The project was launched in 2006 at the Kigali Serena Hotel (formerly the Intercontinental Hotel), and was anticipated to be constructed in three phases. If completed as announced, the resort will occupy a site 250 acres (1.0 km2) acres in area and will feature 52 housing units, a golf course and a country resort.[38] The contract for the first phase was awarded in June 2007, with a value of over US$26.6 million and estimated construction time of 18 months.[39] As of 2010, however, there is no evidence that work has begun and the project appears to be on hold or cancelled.

Rwanda housing authority (RHA) has recently completed the land control study and the elaboration of the town planning development project of the shores of lake Muhazi.[40] The main objective of the study was to identify the sectors of the northern and eastern shores of lake Muhazi which are subjected to land pressure so as to establish protection belts and safeguard them. Within this context the study furthermore aimed at establishing a town planning master plan to ensure better organisation of the site's space and a rational and sustainable occupation of the shores of lake Muhazi.

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Usanzineza et al. p2
  2. ^ a b UN Field Support
  3. ^ a b c d Briggs & Booth p218
  4. ^ Njoroge
  5. ^ Google (2013-03-12). "Lake Muhazi" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  6. ^ Google (2013-03-12). "Lake Muhazi" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  7. ^ Google (2013-03-12). "Lake Muhazi" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  8. ^ Briggs & Booth 2006, p. 218.
  9. ^ NISR - Kigali City
  10. ^ NISR - Northern Province
  11. ^ NISR - Eastern Province
  12. ^ Dorsey p37
  13. ^ a b c Munyakazi and Ntagaramba p18
  14. ^ Prunier p18
  15. ^ a b Chrétien p158
  16. ^ Dorsey p38
  17. ^ Chrétien p122
  18. ^ Dorsey p39
  19. ^ Dorsey p40
  20. ^ Dorsey p41
  21. ^ a b Makower p56
  22. ^ Makower p55
  23. ^ Mwesigye
  24. ^ Tack et al. 2008
  25. ^ Van Straaten 2002, p.234
  26. ^ Department of State (III) 2012.
  27. ^ BBC Weather, Average Conditions.
  28. ^ King 2007, p. 10.
  29. ^ Lejeune & Frank
  30. ^ a b Claassen
  31. ^ a b Plisnier,1990
  32. ^ REMA
  33. ^ MINECOFIN p43
  34. ^ Majyambere
  35. ^ Mukankomeje et al.
  36. ^ Dusabe
  37. ^ Karibu Rwanda Directory
  38. ^ Muliisa & Mutesi
  39. ^ Karibwije
  40. ^ "Land Control Study of the Shores of Lake Muhazi - Rwanda".

Cited texts

  • Briggs, Philip & Booth, Janice (2006) Rwanda - The Bradt Travel Guide. 3rd ed. London: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 1-84162-180-3
  • Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003) The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History Hardcover ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 1-890951-34-X
  • Claassen, Marcell (September 2009) Eastern Rwanda birding report Rwanda Travel News Bradt Guides (Philip Briggs). Accessed 5 March 2010.
  • Dorsey, Learthen (1994) Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2820-0
  • Dusabe, Caroline (7 March 2009). "The Thrills At Lake Muhazi, Jambo Beach". East African Business Week (Kampala). Accessed 23 February 2010.
  • Google (2013-03-04). "Distance from Kigali to Lake Muhazi" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  • Karibu Rwanda Directory Lake Muhazi Golf & Country Resort and Boulevard. Accessed 3 March 2010.
  • Karibwije, Daniel (4 June 2007). "Rwanda's Housing Gets Boost". East African Business Week (Kampala). Accessed 3 March 2010.
  • Lejeune, A.; Frank, V. (1990). "Distribution of Lutra maculicollis in Rwanda: Ecological constraints". IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 5: 8–16.
  • Majyambere, Gertrude (9 June 2009). "Country to Cut on Overseas Dependency on Fish Consumption". The New Times (Kigali). Accessed 23 February 2010.
  • Makower, Katharine (1999) The Coming of the Rain p56. Paternoster Press. ISBN 0-85364-968-5
  • Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda (April 2004) Rwanda: poverty reduction strategy paper : annual progress report. Accessed 23 February 2010.
  • Mukankomeje, R.; Plisnier, P-D.; Descy, J-P; & Massaut, L. (1993) Lake Muzahi, Rwanda: limnological features and phytoplankton production Hydrobiologia (Springer Netherlands) 257 (2): 107 - 120
  • Muliisa, Richard & Mutesi, Florence (19 November 2006). "U.S.$70m Resort Project At Muhazi". The New Times (Kigali). Accessed 3 March 2010.
  • Munyakazi, Augustine & Ntagaramba, Johnson Funga (2005). Atlas of Rwanda French ed. Oxford: Macmillan Education. ISBN 0-333-95451-3
  • Mwesigye, Edward (22 January 2008). "Contaminated as it was, lake Muhazi save me – survivor". The New Times (Kigali). Accessed 4 March 2010.
  • National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). Kigali City ; Northern Province ; Eastern Province. Accessed 8 March 2010.
  • Njoroge, Timothy (29 March 2008). "Exploring the Nyabarongo river". The New Times (Kigali). Article also linked here. Accessed 16 February 2010.
  • Plisnier Pierre-Denis 1990 Etude hydrobiologique et développement de la pêche au lac Muhazi (bassin de l'Akagera, Rwanda). Rapport final CECODEL-UNECED-AGCD : 179 p
  • Plisnier P-D. 1990. Ecologie comparée et exploitation rationnelle de deux populations d' Haplochromis spp (Teleostei, Cichlidae) des lacs Ihema et Muhazi (Rwanda). Thèse de doctorat UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique: 328 p
  • Prunier, Gérard (1995) The Rwanda crisis, 1959-1994: history of a genocide Hardcover ed. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-243-0
  • Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) Chap V. Biodiversity and genetic resources Rwanda State of Environment Report. Accessed 23 February 2010.
  • Tack, L.; Wingate, M.T.D.; De Waele, B.; Meert, J.; Belousova, E.; Griffin, B.; Tahon, A.; Fernandez-Alonso, M. (2008). "The 1375 Ma "Kibaran Event" in Central Africa: prominent emplacement of bimodal magmatism under extensional regime" (PDF). Precambrian Research. 180 (1–2): 63–84. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.022. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  • United Nations Department of Field Support, Cartographic Section (June 2008) Rwanda Map No. 3717 Rev. 10
  • Usanzineza, D.; Nhapi, I.; Gashagaza, J.B.; & Kashaigili, J.J. . National University of Rwanda / UNESCO-IHE.

January 07, 2023
lake, muhazi, muhazi, redirects, here, former, district, kibungo, province, muhazi, district, kinyarwanda, ikiyaga, muhazi, long, thin, shallow, lake, east, rwanda, bulk, lake, lies, eastern, province, with, western, forming, border, between, northern, kigali,. Muhazi redirects here For the former district in Kibungo Province see Muhazi district Lake Muhazi Kinyarwanda Ikiyaga cya Muhazi is a long thin shallow lake in the east of Rwanda The bulk of the lake lies in the Eastern Province with the western end forming the border between the Northern and Kigali Provinces 2 It is a flooded valley lake lying predominantly in an east to west direction but with numerous offshoots in a north to south direction formerly the location of tributaries 3 The lake has a concrete dam at the western end constructed in 1999 to replace an earth dam which had existed since time immemorial 1 The lake empties into the Nyabugogo River which flows southwards to Kigali where it meets the Nyabarongo River part of the upper Nile 4 Lake MuhaziNASA satellite image of Lake MuhaziLake MuhaziLake Muhazi at the Seeds of Peace centre in GahiniCoordinates1 51 S 30 24 E 1 850 S 30 400 E 1 850 30 400 Coordinates 1 51 S 30 24 E 1 850 S 30 400 E 1 850 30 400Primary outflowsNyabugogo River 1 Catchment area829 km2 320 sq mi 1 Basin countriesRwandaMax length37 km 23 mi 1 Max width0 6 km 0 37 mi 1 Surface area33 km2 10 sq mi 1 Average depth10 m 33 ft 1 Max depth14 m 46 ft 1 Water volume0 33 km3 0 cu mi 1 Surface elevation1 443 m 4 734 ft 1 SettlementsGahini Rwesero Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Geology and climate 4 Flora fauna limnology 5 Economy and tourism 6 Notes and referencesDescription EditLake Muhazi is located in the eastern part of Rwanda at coordinates 1 52 S 30 22 E 1 867 S 30 367 E 1 867 30 367 5 It is accessible from three of Rwanda s primary routes The Kigali to Gatuna road passes close to the lake s western end the Kigali to Kayonza road which runs parallel to the lake to the south finally the Kayonza to Kagitumba road runs along the lakeshore for 3 8 kilometres 2 4 mi near Gahini 6 before passing over two of the ridges emanating from the lake and finally leaving the lake near Kawangire 7 and it is a research proposal of Mediatrice Irene and SandraLake Muhazi is 60 km long in an east west direction but its width is less than 5 km 8 It is located in east central Rwanda and has shoreline in three of the country s five provinces 2 The western third of the lake forms the border between Kigali Province Gasabo District to the south 9 and Northern Province Gicumbi District to the north 10 The eastern two thirds or the lake is in the Eastern Province forming the border between Rwamagana District to the south and Gatsibo and Kayonza Districts to the north 11 Various meteorological and limnological observations have taken place Plisnier 1990 Mukankomeje et al 1993 History EditAccording to oral history the Kingdom of Rwanda was founded in the 14th century after disintegration of Kitara empire on the shores of Lake Muhazi in the Buganza area close to the modern city of Rwamagana 12 13 14 At that time Rwanda was a small state in a loose confederation with larger and more powerful neighbours Bugesera and Gisaka 15 By playing these neighbours against each other the early kingdom flourished in the area expanding westwards towards Lake Kivu 16 In this expanded kingdom the region around the lake became a powerful religious site being synonymous with the earliest and most revered mwamis of the kingdom 17 In the late 16th or early 17th centuries the kingdom of Rwanda was invaded by the Banyoro and the kings forced to flee westward leaving Buganza and the Lake Muhazi area in the hands of Bugesera and Gisaka 13 15 The formation in the 17th century of a new Rwandan dynasty by mwami Ruganzu Ndori followed by eastward invasions the retaking of Buganza and the conquest of Bugesera marked the beginning of the Rwandan kingdom s dominance in the area 18 Lake Muhazi became a border zone between Rwanda and the still independent Gisaka a situation which remained in place for 200 years despite several unsuccessful attempts by the Rwandan kings to subdue Gisaka 19 Eventually in around 1830 Gisaka was annexed and the eastern borders of the state began to take their present form with the lake fully under Rwandan control 13 20 Under German and Belgian colonial rule Lake Muhazi became an important east west transport route linking Kigali and the west of the country with the north south and eastbound roads from Gahini 21 From 1922 the eastern area was temporarily fell under British control as part of the surveying process for the proposed Cape Cairo railway a period during which the Church Missionary Society CMS started missionary and medical work across eastern Rwanda 22 This land was returned to Belgium in 1924 but the rulers allowed the CMS to continue its work and a permanent mission and hospital was set up close to Lake Muhazi in Gahini village 21 In common with the rest of the country Lake Muhazi was the scene of many killings during the 1994 Rwandan genocide Large numbers of bodies were discarded in the lake by Interahamwe militias while others drowned attempting to escape witnesses described the water at the time as mixed with blood 23 Geology and climate EditThe rocks underlying Lake Muhazi vary along its length The western end which is flanked by high hills has a schist base while the soil at the eastern end is granite based 1 This geology arose between 1400 Ma million years ago and 1000 Ma during the Mesoproterozoic through folded and metamorphosed sediments in what is known as the Kibaran orogeny 24 25 The Lake is slightly alkaline with pH ranging from 6 2 to 8 5 with a mean value of 7 8 citation needed Lake Muhazi in common with the rest of Rwanda has a temperate tropical highland climate with lower temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries due to its high elevation 26 Temperature measurements in Kigali which lies approximately 21 kilometres 13 mi south west of the lake show a typical daily temperature range between 12 C 54 F and 27 C 81 F with little variation through the year 27 There are two rainy seasons in the year the first runs from February to June and the second from September to December These are separated by two dry seasons the major one from June to September during which there is often no rain at all and a shorter and less severe one from December to February 28 Flora fauna limnology EditThe lake is noted for its large population of spotted necked otters Hydrictis maculicollis with an estimated 200 to 400 individuals in 1990 a density of around 20 individuals per 10 km of shoreline 29 There are a number of bird species around the lake These include African fish eagles Haliaeetus vocifer malachite kingfishers Alcedo cristata 3 pied kingfishers Ceryle rudis swamp flycatchers Muscicapa aquatica village weavers Ploceus cucullatus speckled mousebirds Colius striatus black lored Turdoides melanops and arrow marked T jardineii babblers African paradise flycatchers Terpsiphone viridis scarlet chested Nectarinia senegalensis bronze N kilimensis and green headed N verticalis sunbirds yellow fronted canaries Serinus mozambicus green winged pytilias Pytilia melba great Phalacrocorax carbo and white breasted P lucidus cormorants openbill Anastomus lamelligerus and yellow billed Mycteria ibis storks and cattle egrets Bubulcus ibis 30 There is also a pair of semi domesticated grey crowned cranes Balearica regulorum at the Jambo Beach resort in Gahini 30 The population of Haplochromis Gaurochromis sp fishes at Lake Muhazi and its possible exploitation was studied and compared with another population of Haplochromis Gaurochromis sp at Lake Ihema Rwanda 31 Various fish species have been introduced to the lake over the years including marbled lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus in 1989 32 and tilapia at various times including 2003 and 2009 in an attempt to reduce reliance on imports 33 34 Historical changes in environmental conditions and various limnological observations of lake Muhazi have been studied 31 The phytoplankton of the lake is predominantly Microcystis aeruginosa and Ceratium hirundinella 35 Economy and tourism Edit Passenger tour boat on lake Muhazi The Muhazi lake shore at Gahini is popular with tourists and features two resorts the Seeds of Peace centre which offers accommodation and Jambo Beach 3 These are used both as stop off points for journeys to or from Akagera National Park and as venues for lake tourism offering boating fishing and bird watching 36 There are also several resorts at Rwesero on the north eastern shore of the lake including Rwesero Beach offering camping accommodation and also popular with day trippers from Kigali 3 A new resort the Lake Muhazi Golf amp Country Resort and Boulevard is planned for the southern shore of the lake on the Gati Peninsular 37 The project was launched in 2006 at the Kigali Serena Hotel formerly the Intercontinental Hotel and was anticipated to be constructed in three phases If completed as announced the resort will occupy a site 250 acres 1 0 km2 acres in area and will feature 52 housing units a golf course and a country resort 38 The contract for the first phase was awarded in June 2007 with a value of over US 26 6 million and estimated construction time of 18 months 39 As of 2010 however there is no evidence that work has begun and the project appears to be on hold or cancelled Rwanda housing authority RHA has recently completed the land control study and the elaboration of the town planning development project of the shores of lake Muhazi 40 The main objective of the study was to identify the sectors of the northern and eastern shores of lake Muhazi which are subjected to land pressure so as to establish protection belts and safeguard them Within this context the study furthermore aimed at establishing a town planning master plan to ensure better organisation of the site s space and a rational and sustainable occupation of the shores of lake Muhazi Notes and references Edit a b c d e f g h i j k Usanzineza et al p2 a b UN Field Support a b c d Briggs amp Booth p218 Njoroge Google 2013 03 12 Lake Muhazi Map Google Maps Google Retrieved 2013 03 12 Google 2013 03 12 Lake Muhazi Map Google Maps Google Retrieved 2013 03 12 Google 2013 03 12 Lake Muhazi Map Google Maps Google Retrieved 2013 03 12 Briggs amp Booth 2006 p 218 sfn error no target CITEREFBriggsBooth2006 help NISR Kigali City NISR Northern Province NISR Eastern Province Dorsey p37 a b c Munyakazi and Ntagaramba p18 Prunier p18 a b Chretien p158 Dorsey p38 Chretien p122 Dorsey p39 Dorsey p40 Dorsey p41 a b Makower p56 Makower p55 Mwesigye Tack et al 2008 Van Straaten 2002 p 234 Department of State III 2012 sfn error no target CITEREFDepartment of State III 2012 help BBC Weather Average Conditions sfn error no target CITEREFBBC Weather help King 2007 p 10 sfn error no target CITEREFKing2007 help Lejeune amp Frank a b Claassen a b Plisnier 1990 REMA MINECOFIN p43 Majyambere Mukankomeje et al Dusabe Karibu Rwanda Directory Muliisa amp Mutesi Karibwije Land Control Study of the Shores of Lake Muhazi Rwanda Cited texts Briggs Philip amp Booth Janice 2006 Rwanda The Bradt Travel Guide 3rd ed London Bradt Travel Guides ISBN 1 84162 180 3 Chretien Jean Pierre 2003 The Great Lakes of Africa Two Thousand Years of History Hardcover ed Cambridge MA MIT Press ISBN 1 890951 34 X Claassen Marcell September 2009 Eastern Rwanda birding report Rwanda Travel News Bradt Guides Philip Briggs Accessed 5 March 2010 Dorsey Learthen 1994 Historical Dictionary of Rwanda Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 2820 0 Dusabe Caroline 7 March 2009 The Thrills At Lake Muhazi Jambo Beach East African Business Week Kampala Accessed 23 February 2010 Google 2013 03 04 Distance from Kigali to Lake Muhazi Map Google Maps Google Retrieved 2013 03 04 Karibu Rwanda Directory Lake Muhazi Golf amp Country Resort and Boulevard Accessed 3 March 2010 Karibwije Daniel 4 June 2007 Rwanda s Housing Gets Boost East African Business Week Kampala Accessed 3 March 2010 Lejeune A Frank V 1990 Distribution of Lutra maculicollis in Rwanda Ecological constraints IUCN Otter Spec Group Bull 5 8 16 Majyambere Gertrude 9 June 2009 Country to Cut on Overseas Dependency on Fish Consumption The New Times Kigali Accessed 23 February 2010 Makower Katharine 1999 The Coming of the Rain p56 Paternoster Press ISBN 0 85364 968 5 Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINECOFIN Republic of Rwanda April 2004 Rwanda poverty reduction strategy paper annual progress report Accessed 23 February 2010 Mukankomeje R Plisnier P D Descy J P amp Massaut L 1993 Lake Muzahi Rwanda limnological features and phytoplankton production Hydrobiologia Springer Netherlands 257 2 107 120 Muliisa Richard amp Mutesi Florence 19 November 2006 U S 70m Resort Project At Muhazi The New Times Kigali Accessed 3 March 2010 Munyakazi Augustine amp Ntagaramba Johnson Funga 2005 Atlas of Rwanda French ed Oxford Macmillan Education ISBN 0 333 95451 3 Mwesigye Edward 22 January 2008 Contaminated as it was lake Muhazi save me survivor The New Times Kigali Accessed 4 March 2010 National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda NISR Kigali City Northern Province Eastern Province Accessed 8 March 2010 Njoroge Timothy 29 March 2008 Exploring the Nyabarongo river The New Times Kigali Article also linked here Accessed 16 February 2010 Plisnier Pierre Denis 1990 Etude hydrobiologique et developpement de la peche au lac Muhazi bassin de l Akagera Rwanda Rapport final CECODEL UNECED AGCD 179 p Plisnier P D 1990 Ecologie comparee et exploitation rationnelle de deux populations d Haplochromis spp Teleostei Cichlidae des lacs Ihema et Muhazi Rwanda These de doctorat UCL Louvain la Neuve Belgique 328 p Prunier Gerard 1995 The Rwanda crisis 1959 1994 history of a genocide Hardcover ed London C Hurst amp Co Publishers ISBN 1 85065 243 0 Rwanda Environment Management Authority REMA Chap V Biodiversity and genetic resources Rwanda State of Environment Report Accessed 23 February 2010 Tack L Wingate M T D De Waele B Meert J Belousova E Griffin B Tahon A Fernandez Alonso M 2008 The 1375 Ma Kibaran Event in Central Africa prominent emplacement of bimodal magmatism under extensional regime PDF Precambrian Research 180 1 2 63 84 doi 10 1016 j precamres 2010 02 022 Retrieved 2012 06 11 United Nations Department of Field Support Cartographic Section June 2008 Rwanda Map No 3717 Rev 10 Usanzineza D Nhapi I Gashagaza J B amp Kashaigili J J Heavy metal pollution and nutrient levels in Lake Muhazi Rwanda National University of Rwanda UNESCO IHE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lake Muhazi amp oldid 1077590635, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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