Josephine Myers-Wapp

Josephine Myers-Wapp (February 10, 1912 – October 26, 2014) was a Comanche weaver and educator. After completing her education at the Haskell Institute, she attended Santa Fe Indian School, studying weaving, dancing, and cultural arts. After her training, she taught arts and crafts at Chilocco Indian School before joining the faculty of the newly opened Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe. She taught weaving, design, and dance at the Institute, and in 1968 was one of the coordinators for a dance exhibit at the Mexican Summer Olympic Games. In 1973, she retired from teaching to focus on her own work, exhibiting throughout the Americas and in Europe and the Middle East. She has work in the permanent collection of the IAIA and has been featured at the Smithsonian Institution. Between 2014 and 2016, she was featured in an exhibition of Native American women artists at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe.

Josephine Myers-Wapp
circa 1930, probably made while a student as Haskell Institute, photo by Moore Studio, Lawrence, Kansas
Born	(1912-02-10)February 10, 1912 near Apache, Oklahoma
Died	October 24, 2014(2014-10-24) (aged 102) Lawton, Oklahoma
Nationality	American
Other names	Josephine Myers, Josephine Wapp
Occupation(s)	educator, weaver
Years active	1934–2013
Known for	finger weaving and inaugurating Native American traditional arts at both Chilocco School and the Institute of American Indian Arts

Early life

Josephine Myers^[6] was born on February 10, 1912 on her grandmother's allotment near Apache, Oklahoma to Hevah (née Lena Fischer) and James H. Myers.^[7] She was one of nine children: Mima, Randlett Cragg, Rudolph Fisher, Catherine, Josephine, Melvin, Walker, Vincent, and Alvin.^[4][8][9] Myers attended St. Patrick's Indian Mission School in Anadarko, Oklahoma and completed high school at the Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansas,^[7] studying to become a secretary. In 1933, she went to study at the Santa Fe Indian School^[10] under a program designed to train Native Americans to teach art at the American Indian boarding schools.^[7][11] For two years, she studied fingerweaving and loom-weaving, as well as pottery making under Maria Martinez.^[11]

Career

In November 1934, Myers returned to Oklahoma and started the first art classes at Chilocco Indian School.^[11][12][13] When she began her work, the school only purchased one loom, but other departments at the school helped to build looms and spinning wheels. She taught basket weaving, beading, and pottery making to beginners, and taught the more advanced students to make rag dolls, cross-stitch, dyeing, fingerweaving, rag weaving, and spinning.^[12] She continued to teach art and married Edward Wapp c. 1940,^[14] giving birth to their first child, Barbara, in August 1940.^[15] Edward Jr., who would become a noted Native American flautist, was born in 1943.^[16] She expanded the arts department throughout her time at Chilocco and by the 1950s had created a drama department,^[17] which performed ceremonial dances for the White House Conference on Children and Youth in 1960.^[18] She continued her own studies during the summers and earned her bachelor's degree in education in 1959 from Oklahoma State University.^[11][19] She taught at Chilocco until 1961,^[20] then taught briefly at the Santa Fe Indian School before being selected as one of the first teachers for the newly established Institute of American Indian Arts.^[10][11]

Wapp was one of the main teachers of traditional arts^[21] at IAIA, teaching courses in beadwork, costume and fashion design, traditional art techniques, textiles, and weaving.^[11] Focused on utilizing primarily natural materials, she taught her students to appreciate Native and Native-inspired garments and accessories and tried to impart the tribal traditions from which the techniques had arisen.^[22] Wapp also taught a course in traditional Indian dance.^[19] While at IAIA, she learned the Eastern Woodlands tribal tradition of fingerweaving, which was not in her Comanche heritage.^[23] Of the three basic patterns woven without a loom, Wapp became best known for the arrowpoint pattern, which is the most difficult.^[24] She also continued her own studies, earning a master's degree from the University of New Mexico.^[25] She encouraged her students to take the skills they learned in their home economics courses and bring them into her traditional techniques course, as an expression of their tribal pride.^[23]

In 1968, Wapp and ceramicist Otellie Loloma, a colleague at IAIA, coordinated a dance exhibition with their students which they performed at the White House and then at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.^[11][26] Two years later, the school organized a fashion club, which participated in fashion shows throughout the country. Her students soon realized that by participating in Wapp's fashion design classes, they'd be able to create their own designs and travel.^[27] In 1972, she took students to fashion shows in Houston, Texas; the Indian Fashion Show at the Denver Art Museum in Colorado; New York City;^[28] and exhibited fashion designs at the La Fonda on the Plaza in Santa Fe. The following year, she retired from teaching to focus on her own work.^[11]

After retirement, Wapp gave demonstrations of hand weaving techniques and spoke widely on traditional Indian arts.^[25] She served on the committee which founded the Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center in Lawton, Oklahoma, and her work was displayed at the museum's opening in 2007. She served on the museum's board for several years,^[7] and in 2009 was the featured artist at an event showcasing her works for her 97th birthday.^[29] Wapp's work was featured at the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian in Manhattan in 1994, to help fundraise for the 2001 projected opening of the National Museum of the American Indian at the National Mall in Washington, D. C.^[30] In 2009, her work was exhibited at the Oklahoma State Capitol in a solo exhibition titled The Artistic Legacy of Josephine Myers-Wapp: The Weaving of Stories and Tradition.^[31] In 2013, she was the recipient of the Povi’ka Award of the Santa Fe Indian Market in recognition of her leadership and support to Native American artists and communities.^[24]

Death and legacy

Wapp died on October 26, 2014, in Lawton, Oklahoma and was buried at the Fairview Cemetery in her hometown of Apache.^[7] Between 2014 and 2016, an exhibit honoring Native American women artists, featuring works by Jeri Ah-be-hill, Margarete Bagshaw, and Wapp, was on display at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture in Santa Fe.^[32] The Institute of American Indian Art's Museum of Contemporary Native Art, in downtown Santa Fe, has some of her work in its permanent collection.^[33] Her teaching career was widely influential;^[7] Wendy Ponca, who followed Sandy Wilson in teaching Wapp's traditional techniques courses in 1982, drew on both Wapp and Wilson's legacies in teaching Native fashion designers into the 1990s.^[34] She also won multiple awards for her contemporary Native fashion designs, taking first prize from the Santa Fe Indian Market every year from 1982 until 1987.^[35] Phyllis Wahahrocktah-Tasi, director of the Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center, was one of Wapp's students.^[29]

References

1. U.S. Indian Census 1912, p. 586.
2. U.S. Indian Census 1914, p. 66.
3. U.S. Indian Census 1916, p. 360.
4. U.S. Census 1920, p. 4B.
5. Oklahoma School Census 1929, p. 407.
6. On the Comanche census records for family #599, the daughter born in 1912 consistently is named May G. Myers, the sister immediately born before her is noted as Mollie born in 1908.^[1][2][3] Federal and Oklahoma school censuses show these two daughters to be named Josephine born 1912 and Catherine born 1908 or 1910.^[4][5] All other siblings' names match in both records.
7. The Lawton Constitution 2014.
8. U.S. Indian Census 1921, p. 442.
9. U.S. Census 1930, p. 3A.
10. Meyn 2001, p. 66.
11. Native American Times 2009.
12. Myers 1936, pp. 23–24.
13. Meyn 2001, p. 206.
14. U.S. Census 1940, p. 1A.
15. Tributes 2012.
16. The Lawton Constitution 2016.
17. The Arkansas City Traveler 1958, p. 6.
18. The Miami Daily News-Record 1960, p. 13.
19. New 2016, p. 211.
20. The Arkansas City Traveler 1961, p. 12.
21. New 2016, p. 189.
22. Metcalfe 2010, p. 136.
23. Metcalfe 2010, p. 137.
24. Lockridge 2013.
25. The Lawton Constitution 1977, p. 35.
26. Montiel 2015.
27. Metcalfe 2010, pp. 142–143, 147.
28. Metcalfe 2010, pp. 147–148.
29. KSWO-TV 2009.
30. Art in America 1994, p. 35.
31. The Oklahoman 2009.
32. Jacobs 2016.
33. Lovett 1993, p. 72.
34. Metcalfe 2010, pp. 159–165.
35. Metcalfe 2010, p. 165.

Further reading

• Jacobs, Alex (April 28, 2016). . New York City, New York: Indian Country Media Network. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• Lockridge, Kay (8 August 2013). "2013 Lifetime Achievement Awards". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• Lovett, Sarah (1993). Unique New Mexico: A guide to the state's quirks, charisma, and character (1st ed.). Santa Fe, New Mexico: John Muir Publications. ISBN 1-56261-102-X.
• Metcalfe, Jessica RheAnn (2010). Native Designers of High Fashion: Expressing Identity, Creativity, and Tradition in Contemporary Customary Clothing Design (Ph.D). Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194057.
• Meyn, Susan L. (2001). More Than Curiosities: A Grassroots History of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board and Its Precursors, 1920–1942. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0249-7.
• Montiel, Anya (10 November 2015). . National Museum of the American Indian. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• Myers, Josephine (15 September 1936). "Introduction of Arts and Crafts at Chilocco". Indians at Work. Washington, D.C.: Office of Indian Affairs. IV (3): 23–24. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• New, Lloyd Kiva (2016). The Sound of Drums: A Memoir of Lloyd Kiva New. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press. ISBN 978-1-61139-466-5.
• "1912 Indian Census: Comanche Indians of the Kiowa Indian Agency, Anadarko, Oklahoma". archive.org. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 30 June 1912. p. 586. NARA Microfilm Series #595, Roll 213. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1914 Indian Census: Comanche Indians of the Kiowa Indian Agency, Anadarko, Oklahoma". Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 1 July 1914. p. 66. NARA Microfilm Series #595, Roll 214. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1916 Indian Census: Comanche Indians of the Kiowa Indian Agency, Anadarko, Oklahoma". Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 30 June 1916. p. 360. NARA Microfilm Series #595, Roll 214. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1920 U. S. Census: Chandler Township, Comanche County, Oklahoma". Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 19 January 1920. p. 4B. NARA Microfilm Series #T625, Roll 1458. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1921 Indian Census: Comanche Indians of the Kiowa Indian Agency, Anadarko, Oklahoma". Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 1921. p. 442. NARA Microfilm Series #595, Roll 215. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1929 School Census: Comanche Tribe, District 56, Apache, Caddo County, Oklahoma". Anadarko, Oklahoma: Caddo County district school office. 22 January 1929. p. 407. GS Film #2022400. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1930 U. S. Census: Boone Township, Caddo County, Oklahoma". Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 7 April 1930. p. 3A. NARA Microfilm Series #T626, Roll 1894. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "1940 U. S. Census: Chilocco Indian School, Newkirk Township, Kay County, Oklahoma". Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Service. 2 May 1940. p. 1A. NARA Microfilm Series #T627, Roll 3301. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "Art Guild Sets Demonstration". Lawton, Oklahoma: The Lawton Constitution. 10 November 1977. p. 35. Retrieved 14 August 2017 – via Newspapers.com.  
• . Tributes.com. Arkansas City, Kansas: Rindt-Erdman Funeral Home. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• . Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Native American Times. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• . Lawton, Oklahoma: The Lawton Constitution. 23 April 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• . The Oklahoman. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 28 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "Indian Museum in Manhattan". Art in America. New York City, New York: Brant Art Publications Incorporated. 82 (10): 35. October 1994. ISSN 0004-3214. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• . Lawton, Oklahoma: KSWO-TV. American Broadcasting Company. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• . Lawton, Oklahoma: The Lawton Constitution. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
• "Kiwaniqueens Entertained at Chilocco". Arkansas City, Kansas: The Arkansas City Traveler. 20 February 1958. p. 6. Retrieved 14 August 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.  
• "Piano Recital". Arkansas City, Kansas: The Arkansas City Traveler. 31 May 1961. p. 12. Retrieved 14 August 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com.  
• "(untitled)". Miami, Oklahoma: The Miami Daily News-Record. 10 April 1960. p. 13. Retrieved 14 August 2017 – via Newspapers.com.