Zinc gluconate is the zincsalt of gluconic acid. It is an ioniccompound consisting of two anions of gluconate for each zinc(II) cation. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight.
Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially made by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter.[1] In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation,[2] although this is a more expensive process. The advantages are a lower microbiological profile, and a more complete reaction, yielding a product with a longer shelf life.
Zinc gluconate has been used in lozenges for treating the common cold. However, controlled trials with lozenges which include zinc acetate have found it has the greatest effect on the duration of colds.[3][4] Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold, but has been reported to cause anosmia in some cases.[5][6][7][8]
Safety concernsedit
Instances of anosmia (loss of smell) have been reported with intranasal use of some products containing zinc gluconate. In September 2003, Zicam faced lawsuits from users who claimed that the product, a nasal gel containing zinc gluconate and several inactive ingredients, negatively affected their sense of smell and sometimes taste. Some plaintiffs alleged experiencing a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product. Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., the maker of Zicam, responded that only a small number of people had experienced problems and that anosmia can be caused by the common cold itself. In January 2006, 340 lawsuits were settled for $12 million.[9]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers zinc gluconate to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement.[10] On 16 June 2009 the FDA "warned consumers to stop using and discard three zinc-containing Zicam intranasal products. The products may cause a loss of sense of smell. ... FDA is concerned that the loss of sense of smell may be permanent."[11][12] Matrixx responded that the FDA's allegations were "unfounded and misleading", citing a lack of evidence from controlled tests that Zicam causes anosmia.[13] In its warning, the FDA stated, "This warning does not involve oral zinc tablets and lozenges taken by mouth. Dietary zinc is also not subject to this warning."[11]
Veterinary useedit
A zinc gluconate-based product, also containing arginine, is used as a veterinary chemical castration drug. For dogs, the product is injected directly into the testicles.[14] It has been sold under various brand names, including Neutersol and Esterilsol.[14]
Referencesedit
^Sumitra Ramachandran, Pierre Fontanille, Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche (2006). "Gluconic Acid: A Review" (PDF). Food Technology and Biotechnology. 44 (2): 185–195. Retrieved 2006-12-06.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Henk G.J. de Wilt (1972). "Part I: The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid". Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 11 (4): 370. doi:10.1021/i360044a002.
^Eby, George A. (2004). "Zinc lozenges: cold cure or candy? Solution chemistry determinations" (PDF). Biosci. Rep.24 (1): 23–39. CiteSeerX10.1.1.498.6625. doi:10.1023/B:BIRE.0000037754.71063.41. PMC7087920. PMID 15499830.
^Hemilä, Harri; Petrus, Edward J.; Fitzgerald, James T.; Prasad, Ananda (2016). "Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: An individual patient data meta-analysis". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.82 (5): 1393–1398. doi:10.1111/bcp.13057. PMC5061795. PMID 27378206.
^Jafek, Bruce W.; Linschoten, Miriam R.; Murrow, Bruce W. (2004). "Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use" (PDF). Am. J. Rhinol.18 (3): 137–141. doi:10.1177/194589240401800302. PMID 15283486. S2CID 12554540.
^Alexander, Thomas H.; Davidson, Terence M. (2006). "Intranasal zinc and anosmia: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 116 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000191549.17796.13. PMID 16467707. S2CID 39830031.
^D'Cruze, Hubert; Arroll, Bruce; Kenealy, Tim (2009). "Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Prim. Health Care. 1 (2): 134–139. doi:10.1071/HC09134. PMID 20690364.
^Davidson, Terence M.; Smith, W. M. (2010). "The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc-induced anosmia: A causality analysis". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.136 (7): 673–676. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.111. PMID 20644061.
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Zinc gluconate is the zinc salt of gluconic acid It is an ionic compound consisting of two anions of gluconate for each zinc II cation Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement providing 14 35 elemental zinc by weight Zinc gluconate NamesOther names zincum gluconicumIdentifiersCAS Number 4468 02 4 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChEBI CHEBI 29708ChEMBL ChEMBL3833377ChemSpider 391659 YDrugBank DB11248ECHA InfoCard 100 022 489EC Number 224 736 9KEGG D02390PubChem CID 20543UNII U6WSN5SQ1Z NCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID20894125InChI InChI 1S 2C6H12O7 Zn c2 7 1 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6 12 13 h2 2 5 7 11H 1H2 H 12 13 q 2 p 2 t2 2 3 4 5 m11 s1 YKey WHMDKBIGKVEYHS IYEMJOQQSA L YInChI 1 2C6H12O7 Zn c2 7 1 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6 12 13 h2 2 5 7 11H 1H2 H 12 13 q 2 p 2 t2 2 3 4 5 m11 s1Key WHMDKBIGKVEYHS QFKJHGNTBISMILES Zn 2 O C O C H O C H O C H O C H O CO O C O C H O C H O C H O C H O COPropertiesChemical formula C12H22O14ZnMolar mass 455 685 g molMelting point 172 to 175 C 342 to 347 F 445 to 448 K PharmacologyATC code A12CB02 WHO Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Zinc gluconate dietary supplementsGluconic acid is found naturally and is industrially made by the fermentation of glucose typically by Aspergillus niger but also by other fungi e g Penicillium or by bacteria e g Acetobacter Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter 1 In its pure form it is a white to off white powder It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation 2 although this is a more expensive process The advantages are a lower microbiological profile and a more complete reaction yielding a product with a longer shelf life Contents 1 Zinc gluconate and the common cold 2 Safety concerns 3 Veterinary use 4 References 5 External linksZinc gluconate and the common cold editZinc gluconate has been used in lozenges for treating the common cold However controlled trials with lozenges which include zinc acetate have found it has the greatest effect on the duration of colds 3 4 Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold but has been reported to cause anosmia in some cases 5 6 7 8 Safety concerns editInstances of anosmia loss of smell have been reported with intranasal use of some products containing zinc gluconate In September 2003 Zicam faced lawsuits from users who claimed that the product a nasal gel containing zinc gluconate and several inactive ingredients negatively affected their sense of smell and sometimes taste Some plaintiffs alleged experiencing a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product Matrixx Initiatives Inc the maker of Zicam responded that only a small number of people had experienced problems and that anosmia can be caused by the common cold itself In January 2006 340 lawsuits were settled for 12 million 9 The U S Food and Drug Administration FDA considers zinc gluconate to be generally recognized as safe GRAS when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement 10 On 16 June 2009 the FDA warned consumers to stop using and discard three zinc containing Zicam intranasal products The products may cause a loss of sense of smell FDA is concerned that the loss of sense of smell may be permanent 11 12 Matrixx responded that the FDA s allegations were unfounded and misleading citing a lack of evidence from controlled tests that Zicam causes anosmia 13 In its warning the FDA stated This warning does not involve oral zinc tablets and lozenges taken by mouth Dietary zinc is also not subject to this warning 11 Veterinary use editA zinc gluconate based product also containing arginine is used as a veterinary chemical castration drug For dogs the product is injected directly into the testicles 14 It has been sold under various brand names including Neutersol and Esterilsol 14 References edit Sumitra Ramachandran Pierre Fontanille Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche 2006 Gluconic Acid A Review PDF Food Technology and Biotechnology 44 2 185 195 Retrieved 2006 12 06 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Henk G J de Wilt 1972 Part I The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 11 4 370 doi 10 1021 i360044a002 Eby George A 2004 Zinc lozenges cold cure or candy Solution chemistry determinations PDF Biosci Rep 24 1 23 39 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 498 6625 doi 10 1023 B BIRE 0000037754 71063 41 PMC 7087920 PMID 15499830 Hemila Harri Petrus Edward J Fitzgerald James T Prasad Ananda 2016 Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold An individual patient data meta analysis Br J Clin Pharmacol 82 5 1393 1398 doi 10 1111 bcp 13057 PMC 5061795 PMID 27378206 Jafek Bruce W Linschoten Miriam R Murrow Bruce W 2004 Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use PDF Am J Rhinol 18 3 137 141 doi 10 1177 194589240401800302 PMID 15283486 S2CID 12554540 Alexander Thomas H Davidson Terence M 2006 Intranasal zinc and anosmia The zinc induced anosmia syndrome The Laryngoscope 116 2 217 220 doi 10 1097 01 mlg 0000191549 17796 13 PMID 16467707 S2CID 39830031 D Cruze Hubert Arroll Bruce Kenealy Tim 2009 Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold A systematic review and meta analysis J Prim Health Care 1 2 134 139 doi 10 1071 HC09134 PMID 20690364 Davidson Terence M Smith W M 2010 The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc induced anosmia A causality analysis Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136 7 673 676 doi 10 1001 archoto 2010 111 PMID 20644061 zicam vanosteen com Archived June 22 2007 at the Wayback Machine Title 21 Part 182 Substances Generally Recognized as Safe 21CFR182 United States Code of Federal Regulations Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services Retrieved 2007 07 09 a b Warnings on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products www fda gov Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 Retrieved 13 January 2022 FDA Advises Consumers Not to Use Certain Zicam Cold Remedies www fda gov Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 Retrieved 13 January 2022 FDA warns against using 3 popular Zicam cold meds CNN 2009 06 16 Retrieved 2010 04 29 a b Macpherson CNL Meslin F X Wandeler AI eds 2012 Chemosterilants Dogs zoonoses and public health 2nd ed Wallingford Oxfordshire CABI p 265 ISBN 9781845938352 External links editA12CB02 WHO Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zinc gluconate amp oldid 1185499101, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
