Yusuf (ibn Ali) Karamanli, Caramanli or Qaramanli or al-Qaramanli (most commonly Yusuf Karamanli), (1766–1838) was the longest-reigning Pasha of the Karamanli dynasty of Tripolitania (in present-day Libya). He is noted for his role in the Barbary Wars against the United States.
Born in Tripoli in 1766, Karamanli, a member of the Karamanli dynasty (named after the Karamanids in Turkey), was originally of Turkish origin.[1] His brother, Hamet Karamanli, was deposed from leadership in 1793 by Ottoman Empire officer Ali Pasha, who proceeded to exile the Karamanli family and claim Ottoman rule over Tripoli. In 1795, Hamet and Yusuf returned to Tripoli, and with the aid of Hammuda Pasha of the neighboring Barbary state of Tunis, recaptured it from Ali Pasha. Yusuf then had his brother exiled to Alexandria, Egypt and claimed the throne for himself.
In 1796, Karamanli drafted and signed the Treaty of Tripoli, which permitted the passage of American commercial ships through Tripolitanian waters.[3] In 1801, Karamanli allegedly violated the treaty by demanding a tribute of $225,000 from third American PresidentThomas Jefferson. Jefferson, confident in the ability of the fledgling United States Navy (newly reinforced with the building of six heavy frigates beginning in 1797) to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands. This led the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole with the American flag before the U.S. consulate.
The U.S. Navy attempted to blockade Tripoli's harbors with a squadron sent by President Jefferson in 1803. After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the grounded American frigate USS Philadelphia in October 1803, the Pasha soon found himself threatened after a raid led by US Navy lieutenant Stephen Decatur to burn and scuttle the Philadelphia in Tripoli's harbor. By 1805, following a defeat at the Battle of Derna as well as the allied recruitment of his deposed brother Hamet Karamanli by American army officer and diplomatic consul William Eaton, Karamanli was forced to capitulate. He signed a treaty with American emissary Tobias Lear of the U.S. Department of State that officially ended the war on 10 June 1805.
On 5 September 1817, Yusuf Karamanli invited the leaders of the al-Jawazi tribe of Libya to his castle in Benghazi, following a dispute regarding tribute and an al-Jawazi uprising against his rule. Consequently, the Pasha ordered the execution of all attendees and of all other tribe members, which resulted in a massacre of at least 10,000 people. Survivors eventually sought refuge in neighboring countries, especially in Egypt.[4][5]
Decline of the Karamanli dynastyedit
By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up corsair activity almost entirely, and Tripoli's economy began to crumble.[1] Karamanli attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the trans-Saharan slave trade, but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree in the United States, this failed to salvage Tripoli's economy. As Karamanli weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons; though Karamanli abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II in Istanbul sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but they instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli.[2]
^Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America /. Treaties, etc. Washington, D.C. 1931–1948. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104106221.
^"Avalon Project - The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
^"Libyan tribe demands to prosecute Turkey for the massacres committed against its people, similar to that of the Armenians". horizonweekly.ca. 5 October 2016.
^. 3thmanly.com/ (in Arabic). 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
Fredriksen, John C. (2001), "Karamanli, Yusuf", America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present, ABC-CLIO, ISBN1-57607-603-2.
Referencesedit
Folayan, Kola Tripoli during the reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli. Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1979.
Hume, L. J. "Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham." The Journal of African History 21.3 (1980): 311–322.
London, Joshua E. Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. ISBN0-471-44415-4
McLachlan, K. S. "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551–1850)." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series 3.3 (1978): 285–294.
Booksedit
LAFI (Nora), Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795–1911), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 305 p.
External linksedit
US Country Studies: Libya
Preceded by
Ahmad II Pasha
Pasha of Tripoli 1795–1832
Succeeded by
Ali II
February 15, 2024
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Yusuf ibn Ali Karamanli Caramanli or Qaramanli or al Qaramanli most commonly Yusuf Karamanli 1766 1838 was the longest reigning Pasha of the Karamanli dynasty of Tripolitania in present day Libya He is noted for his role in the Barbary Wars against the United States Yusuf KaramanliPasha of TripoliPredecessorAli Pasha usurper SuccessorAli IIBorn1766Tripoli Ottoman TripolitaniaDied1838 aged 72 DynastyKaramanli dynastyFatherAli IReligionIslam Contents 1 Assumption of the throne 2 Barbary Wars 3 Al Jawazi massacre 4 Decline of the Karamanli dynasty 5 References 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 Books 10 External linksAssumption of the throne editMain article 1793 95 Tripolitanian civil war Born in Tripoli in 1766 Karamanli a member of the Karamanli dynasty named after the Karamanids in Turkey was originally of Turkish origin 1 His brother Hamet Karamanli was deposed from leadership in 1793 by Ottoman Empire officer Ali Pasha who proceeded to exile the Karamanli family and claim Ottoman rule over Tripoli In 1795 Hamet and Yusuf returned to Tripoli and with the aid of Hammuda Pasha of the neighboring Barbary state of Tunis recaptured it from Ali Pasha Yusuf then had his brother exiled to Alexandria Egypt and claimed the throne for himself Barbary Wars editMain articles First Barbary War and Second Barbary War nbsp A scan of the original Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary known popularly as the Treaty of Tripoli written in Arabic signed 4 November 1796 2 In 1796 Karamanli drafted and signed the Treaty of Tripoli which permitted the passage of American commercial ships through Tripolitanian waters 3 In 1801 Karamanli allegedly violated the treaty by demanding a tribute of 225 000 from third American President Thomas Jefferson Jefferson confident in the ability of the fledgling United States Navy newly reinforced with the building of six heavy frigates beginning in 1797 to protect American shipping refused the Pasha s demands This led the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole with the American flag before the U S consulate The U S Navy attempted to blockade Tripoli s harbors with a squadron sent by President Jefferson in 1803 After some initial military successes most notably the capture of the grounded American frigate USS Philadelphia in October 1803 the Pasha soon found himself threatened after a raid led by US Navy lieutenant Stephen Decatur to burn and scuttle the Philadelphia in Tripoli s harbor By 1805 following a defeat at the Battle of Derna as well as the allied recruitment of his deposed brother Hamet Karamanli by American army officer and diplomatic consul William Eaton Karamanli was forced to capitulate He signed a treaty with American emissary Tobias Lear of the U S Department of State that officially ended the war on 10 June 1805 Al Jawazi massacre editMain article Al Jawazi massacre On 5 September 1817 Yusuf Karamanli invited the leaders of the al Jawazi tribe of Libya to his castle in Benghazi following a dispute regarding tribute and an al Jawazi uprising against his rule Consequently the Pasha ordered the execution of all attendees and of all other tribe members which resulted in a massacre of at least 10 000 people Survivors eventually sought refuge in neighboring countries especially in Egypt 4 5 Decline of the Karamanli dynasty editBy 1819 the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up corsair activity almost entirely and Tripoli s economy began to crumble 1 Karamanli attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the trans Saharan slave trade but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree in the United States this failed to salvage Tripoli s economy As Karamanli weakened factions sprung up around his three sons though Karamanli abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II civil war soon resulted Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II in Istanbul sent in troops ostensibly to restore order but they instead deposed and exiled Ali II marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli 2 References edit Fredriksen 2001 265 Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America Treaties etc Washington D C 1931 1948 hdl 2027 uiug 30112104106221 Avalon Project The Barbary Treaties 1786 1816 Treaty of Peace and Friendship Signed at Tripoli November 4 1796 avalon law yale edu Retrieved 2018 11 08 Libyan tribe demands to prosecute Turkey for the massacres committed against its people similar to that of the Armenians horizonweekly ca 5 October 2016 مذبحة الجوازي دماء 10 آلاف ليبي تطارد إردوغان 3thmanly com in Arabic 18 October 2018 Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 21 December 2019 Notes edit Hume 311 US Country StudiesBibliography editFredriksen John C 2001 Karamanli Yusuf America s Military Adversaries From Colonial Times to the Present ABC CLIO ISBN 1 57607 603 2 References editFolayan Kola Tripoli during the reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli Ife Nigeria University of Ife Press 1979 Hume L J Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s Ali Karamanli Hassuna D Ghies and Jeremy Bentham The Journal of African History 21 3 1980 311 322 London Joshua E Victory in Tripoli How America s War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U S Navy and Shaped a Nation New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons Inc 2005 ISBN 0 471 44415 4 McLachlan K S Tripoli and Tripolitania Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs 1551 1850 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series 3 3 1978 285 294 Books editLAFI Nora Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien regime et reformes ottomanes Genese des institutions municipales a Tripoli de Barbarie 1795 1911 Paris L Harmattan 2002 305 p External links editUS Country Studies LibyaPreceded byAhmad II Pasha Pasha of Tripoli1795 1832 Succeeded byAli II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yusuf Karamanli amp oldid 1195215430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
