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Yunqi Zhuhong

April 10, 2024

Yunqi Zhuhong (Chinese: 雲棲袾宏; pinyin: Yúnqī Zhūhóng; Wade–Giles: Chu Hung; 1535–1615), also named Zhuhong, was a Chinese Buddhist monk during the late Ming Dynasty. His name Yunqi derives from his monastic residence on Mount Yunqi (雲棲山) hence "Zhuhong of Yunqi [Mountain]". In Chinese Buddhism, Yunqi Zhuhong is best remembered as the Eighth Patriarch of the Pure Land tradition, and is known for his analysis of the Pure Land thought, and reconciling "mind-only" interpretations with more literal "Western Pure Land" interpretations. Along with his lay follower, Yuan Hongdao, Zhuhong wrote extensively on the Pure Land and defended its tradition against other Buddhist critics, while analyzing the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha within the larger Buddhist context.[1][2]

portrait of the Zhu Hong

Furthermore, Yunqi Zhuhong rebuilt the local monastery on Mount Yunqi, and earned a reputation as a reformer and disciplinarian.[2]

In contemporary western sources, Yunqi Zhuhong is also remembered for his rebuttal to Roman Catholicism, with his writings a direct rebuttal to the Jesuit Matteo Ricci (利瑪竇).

Biography edit

Yunqi Zhuhong was born in 1535 in Hangzhou Province into a well-educated family with the surname Shen. Zhuhong was reportedly an excellent student, and passed the first level of the Imperial civil-service exams, and continued studying to the age of 32. However, Zhuhong did not pass any further exams.[2] His first encounter with Buddhism, especially the Pure Land tradition, reputedly began after he heard his neighbor intoning the nianfo.[2]

After series of personal misfortunes, starting with the death of his infant son, followed by his wife, other family losses, and failure to advance any further in the civil-service exams, Zhuhong took up the monastic life in 1566. His second wife took up lay Buddhist precepts in support. One story recounts how Zhuhong, after seeing a teacup fall and shatter, pondered the intransience of life, and decide then and there to become a monk.

By 1571 he returned to his native province after several years of traveling and studying under one teacher or another. The monastery on Mount Yunqi had fallen into ruin, but after local sponsorship, he restored the temple and assumed leadership of the local religious community. Due to his educated background, he assisted when official matters required someone who could speak Mandarin Chinese, and developed a network of gentlemen who sought his advice on spiritual matters as well.

Opposition to Catholicism edit

Yunqi Zhuhong was among the first of a growing rebuttal to the influence of Catholicism in Chinese society, starting with a short work, the Tianshuo siduan (simplified Chinese: 天说四端; traditional Chinese: 天說四端; lit. 'Four Essays on Heaven'), in 1615, five years after the death of Matteo Ricci.[3] Zhuhong's polemic coincided with the political appointment of Shen Que (沈隺, d. 1624) as vice minister of rites in Nanking (Nanjing) and his initiation of an anti-Catholic campaign from official circles in 1616.[citation needed]

In the Zhuchuang suibi (simplified Chinese: 竹窗随笔; traditional Chinese: 竹窗隨筆; lit. 'Jottings under a Bamboo Window'), published in three sections: the Chubi (初笔), Erbi (二笔) and the Sanbi (三笔), he describes Matto Ricci as follows:[4]

Though he worships the Lord of Heaven, in reality he has no conception of Heaven. . . . According to him the Lord of Heaven is a being without form, without color or sound. One can then only conclude that Heaven is nothing more than [pure] reason. But how can [pure reason] rule its subjects, or promulgate laws, or reward and punish? He [Ricci] may be an intelligent person, but he has never learned the scriptures of Buddhists; what could be expected but that his doctrine would be wrong.

Pure Land Writings edit

 
Yunqi Zhuhong portrait

Yunqi Zhuhong wrote extensively on the Pure Land Buddhist tradition both to defend it from criticism from other Buddhist institutions (primarily Chan), and to explore and clarify the teachings more.

For example, in his commentary on the Amitabha Sutra, Zhuhong wrote on the phenomenal aspect of the Pure Land, and how at the highest level, the awakened mind sees the Pure Land as it really is.[1] In so doing, Zhuhong attempted to reconcile the more traditional "Western-direction" view of the Pure Land with the more "mind-only" position frequently espoused by Chan Buddhist institutions.

In addition, in his Dá Jìngtǔ Sìshíbā Wèn (simplified Chinese: 答浄土四十八; traditional Chinese: 答淨土四十八問; lit. 'Answers to Forty Eight Questions about the Pure Land') (CBETA X.1158), Zhuhong teaches, for example, the importance of the nianfo in establishing a "resonance" with the Buddha Amitabha which leads to a mutual effect that leads to rebirth in the Pure Land. In additional to a strict, disciplined lifestyle, Zhuhong advocates the verbal form of the nianfo in particular due to the declining Age of the Dharma.[1]

Teachings edit

Zhuhong's teachings and writings sought to reconcile various strands and interpretations of Pure Land Buddhist practice by using the concepts of principle (Chinese: 理; pinyin: lǐ) and phenomena (Chinese: 事; pinyin: shī)[1] to distinguish between Amitabha Buddha as a non-dualistic, "mind-only" concept, and Amitabha Buddha as a literal Buddha in the western Pure Land. Zhuhong felt that Pure Land Buddhism is flexible enough to account for both interpretations, depending on one's personal interpretation.[2]

For Zhuhong, the ultimate goal of Pure Land Buddhism was to attain samadhi focused on Amitabha Buddha, realizing that the Buddha was one's own mind:[2]

To contemplate the Buddha (nianfo) is to contemplate the mind (nian-xin). Birth there (in the Pure Land) does not entail birth away from here. Mind, Buddha, and sentient beingsare all of one substance; the middle stream (non-duality) does not abide on the two banks (this world and the Pure Land).

For example, the practice of reciting the nianfo works in either context, Zhuhong wrote, since a literal interpretation of reciting the nianfo would lead one to be reborn in the Pure Land, while in a mind-only context, reciting the nianfo would lead to a focused, "unperturbed mind".[2] However, Zhuhong felt that either interpretation was valid, and would ultimately lead toward Enlightenment. However, Zhuhong was more critical toward an excessive bias toward a "mind-only"/principle interpretation as it could lead to hubris and arrogance.[2]

In addition to recitation of the nianfo, Zhuhong also advocated other mainstream Buddhist practices such as chanting of the Buddhist sutras, upholding the Buddhist vows such as the five precepts, studying Buddhist teachings, practicing compassion including vegetarianism, and so on.[2]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Jones, Charles B. (2019). Chinese Pure Land Buddhism: Understanding a Tradition of Practice. Institute of Buddhist Studies. pp. 52, 70–74. ISBN 978-0-8248-8841-1.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jones, Charles B. (2021). Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice (Buddhist Foundations). Shambhala. pp. 82–95. ISBN 978-1611808902.
  3. ^ Meynard, Thierry (June 2017). "Beyond Religious Exclusivism: The Jesuit Attacks against Buddhism and Xu Dashou's Refutation of 1623, In: Journal of Jesuit Studies, Author: Thierry Meynard S.J." Journal of Jesuit Studies. 4 (3): 415–430. doi:10.1163/22141332-00403003. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2023-05-11.

General references edit

  • Yu Chun-fang, Renewal of Buddhism in China: Chu-Hung & the Late Ming Synthesis, Columbia University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-231-04972-2
  • JEFFREY L. BROUGHTON,WITH ELISE YOKO WATANABE,© Oxford University Press 2015

The Chan Whip Anthology:A Companion to Zen Practice. Chan Whip Yunqi Zhuhong’s 雲棲袾宏 Whip for Spurring Students Onward through the Chan Barrier Checkpoints (Changuan cejin 禪關策進; T.2024.48.1097c10-1109a16) Anthology of extracts from Chan records dating from the late Tang dynasty to the Ming dynasty; also includes extracts from sutras and treatises; many with Zhuhong's appended comments

Articles edit

  • Carpenter, Bruce, E. "Buddhism and the Seventeenth Century Anti-Catholic Movement in China", Tezukayama University Review (Tezukayama Daigaku Ronshu), no. 54, 1986, pp. 17–26. ISSN 0385-7743
  • Yu Chun-fang in Goodrich and Fang ed., Dictionary of Ming Biography, Columbia University Press, New York, 1976, vol. 1, 322–324. ISBN 0-231-03801-1

April 10, 2024
yunqi, zhuhong, chinese, 雲棲袾宏, pinyin, yúnqī, zhūhóng, wade, giles, hung, 1535, 1615, also, named, zhuhong, chinese, buddhist, monk, during, late, ming, dynasty, name, yunqi, derives, from, monastic, residence, mount, yunqi, 雲棲山, hence, zhuhong, yunqi, mountai. Yunqi Zhuhong Chinese 雲棲袾宏 pinyin Yunqi Zhuhong Wade Giles Chu Hung 1535 1615 also named Zhuhong was a Chinese Buddhist monk during the late Ming Dynasty His name Yunqi derives from his monastic residence on Mount Yunqi 雲棲山 hence Zhuhong of Yunqi Mountain In Chinese Buddhism Yunqi Zhuhong is best remembered as the Eighth Patriarch of the Pure Land tradition and is known for his analysis of the Pure Land thought and reconciling mind only interpretations with more literal Western Pure Land interpretations Along with his lay follower Yuan Hongdao Zhuhong wrote extensively on the Pure Land and defended its tradition against other Buddhist critics while analyzing the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha within the larger Buddhist context 1 2 portrait of the Zhu HongFurthermore Yunqi Zhuhong rebuilt the local monastery on Mount Yunqi and earned a reputation as a reformer and disciplinarian 2 In contemporary western sources Yunqi Zhuhong is also remembered for his rebuttal to Roman Catholicism with his writings a direct rebuttal to the Jesuit Matteo Ricci 利瑪竇 Contents 1 Biography 2 Opposition to Catholicism 3 Pure Land Writings 4 Teachings 5 References 5 1 General references 6 ArticlesBiography editYunqi Zhuhong was born in 1535 in Hangzhou Province into a well educated family with the surname Shen Zhuhong was reportedly an excellent student and passed the first level of the Imperial civil service exams and continued studying to the age of 32 However Zhuhong did not pass any further exams 2 His first encounter with Buddhism especially the Pure Land tradition reputedly began after he heard his neighbor intoning the nianfo 2 After series of personal misfortunes starting with the death of his infant son followed by his wife other family losses and failure to advance any further in the civil service exams Zhuhong took up the monastic life in 1566 His second wife took up lay Buddhist precepts in support One story recounts how Zhuhong after seeing a teacup fall and shatter pondered the intransience of life and decide then and there to become a monk By 1571 he returned to his native province after several years of traveling and studying under one teacher or another The monastery on Mount Yunqi had fallen into ruin but after local sponsorship he restored the temple and assumed leadership of the local religious community Due to his educated background he assisted when official matters required someone who could speak Mandarin Chinese and developed a network of gentlemen who sought his advice on spiritual matters as well Opposition to Catholicism editYunqi Zhuhong was among the first of a growing rebuttal to the influence of Catholicism in Chinese society starting with a short work the Tianshuo siduan simplified Chinese 天说四端 traditional Chinese 天說四端 lit Four Essays on Heaven in 1615 five years after the death of Matteo Ricci 3 Zhuhong s polemic coincided with the political appointment of Shen Que 沈隺 d 1624 as vice minister of rites in Nanking Nanjing and his initiation of an anti Catholic campaign from official circles in 1616 citation needed In the Zhuchuang suibi simplified Chinese 竹窗随笔 traditional Chinese 竹窗隨筆 lit Jottings under a Bamboo Window published in three sections the Chubi 初笔 Erbi 二笔 and the Sanbi 三笔 he describes Matto Ricci as follows 4 Though he worships the Lord of Heaven in reality he has no conception of Heaven According to him the Lord of Heaven is a being without form without color or sound One can then only conclude that Heaven is nothing more than pure reason But how can pure reason rule its subjects or promulgate laws or reward and punish He Ricci may be an intelligent person but he has never learned the scriptures of Buddhists what could be expected but that his doctrine would be wrong Pure Land Writings edit nbsp Yunqi Zhuhong portraitYunqi Zhuhong wrote extensively on the Pure Land Buddhist tradition both to defend it from criticism from other Buddhist institutions primarily Chan and to explore and clarify the teachings more For example in his commentary on the Amitabha Sutra Zhuhong wrote on the phenomenal aspect of the Pure Land and how at the highest level the awakened mind sees the Pure Land as it really is 1 In so doing Zhuhong attempted to reconcile the more traditional Western direction view of the Pure Land with the more mind only position frequently espoused by Chan Buddhist institutions In addition in his Da Jingtǔ Sishiba Wen simplified Chinese 答浄土四十八 traditional Chinese 答淨土四十八問 lit Answers to Forty Eight Questions about the Pure Land CBETA X 1158 Zhuhong teaches for example the importance of the nianfo in establishing a resonance with the Buddha Amitabha which leads to a mutual effect that leads to rebirth in the Pure Land In additional to a strict disciplined lifestyle Zhuhong advocates the verbal form of the nianfo in particular due to the declining Age of the Dharma 1 Teachings editZhuhong s teachings and writings sought to reconcile various strands and interpretations of Pure Land Buddhist practice by using the concepts of principle Chinese 理 pinyin lǐ and phenomena Chinese 事 pinyin shi 1 to distinguish between Amitabha Buddha as a non dualistic mind only concept and Amitabha Buddha as a literal Buddha in the western Pure Land Zhuhong felt that Pure Land Buddhism is flexible enough to account for both interpretations depending on one s personal interpretation 2 For Zhuhong the ultimate goal of Pure Land Buddhism was to attain samadhi focused on Amitabha Buddha realizing that the Buddha was one s own mind 2 To contemplate the Buddha nianfo is to contemplate the mind nian xin Birth there in the Pure Land does not entail birth away from here Mind Buddha and sentient beingsare all of one substance the middle stream non duality does not abide on the two banks this world and the Pure Land For example the practice of reciting the nianfo works in either context Zhuhong wrote since a literal interpretation of reciting the nianfo would lead one to be reborn in the Pure Land while in a mind only context reciting the nianfo would lead to a focused unperturbed mind 2 However Zhuhong felt that either interpretation was valid and would ultimately lead toward Enlightenment However Zhuhong was more critical toward an excessive bias toward a mind only principle interpretation as it could lead to hubris and arrogance 2 In addition to recitation of the nianfo Zhuhong also advocated other mainstream Buddhist practices such as chanting of the Buddhist sutras upholding the Buddhist vows such as the five precepts studying Buddhist teachings practicing compassion including vegetarianism and so on 2 References edit a b c d Jones Charles B 2019 Chinese Pure Land Buddhism Understanding a Tradition of Practice Institute of Buddhist Studies pp 52 70 74 ISBN 978 0 8248 8841 1 a b c d e f g h i Jones Charles B 2021 Pure Land History Tradition and Practice Buddhist Foundations Shambhala pp 82 95 ISBN 978 1611808902 Meynard Thierry June 2017 Beyond Religious Exclusivism The Jesuit Attacks against Buddhism and Xu Dashou s Refutation of 1623 In Journal of Jesuit Studies Author Thierry Meynard S J Journal of Jesuit Studies 4 3 415 430 doi 10 1163 22141332 00403003 Retrieved 2023 05 11 Ricci Roundtable Bianxue yidu 辯學遺牘 Archived from the original on 2015 08 23 Retrieved 2023 05 11 General references edit Yu Chun fang Renewal of Buddhism in China Chu Hung amp the Late Ming Synthesis Columbia University Press 1981 ISBN 0 231 04972 2 JEFFREY L BROUGHTON WITH ELISE YOKO WATANABE c Oxford University Press 2015The Chan Whip Anthology A Companion to Zen Practice Chan Whip Yunqi Zhuhong s 雲棲袾宏 Whip for Spurring Students Onward through the Chan Barrier Checkpoints Changuan cejin 禪關策進 T 2024 48 1097c10 1109a16 Anthology of extracts from Chan records dating from the late Tang dynasty to the Ming dynasty also includes extracts from sutras and treatises many with Zhuhong s appended commentsArticles editCarpenter Bruce E Buddhism and the Seventeenth Century Anti Catholic Movement in China Tezukayama University Review Tezukayama Daigaku Ronshu no 54 1986 pp 17 26 ISSN 0385 7743 Yu Chun fang in Goodrich and Fang ed Dictionary of Ming Biography Columbia University Press New York 1976 vol 1 322 324 ISBN 0 231 03801 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yunqi Zhuhong amp oldid 1179574428, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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