Ypiranga incident

Main article: Mexican Revolution

The Ypiranga Incident occurred on April 21, 1914, at the port of Veracruz in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. The SS Ypiranga was a German steamer that was commissioned to transport arms and munitions to the Mexican federal government under Victoriano Huerta. The United States had placed Mexico under an arms embargo to stifle the flow of weaponry to the war-torn state, then in the throes of civil war, forcing Huerta's government to look to Europe^[1][2] and Japan^[3] for armaments.

Ypiranga Incident
Part of the Mexican Revolution, Occupation of Veracruz
The deck of SS Ypiranga around 1911
Date April 21, 1914 Location Veracruz, Mexico Result German ship captured then released
Belligerents
United States	Germany

Ypiranga tried to enter the harbor at Veracruz to unload on the first day of the US occupation but was detained by US troops who were ordered by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to enforce the arms embargo he had placed on Mexico. There was neither a declaration of war on Mexico by the United States nor a formal blockade on its ports, thus the detention of Ypiranga was not legal and she was released. She proceeded to a port where the US military was absent, Puerto México (modern-day Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz), and was able to offload her cargo to Huerta's officials.^[1][2]

Background

In February 1913, General Victoriano Huerta launched a coup, known as the Ten Tragic Days, with the support of Félix Díaz (the nephew of deposed president Porfirio Díaz) and American Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, as well as ambassadors from other great powers^[which?], to overthrow the federal government of Francisco I. Madero. Madero had kept the Mexican Federal Army and called for the disbanding of revolutionary forces that had helped bring him to power. Madero called upon General Huerta to suppress rebellions that had broken out. Increasing opposition of Madero put his presidency in peril. ^[4] The coup that ousted and murdered Madero occurred in February at the tail-end of the Taft administration and his full support. From March 1913 on, the administration of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson switched tack and opposed the Huerta regime, supporting the rebels instead. Wilson imposed an arms embargo on the Huerta regime, cutting off their access to the weaponry that would keep the regime in office. The European powers did not want to be seen to be involved in the financing and shipping of arms to Huerta since it could increase tensions, if not provoke a conflict with the U.S., which they wished to avoid.^[5]

Huerta sought an agent to purchase the arms he needed, and began working closely with Leon Raast, the Russian vice-consul in Mexico City. Raast traveled to New York City to meet with the Huertista agent Abraham Ratner and Marquard and Company, Importers to purchase twenty machine guns to add to the stockpile already warehoused in the city. Raast then met with the president of Gans Steamship Line who would transport the contraband for him but could not legally consign the weapons to a port in Mexico, however, he would consign to a port in Odessa, Russia.^[6]

Shipment

The manifest obtained by the United States Justice Department following the departure of the SS Brinkhorn lists the large amount of ordnance that was on board the ship. The cargo included: 10,000 cases of 30-caliber cartridges; 4,000 cases of 7-millimeter cartridges; 250 cases of 44-caliber cartridges; 500 cases of carbines (50 in each case for a total of 25,000 carbines); 1000 cases of 14/30 carbines; 20 rapid fire machine guns. The total value listed of the 15,770 cases was recorded at US$607,000.^[7]

Raast shipped the arms to Odessa but did not appear there in time to clear it through customs. As a result, the Russian government seized the consignment. Raast with the help of the Russian embassy in Washington was able to get the shipment released and sent to Hamburg. However, there Raast could not pay for the freight charges resulting in the German government impounding the shipment. Money from the American financier and Huerta supporter John Wesley De Kay finally achieved a release. The arms now went to Havana with German-made Mauser rifles and cartridges added to it. The arms on Ypiranga required "three trains of ten cars each" to unload.^[8]

U.S. actions

The U.S. sought to prevent off-loading of the arms to Huerta. Wilson ordered on 21 April 1914 U.S. troops to occupy the customs house at the port of Veracruz. The Ypiranga was a privately-owned vessel, but the German government declared it part of the Reich's navy, which would protect it from U.S. seizure. The German government filed a protest with the U.S. State Department, saying that seizing the ship and its cargo was a violation of international law, since the U.S. and Mexico were not officially at war. The U.S. apologized for overstepping, but also hoped that it could persuade Germany to cease supplying more arms to Huerta. The arms remained on board the Ypiranga but were off-loaded at Puerto Mexico. More arms for Huerta arrived at the same time on other ships owned by the same company as the Ypiranga.^{[citation needed]}

Although the incident had the potential for greater conflict, in the assessment of historian Friedrich Katz, "the affair had no further consequences and was quickly forgotten," attributing this to the shift in German policy which came more in line with that of the U.S. in May-June 1914.^[9]

References

1. Thomas Baecker, "The Arms of the Ypiranga: The German Side," The Americas, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jul., 1973), pp. 1–17 Published by: Academy of American Franciscan History
2. Ypiranga and Bavaria Unloaded Cargoes at Puerto Mexico.; First had 10,000 Rifles – The New York Times, 28 May 1914
3. "Guns of the Mexican Revolution".
4. Michael C. Meyer, "The Arms of the Ypiranga," The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 50, No. 3 (August 1970), p. 546 Published by: Duke University Press
5. Katz, The Secret War in Mexico, pp. 232–235.
6. Meyer, p. 547
7. Report of Scully, agent, Department of Justice, December 17, 1913, RDS 812.00/10284
8. Heribert von Feilitzsch, In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Amissville, VA, 2012, p. 356
9. Katz, The Secret War in Mexico, p. 240.

Further reading

• Katz, Friedrich. The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981.