Xenastrapotherium is an extinct genus of astrapothere, a type of hoofedherbivorousmammal, native to South America, which lived in the Middle to Late Miocene period, typically during the Laventan stage. It is a member of the family Astrapotheriidae in the subfamily Uruguaytheriinae, large astrapotheres, equipped with a trunk-like nose and protruding teeth, similar to the elephants, but their tusks were the canine teeth, not the incisors. Xenastrapotherium (named after the Greek word xenos "strange" add to the genus Astrapotherium, "lightning beast") was a genus widely distributed in northern South America, in contrast to other species of astrapotheres which lived in the area of the Southern Cone of the continent. It differed from other astrapotheres by having two lower incisors on each side of the jaw and the tusks have a pronounced longitudinal curvature, although their general shape and size are probably very similar to Astrapotherium, whose weight would be 900 to 1,500 kilograms, comparable to the current black rhinoceros.[3]
Several species of Xenastrapotherium have been described, although none is known from complete remains; they are distinguished by features of their teeth and jaws, and their geographical and temporal distribution. The species currently recognized are:
X. christiStehlin 1929: the first known species, originally classified by Stehlin (1929) as Astrapotherium christi, and later reclassified to the current genus.[4] It was found in Venezuela near Zaraza in the state of Guarico, based on a full lower jaw.[5]
X. kraglievichiCabrera 1929: based on several teeth and some jaws, discovered in the area of La Venta (Group Honda, Villavieja Formation) in the department of Huila, Colombia, dating from the middle Miocene, about 13 to 11 million years. Distinguished by their lower tusks, which were more horizontal and rounded in cross-section.[6] This species was contemporary with its great relative, Granastrapotherium.
X. aequatorialisJohnson & Madden 1997: Based on a piece of right lower jaw, found in the river Burgaya in the province of Cañar, Ecuador, in the Biblián Formation (Middle Miocene, 19 million years ago). It is distinguished by its molar with buccal and labial cingulum, and the first molar was lophodont and had roots. This species is older than the fossils of La Venta, contemporary with Astrapotheriinae like Astrapotherium, Astrapothericulus and Parastrapotherium.[3]
X. chaparralensisJohnson & Madden 1997: Another species known from Colombia, was found near to Chaparral in department of Tolima, in the Tuné Formation (early Miocene). It is distinguished by its greater molar area, a high molar buccal cingulum, with canines very similar to those of X. kraglievichi.[3]
X. amazonensePaula Couto 1976: Based on jaw fragments found in the vicinity of the river Breu, Pedra Pintada, Brazil, also found in the Fitzcarrald Arch in Peru. It is distinguished by the large size of the third molar, compared to other species of Xenastrapotherium. It was classified originally in its own genus, Synastrapotherium.[7] A tusk assigned to this species was found in the zone of Acre in Brazil, in deposits from the late Miocene, which make it the most recent record for the astrapotheres;[8] but this idea has been challenged, since the fossil could not be from an astrapothere.[9]
^ abcJohnson, S. C. & Madden, R. H. 1997. Uruguaytheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America. In Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. & Flynn, J. J. (eds) Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press (Washington, D.C.), pp. 355-381.
^Kraglievich, L. 1928. Sobre el supuesto Astrapotherium christi Stehlin descubierto en Venezuela (Xenastrapotherium n. gen.) y sus relaciones con Astrapotherium magnum y Uruguaytherium beaulieui. Buenos Aires, Franco.
^Stehlin H (1928). "Ein Astrapotherium fund aus Venezuela". Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae. 21: 227–232.
^Cabrera, A, 1929. Un Astrapotherido de Colombia, Rev. Soc. Argentina Cienc. Nat., t. 9, pp. 436-439, 3 fig., Buenos Aires.
^Paula Couto C (1974). "Fossil mammals from the Cenozoic of Acre, Brazil. 1 - Astrapotheria". Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. 2: 237–249.
^Frailey C. D. 1986. — Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 374: 1–46.
^Goillot Cyrielle, Antoine Pierre-Olivier, Tejada Julia, Pujos François (2011). "Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America". Geodiversitas. 33 (2): 331–345. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a8. S2CID 129460591.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^M. C. Vallejo Pareja, J. D. Carrillo, J. W. Moreno Bernal, M. Pardo Jaramillo, D. F. Rodríguez González and J. Muñoz Duran (2015). "Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e903960. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E3960V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.903960. S2CID 130728894.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External linksedit
Website of the Berkeley University about the fauna of La Venta
Information about Xenastrapotherium in Spanish
January 01, 1970
xenastrapotherium, extinct, genus, astrapothere, type, hoofed, herbivorous, mammal, native, south, america, which, lived, middle, late, miocene, period, typically, during, laventan, stage, member, family, astrapotheriidae, subfamily, uruguaytheriinae, large, a. Xenastrapotherium is an extinct genus of astrapothere a type of hoofed herbivorous mammal native to South America which lived in the Middle to Late Miocene period typically during the Laventan stage It is a member of the family Astrapotheriidae in the subfamily Uruguaytheriinae large astrapotheres equipped with a trunk like nose and protruding teeth similar to the elephants but their tusks were the canine teeth not the incisors Xenastrapotherium named after the Greek word xenos strange add to the genus Astrapotherium lightning beast was a genus widely distributed in northern South America in contrast to other species of astrapotheres which lived in the area of the Southern Cone of the continent It differed from other astrapotheres by having two lower incisors on each side of the jaw and the tusks have a pronounced longitudinal curvature although their general shape and size are probably very similar to Astrapotherium whose weight would be 900 to 1 500 kilograms comparable to the current black rhinoceros 3 XenastrapotheriumTemporal range Mid Late Miocene Friasian Huayquerian 16 6 8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Mandible of X kraglievichi Honda Group Colombia Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Astrapotheria Family Astrapotheriidae Subfamily Uruguaytheriinae Genus XenastrapotheriumKraglievich 1928 Type species Xenastrapotherium christi Stelin 1928 Species See text Synonyms Astrapotherium christi Stehlin 1928 1 Synastrapotherium Paula Couto 1976 2 Contents 1 Species 2 Phylogeny 3 Distribution 4 References 5 External linksSpecies editSeveral species of Xenastrapotherium have been described although none is known from complete remains they are distinguished by features of their teeth and jaws and their geographical and temporal distribution The species currently recognized are X christi Stehlin 1929 the first known species originally classified by Stehlin 1929 as Astrapotherium christi and later reclassified to the current genus 4 It was found in Venezuela near Zaraza in the state of Guarico based on a full lower jaw 5 X kraglievichi Cabrera 1929 based on several teeth and some jaws discovered in the area of La Venta Group Honda Villavieja Formation in the department of Huila Colombia dating from the middle Miocene about 13 to 11 million years Distinguished by their lower tusks which were more horizontal and rounded in cross section 6 This species was contemporary with its great relative Granastrapotherium X aequatorialis Johnson amp Madden 1997 Based on a piece of right lower jaw found in the river Burgaya in the province of Canar Ecuador in the Biblian Formation Middle Miocene 19 million years ago It is distinguished by its molar with buccal and labial cingulum and the first molar was lophodont and had roots This species is older than the fossils of La Venta contemporary with Astrapotheriinae like Astrapotherium Astrapothericulus and Parastrapotherium 3 X chaparralensis Johnson amp Madden 1997 Another species known from Colombia was found near to Chaparral in department of Tolima in the Tune Formation early Miocene It is distinguished by its greater molar area a high molar buccal cingulum with canines very similar to those of X kraglievichi 3 X amazonense Paula Couto 1976 Based on jaw fragments found in the vicinity of the river Breu Pedra Pintada Brazil also found in the Fitzcarrald Arch in Peru It is distinguished by the large size of the third molar compared to other species of Xenastrapotherium It was classified originally in its own genus Synastrapotherium 7 A tusk assigned to this species was found in the zone of Acre in Brazil in deposits from the late Miocene which make it the most recent record for the astrapotheres 8 but this idea has been challenged since the fossil could not be from an astrapothere 9 Phylogeny editCladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo Pareja et al 2015 showing the position of Xenastrapotherium 10 Eoastrapostylops Trigonostylops Tetragonostylops Albertogaudrya Scaglia Astraponotus Maddenia Comahuetherium Parastrapotherium Astrapotheriinae Astrapotherium Astrapothericulus Uruguaytheriinae Uruguaytherium Hilarcotherium Xenastrapotherium GranastrapotheriumDistribution edit nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp class notpageimage Xenastrapotherium fossil locations nbsp Honda Group Colombia nbsp Biblian Formation nbsp Ipururo Formation nbsp Solimoes Formation nbsp Honda Group Bolivia Fossils of Xenastrapotherium have been found in 2 Honda Group Colombia Biblian Formation Ecuador Ipururo Formation Peru Solimoes Formation Brazil Honda Group BoliviaReferences edit nbsp Paleontology portal Astrapotherium christi at Fossilworks org a b Xenastrapotherium at Fossilworks org a b c Johnson S C amp Madden R H 1997 Uruguaytheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America In Kay R F Madden R H Cifelli R L amp Flynn J J eds Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics The Miocene fauna of La Venta Colombia Smithsonian Institution Press Washington D C pp 355 381 Kraglievich L 1928 Sobre el supuesto Astrapotherium christi Stehlin descubierto en Venezuela Xenastrapotherium n gen y sus relaciones con Astrapotherium magnum y Uruguaytherium beaulieui Buenos Aires Franco Stehlin H 1928 Ein Astrapotherium fund aus Venezuela Eclogae Geol Helvetiae 21 227 232 Cabrera A 1929 Un Astrapotherido de Colombia Rev Soc Argentina Cienc Nat t 9 pp 436 439 3 fig Buenos Aires Paula Couto C 1974 Fossil mammals from the Cenozoic of Acre Brazil 1 Astrapotheria Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia 2 237 249 Frailey C D 1986 Late Miocene and Holocene mammals exclusive of the Notoungulata of the Rio Acre region western Amazonia Contributions in Science Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 374 1 46 Goillot Cyrielle Antoine Pierre Olivier Tejada Julia Pujos Francois 2011 Middle Miocene Uruguaytheriinae Mammalia Astrapotheria from Peruvian Amazonia and a review of the astrapotheriid fossil record in northern South America Geodiversitas 33 2 331 345 doi 10 5252 g2011n2a8 S2CID 129460591 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link M C Vallejo Pareja J D Carrillo J W Moreno Bernal M Pardo Jaramillo D F Rodriguez Gonzalez and J Munoz Duran 2015 Hilarcotherium castanedaii gen et sp nov a new Miocene astrapothere Mammalia Astrapotheriidae from the Upper Magdalena Valley Colombia PDF Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 2 e903960 Bibcode 2015JVPal 35E3960V doi 10 1080 02724634 2014 903960 S2CID 130728894 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link External links editWebsite of the Berkeley University about the fauna of La Venta Snorki the giant s friends and relatives in Tetrapod Zoology Information about Xenastrapotherium in Spanish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xenastrapotherium amp oldid 1192679271, 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