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Women's suffrage in film

December 27, 2022

Women's suffrage, the legal right of women to vote, has been depicted in film in a variety of ways since the invention of narrative film in the late nineteenth century. Some early films satirized and mocked suffragists and Suffragettes as "unwomanly" "man-haters,"[1] or sensationalized documentary footage. Suffragists countered these depictions by releasing narrative films and newsreels that argued for their cause. After women won the vote in countries with a national cinema, women's suffrage became a historical event depicted in both fiction and nonfiction films.

This advertisement for A Militant Suffragette (1913) shows the film's main character smashing a window (left) and being force-fed by doctors in jail (right).

General

Early silent films, 1898–1915

Renewed campaigns for women's suffrage in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States coincided with the invention of the motion picture and the creation of the film industries in these same countries. Because of this, women's suffrage was a topic in some of the earliest narrative films. Film scholar Martin F. Norden views "suffrage films" as a distinct genre that had its "one and only heyday during the years prior to World War I".[2] Like most films of the silent era, very few of these motion pictures survive,[3] though descriptions from film magazines of the time help us understand their content and messages.[2]

Early comedies and melodramas lampooned or attacked women's suffrage. Comedies created laughable suffragist characters, while melodramas showed suffragists ruining their lives, families, and communities. These films "echoed the vehement cries of politicians, journalists, and preachers who feared that woman suffrage would spell the death of femininity and the family."[4]

Less than three years after the invention of narrative cinema, George Albert Smith satirized suffragists in his silent short film The Lady Barber (1898). In this comedy, a woman suffragist takes over a barbershop and begins cutting the hair of the "bewildered" male customers.[4] Many such films explored what might happen if men and women switched gender roles, or if women took on the activities and responsibilities of men; examples include Alice Guy-Blaché's Les Résultats du féminisme (1906); She Would Be a Business Man (1910); and Georges Méliès's Fire! Fire! Fire! (1911).[2] While Guy-Blaché's film used satire to demonstrate the sexism and abuse women face in a society ruled by men,[5] films like Fire! Fire! Fire!, The Reformation of the Suffragettes (1911), and A Lively Affair (1912) showed women humiliated into abandoning the suffrage movement after trying to do the work of men.[2][6]

A Busy Day (1914)

Comedies also used cross-dressing to parody suffragists. In the 1899 film Women's Rights, two men dressed as women unknowingly have their skirts nailed to a fence.[7] Charlie Chaplin played a woman in the 1914 short film A Busy Day (originally titled A Militant Suffragette).[8] Other films depicted women in male attire, including The Suffragette's Dream (1909), Méliès's For the Cause of Suffrage (1909), and A Cure for Suffragettes (1913, written by Anita Loos).[9]

Carrie Nation may have been the first suffragist to be the subject of a film, though it was her hatchet-wielding temperance actions that were caricatured in The Kansas Saloon Smashers and Why Mr. Nation Wants a Divorce (both released in 1901).[2]

Not all early films were anti-suffrage. In 1911 and 1912, Alma Webster Powell published two pro-suffrage photoplays. One of these, The First Woman Jury in America, was made into a film starring Flora Finch.[10] Our Mutual Girl, a weekly serial that began in 1914 to promote Mutual Film, had several pro-suffrage chapters; in one, the heroine attended a suffrage meeting in Times Square and was introduced to Harriot Stanton Blatch and Inez Milholland.[11]

Newsreels

Documentary news footage of suffrage demonstrations could present the movement in a positive or negative light. In 1908, British suffragettes invited news cameras to film a rally in Hyde Park, London; the footage became the first news coverage of women's suffrage on film.[12][13] But newsreels could also present documentary footage of the suffrage movement in a sensationalized manner. For example, the newsreel Suffragettes Again (1913) showed firefighters attempting to put out a large fire supposedly set by British suffragettes.[12] News cameras documented suffragist Emily Davison's 1913 suicide and her funeral.[14]

Newsreel footage of suffragist Emily Davison's death (1913)

Fictional comedies like How Women Win (1911) and Was He a Suffragette (1912) incorporated documentary or newsreel footage of real suffrage demonstrations, as did Votes for Women, the 1912 melodrama produced by suffragists.[14][15]

Thomas Edison recorded speeches by prominent American suffragists for his Kinetophone, an early system for synchronized sound, in 1913, but the resulting film is lost.[16]

Films by suffragist organizations

Inspired by Suffrage drama and other public performances,[17] the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the Women's Political Union (WPU) both produced films featuring suffragist heroines as social reformers who take on corrupt politicians. High-profile suffragists from their respective organizations made appearances in two of these films: Jane Addams and Anna Howard Shaw appeared in NAWSA's Votes for Women (1912), while Emmeline Pankhurst and Harriot Stanton Blatch appeared in WPU's 80 Million Women Want–? (1913).[18][19]

Chicago suffragists shot and screened footage to show first-time voters how to cast a ballot.[20]

In 1914, NAWSA member Ruth Hanna McCormick released the pro-suffrage melodrama Your Girl and Mine.[21] But suffragists found filmmaking too expensive to be sustainable and thus stopped making films after this.[18]

 
Image and caption from a New York Tribune article about the pro-suffrage film Your Girl and Mine (1914)

Later silent films, 1915–1919

Though suffrage organizations did not make any official films after 1914, early Hollywood studios and filmmakers continued to comment on the campaign for women's suffrage in their films. Dorothy Davenport starred in Mothers of Men (1917), a melodrama that depicted a future where a suffragist holds an important political office.[22][23] The Woman in Politics (1916), One Law for Both (1917), and Woman (1918) continued to "applaud suffragists' long persistent efforts for political equality."[24]

Historical depictions, 1932–present

In the 1930s, American films began to look back at the campaign for women's suffrage in the U.S. and U.K. Fox Film Corporation released The Cry of the World, a documentary about the devastation of World War I that touched on women's suffrage and prohibition, in 1932.[25] Subsequent historical depictions of women's suffrage included documentaries like This is America (1933), The Golden Twenties (1950), and 50 Years Before Your Eyes (1950); dramas such as The Man Who Dared (1933), Rendezvous (1935), Lillian Russell (1940), and Adventure in Baltimore (1949); musicals like The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) and One Sunday Afternoon (1948); comedies including The Strawberry Blonde (1941) and The First Traveling Saleslady (1956); and westerns like The Lady from Cheyenne (1941), Cattle Queen (1951), and Rails Into Laramie (1954).[26]

Laura E. Nym Mayhall has argued that mid-twentieth-century depictions of suffragists like Mrs. Banks in the internationally-distributed blockbuster Mary Poppins (1964) were part of a campaign to soften the history of suffragettes.[27] Twenty-first century films like Iron Jawed Angels (2004) and Suffragette (2015) have reincorporated the radicalism of the British suffrage movement.[28][29]

By country

Canada

The NAWSA-produced American pro-suffrage film Your Girl and Mine was shown by the Montreal Suffrage Association shortly after its 1914 release.[30]

In 1958, the National Film Board of Canada released Women on the March, a documentary about the women's suffrage movement, women's political activism, and the United Nations.[31]

France

Two of France's legendary film pioneers, Alice Guy-Blaché and Georges Méliès, each made films on the topic of women's suffrage in the first decade of the twentieth century. Guy-Blaché's Les Résultats du féminisme (1906) depicts a world of gender-role reversal, in which men are sexually harassed by women,[5] while Méliès's For the Cause of Suffrage (1909) and Fire! Fire! Fire! (1911) use gender-role reversal and crossdressing to mock suffragists.[9]

Germany

 
Color poster for Die Suffragette (1913)

Die Suffragette (1913, English: The Suffragette), also released as The Militant Suffragette, starred Asta Nielsen as a British suffragette who becomes involved in a plot to murder a politician. The film was distributed in Germany, America, England, Brazil, and Sweden.[11]

Switzerland

The Divine Order (2017) is a Swiss comedy-drama about the referendum that granted women's suffrage in Switzerland in 1971.

United Kingdom

The earliest comedies about suffragists, The Lady Barber (1898) and Women's Rights (1899),[32] were produced in Britain before the term "suffragette" was coined. In 1908, British suffragettes invited news cameras to film a demonstration in Hyde Park, resulting in the first nonfiction film footage of the suffrage movement.[12][13] Britain continued to make both fiction and nonfiction films about and featuring suffragettes, including Mass Meeting of Suffragettes (1910) and Milling the Militants (1913).

Suffragettes were frequently featured in films made in other countries as well: "The British suffrage movement, which was the most violent, garnered the most interest among filmmakers—even fictional scenarios made by studios in other countries, such as Germany, Sweden and the USA, were often set in England to capitalize on the colorful protestors, who embraced the term 'suffragette'."[8] See, for example, Die Suffragette (1913, English: The Suffragette), a German film in which Asta Nielsen plays a British suffragette.

The 2015 film Suffragette is a historical drama about the British movement.[33]

United States

American film pioneer Thomas Edison's Edison Studios made early silent films satirizing both suffragists and anti-suffragists. These include The Senator and the Suffragette (1910) and A Suffragette in Spite of Himself (1911).[2]

Films like Coon Town Suffragettes (1911) mocked both the suffrage movement and African-Americans.[2]

But some American movie makers, especially women, were publicly in favor of suffrage. Mary Pickford was photographed reading a British "Votes for Women" publication. Women like Lois Weber and Bess Meredyth who worked at Universal Pictures and lived in Universal City, California, the studio's unincorporated community, ran for public office on a "suffrage ticket" that garnered publicity in 1913.[11]

 
Advertisement for the "Suffrage Ticket" in the 1913 Universal City elections

Florence Lawrence participated in the Woman suffrage parade of 1913 on horseback, where she was filmed in Kinemacolor.[11] Screenwriter Frances Marion participated in the October 23, 1915 parade that brought more than 30,000 supporters of women's suffrage onto the streets of New York City.[34] Actress Fan Bourke opened The Princess, a 500-seat "votes for women" movie theatre, in New Rochelle, New York in late 1915.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sloan, Kay (1981). "Sexual Warfare in the Silent Cinema: Comedies and Melodramas of Woman Suffragism". American Quarterly. 33 (4): 412–436. doi:10.2307/2712526. hdl:2152/31143. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 2712526.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Norden, M. F. (1986). "A good travesty upon the suffragette movement": Women's suffrage films as genre. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 13(4), 171.
  3. ^ Sloan, p. 413.
  4. ^ a b Sloan, p. 412.
  5. ^ a b Malone, Alicia (15 November 2018). The female gaze : essential movies made by women. Coral Gables, FL. ISBN 9781633538382. OCLC 1059450763.
  6. ^ Stamp, Shelley (2000-03-26). Movie-struck Girls: Women and Motion Picture Culture After the Nickelodeon. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691044576.
  7. ^ "WOMEN'S RIGHTS | Yorkshire Film Archive". www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  8. ^ a b "Silent Films and Suffragettes". Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  9. ^ a b Stamp, p. 164.
  10. ^ "First Woman Jury in America". The Moving Picture World: 892. March 9, 1912.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Women's Suffrage and the Movie People". Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  12. ^ a b c Sloan, p. 415.
  13. ^ a b Stamp, p. 170.
  14. ^ a b Sloan, p. 416.
  15. ^ Stamp, p. 154.
  16. ^ "Suffragists Storm the Screen, continued..." Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  17. ^ Sloan, p. 423.
  18. ^ a b Lowe, Denise (2014-01-27). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895–1930. Routledge. p. 503. ISBN 9781317718970.
  19. ^ Lindsey, Shelley Stamp (1997). "Eighty million women want—?: Women's suffrage, female viewers and the body politic". Quarterly Review of Film and Video. 16 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/10509209709361450. ISSN 1050-9208.
  20. ^ Stammp, p. 171.
  21. ^ Sloan, p. 431.
  22. ^ "Upcoming Film Restoration: "Mothers of Men" (1917), starring Dorothy Davenport Reid! – Women Film Pioneers Project". wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  23. ^ "AFI|Catalog: Mothers of Men". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  24. ^ Sloan, p. 435.
  25. ^ "AFI|Catalog: The Cry of the World". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
  26. ^ "AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
  27. ^ Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (1999). "Domesticating Emmeline: Representing the Suffragette, 1930–1993". NWSA Journal. 11 (2): 1–24. doi:10.1353/nwsa.1999.0016. ISSN 1040-0656. JSTOR 4316653. S2CID 144806587.
  28. ^ "Iron Jawed Angels Review". TV Plex. February 17, 2004.
  29. ^ Blakemore, Erin (2015-10-28). "How Mary Poppins Softened the Image of the Suffragette". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  30. ^ Sloan, p. 434.
  31. ^ Canada, National Film Board of, Women on the March, retrieved 2019-04-28
  32. ^ "WOMEN'S RIGHTS | Yorkshire Film Archive". www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  33. ^ Nelson, Alex (2018-02-05). "The seven best films about women getting the vote, as chosen by the BFI". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
  34. ^ Beauchamp, Cari (1997). Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood. University of California Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780520214927.

External links

  • Suffragettes in Silent Cinema – documentary film by Kay Sloan
  • Treasures III: Social Issues in American Film, 1900–1934 – DVD set containing several silent films about suffrage

December 27, 2022
women, suffrage, film, women, suffrage, legal, right, women, vote, been, depicted, film, variety, ways, since, invention, narrative, film, late, nineteenth, century, some, early, films, satirized, mocked, suffragists, suffragettes, unwomanly, haters, sensation. Women s suffrage the legal right of women to vote has been depicted in film in a variety of ways since the invention of narrative film in the late nineteenth century Some early films satirized and mocked suffragists and Suffragettes as unwomanly man haters 1 or sensationalized documentary footage Suffragists countered these depictions by releasing narrative films and newsreels that argued for their cause After women won the vote in countries with a national cinema women s suffrage became a historical event depicted in both fiction and nonfiction films This advertisement for A Militant Suffragette 1913 shows the film s main character smashing a window left and being force fed by doctors in jail right Contents 1 General 1 1 Early silent films 1898 1915 1 1 1 Newsreels 1 1 2 Films by suffragist organizations 1 2 Later silent films 1915 1919 1 3 Historical depictions 1932 present 2 By country 2 1 Canada 2 2 France 2 3 Germany 2 4 Switzerland 2 5 United Kingdom 2 6 United States 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksGeneral EditEarly silent films 1898 1915 Edit Film portal Feminism portalRenewed campaigns for women s suffrage in France the United Kingdom and the United States coincided with the invention of the motion picture and the creation of the film industries in these same countries Because of this women s suffrage was a topic in some of the earliest narrative films Film scholar Martin F Norden views suffrage films as a distinct genre that had its one and only heyday during the years prior to World War I 2 Like most films of the silent era very few of these motion pictures survive 3 though descriptions from film magazines of the time help us understand their content and messages 2 Early comedies and melodramas lampooned or attacked women s suffrage Comedies created laughable suffragist characters while melodramas showed suffragists ruining their lives families and communities These films echoed the vehement cries of politicians journalists and preachers who feared that woman suffrage would spell the death of femininity and the family 4 Less than three years after the invention of narrative cinema George Albert Smith satirized suffragists in his silent short film The Lady Barber 1898 In this comedy a woman suffragist takes over a barbershop and begins cutting the hair of the bewildered male customers 4 Many such films explored what might happen if men and women switched gender roles or if women took on the activities and responsibilities of men examples include Alice Guy Blache s Les Resultats du feminisme 1906 She Would Be a Business Man 1910 and Georges Melies s Fire Fire Fire 1911 2 While Guy Blache s film used satire to demonstrate the sexism and abuse women face in a society ruled by men 5 films like Fire Fire Fire The Reformation of the Suffragettes 1911 and A Lively Affair 1912 showed women humiliated into abandoning the suffrage movement after trying to do the work of men 2 6 source source source source source source source source source source source source A Busy Day 1914 Comedies also used cross dressing to parody suffragists In the 1899 film Women s Rights two men dressed as women unknowingly have their skirts nailed to a fence 7 Charlie Chaplin played a woman in the 1914 short film A Busy Day originally titled A Militant Suffragette 8 Other films depicted women in male attire including The Suffragette s Dream 1909 Melies s For the Cause of Suffrage 1909 and A Cure for Suffragettes 1913 written by Anita Loos 9 Carrie Nation may have been the first suffragist to be the subject of a film though it was her hatchet wielding temperance actions that were caricatured in The Kansas Saloon Smashers and Why Mr Nation Wants a Divorce both released in 1901 2 Not all early films were anti suffrage In 1911 and 1912 Alma Webster Powell published two pro suffrage photoplays One of these The First Woman Jury in America was made into a film starring Flora Finch 10 Our Mutual Girl a weekly serial that began in 1914 to promote Mutual Film had several pro suffrage chapters in one the heroine attended a suffrage meeting in Times Square and was introduced to Harriot Stanton Blatch and Inez Milholland 11 Newsreels EditDocumentary news footage of suffrage demonstrations could present the movement in a positive or negative light In 1908 British suffragettes invited news cameras to film a rally in Hyde Park London the footage became the first news coverage of women s suffrage on film 12 13 But newsreels could also present documentary footage of the suffrage movement in a sensationalized manner For example the newsreel Suffragettes Again 1913 showed firefighters attempting to put out a large fire supposedly set by British suffragettes 12 News cameras documented suffragist Emily Davison s 1913 suicide and her funeral 14 source source source source source source source source source source source source Newsreel footage of suffragist Emily Davison s death 1913 Fictional comedies like How Women Win 1911 and Was He a Suffragette 1912 incorporated documentary or newsreel footage of real suffrage demonstrations as did Votes for Women the 1912 melodrama produced by suffragists 14 15 Thomas Edison recorded speeches by prominent American suffragists for his Kinetophone an early system for synchronized sound in 1913 but the resulting film is lost 16 Films by suffragist organizations Edit Inspired by Suffrage drama and other public performances 17 the National American Woman Suffrage Association NAWSA and the Women s Political Union WPU both produced films featuring suffragist heroines as social reformers who take on corrupt politicians High profile suffragists from their respective organizations made appearances in two of these films Jane Addams and Anna Howard Shaw appeared in NAWSA s Votes for Women 1912 while Emmeline Pankhurst and Harriot Stanton Blatch appeared in WPU s 80 Million Women Want 1913 18 19 Chicago suffragists shot and screened footage to show first time voters how to cast a ballot 20 In 1914 NAWSA member Ruth Hanna McCormick released the pro suffrage melodrama Your Girl and Mine 21 But suffragists found filmmaking too expensive to be sustainable and thus stopped making films after this 18 Image and caption from a New York Tribune article about the pro suffrage film Your Girl and Mine 1914 Later silent films 1915 1919 Edit Though suffrage organizations did not make any official films after 1914 early Hollywood studios and filmmakers continued to comment on the campaign for women s suffrage in their films Dorothy Davenport starred in Mothers of Men 1917 a melodrama that depicted a future where a suffragist holds an important political office 22 23 The Woman in Politics 1916 One Law for Both 1917 and Woman 1918 continued to applaud suffragists long persistent efforts for political equality 24 Historical depictions 1932 present Edit In the 1930s American films began to look back at the campaign for women s suffrage in the U S and U K Fox Film Corporation released The Cry of the World a documentary about the devastation of World War I that touched on women s suffrage and prohibition in 1932 25 Subsequent historical depictions of women s suffrage included documentaries like This is America 1933 The Golden Twenties 1950 and 50 Years Before Your Eyes 1950 dramas such as The Man Who Dared 1933 Rendezvous 1935 Lillian Russell 1940 and Adventure in Baltimore 1949 musicals like The Shocking Miss Pilgrim 1947 and One Sunday Afternoon 1948 comedies including The Strawberry Blonde 1941 and The First Traveling Saleslady 1956 and westerns like The Lady from Cheyenne 1941 Cattle Queen 1951 and Rails Into Laramie 1954 26 Laura E Nym Mayhall has argued that mid twentieth century depictions of suffragists like Mrs Banks in the internationally distributed blockbuster Mary Poppins 1964 were part of a campaign to soften the history of suffragettes 27 Twenty first century films like Iron Jawed Angels 2004 and Suffragette 2015 have reincorporated the radicalism of the British suffrage movement 28 29 By country EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2019 Canada Edit The NAWSA produced American pro suffrage film Your Girl and Mine was shown by the Montreal Suffrage Association shortly after its 1914 release 30 In 1958 the National Film Board of Canada released Women on the March a documentary about the women s suffrage movement women s political activism and the United Nations 31 France Edit Two of France s legendary film pioneers Alice Guy Blache and Georges Melies each made films on the topic of women s suffrage in the first decade of the twentieth century Guy Blache s Les Resultats du feminisme 1906 depicts a world of gender role reversal in which men are sexually harassed by women 5 while Melies s For the Cause of Suffrage 1909 and Fire Fire Fire 1911 use gender role reversal and crossdressing to mock suffragists 9 Germany Edit Color poster for Die Suffragette 1913 Die Suffragette 1913 English The Suffragette also released as The Militant Suffragette starred Asta Nielsen as a British suffragette who becomes involved in a plot to murder a politician The film was distributed in Germany America England Brazil and Sweden 11 Switzerland Edit The Divine Order 2017 is a Swiss comedy drama about the referendum that granted women s suffrage in Switzerland in 1971 United Kingdom Edit The earliest comedies about suffragists The Lady Barber 1898 and Women s Rights 1899 32 were produced in Britain before the term suffragette was coined In 1908 British suffragettes invited news cameras to film a demonstration in Hyde Park resulting in the first nonfiction film footage of the suffrage movement 12 13 Britain continued to make both fiction and nonfiction films about and featuring suffragettes including Mass Meeting of Suffragettes 1910 and Milling the Militants 1913 Suffragettes were frequently featured in films made in other countries as well The British suffrage movement which was the most violent garnered the most interest among filmmakers even fictional scenarios made by studios in other countries such as Germany Sweden and the USA were often set in England to capitalize on the colorful protestors who embraced the term suffragette 8 See for example Die Suffragette 1913 English The Suffragette a German film in which Asta Nielsen plays a British suffragette The 2015 film Suffragette is a historical drama about the British movement 33 United States Edit American film pioneer Thomas Edison s Edison Studios made early silent films satirizing both suffragists and anti suffragists These include The Senator and the Suffragette 1910 and A Suffragette in Spite of Himself 1911 2 Films like Coon Town Suffragettes 1911 mocked both the suffrage movement and African Americans 2 But some American movie makers especially women were publicly in favor of suffrage Mary Pickford was photographed reading a British Votes for Women publication Women like Lois Weber and Bess Meredyth who worked at Universal Pictures and lived in Universal City California the studio s unincorporated community ran for public office on a suffrage ticket that garnered publicity in 1913 11 Advertisement for the Suffrage Ticket in the 1913 Universal City elections Florence Lawrence participated in the Woman suffrage parade of 1913 on horseback where she was filmed in Kinemacolor 11 Screenwriter Frances Marion participated in the October 23 1915 parade that brought more than 30 000 supporters of women s suffrage onto the streets of New York City 34 Actress Fan Bourke opened The Princess a 500 seat votes for women movie theatre in New Rochelle New York in late 1915 11 See also EditSuffrage dramaReferences Edit Sloan Kay 1981 Sexual Warfare in the Silent Cinema Comedies and Melodramas of Woman Suffragism American Quarterly 33 4 412 436 doi 10 2307 2712526 hdl 2152 31143 ISSN 0003 0678 JSTOR 2712526 a b c d e f g Norden M F 1986 A good travesty upon the suffragette movement Women s suffrage films as genre Journal of Popular Film and Television 13 4 171 Sloan p 413 a b Sloan p 412 a b Malone Alicia 15 November 2018 The female gaze essential movies made by women Coral Gables FL ISBN 9781633538382 OCLC 1059450763 Stamp Shelley 2000 03 26 Movie struck Girls Women and Motion Picture Culture After the Nickelodeon Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691044576 WOMEN S RIGHTS Yorkshire Film Archive www yorkshirefilmarchive com Retrieved 2019 04 28 a b Silent Films and Suffragettes Retrieved 2019 04 28 a b Stamp p 164 First Woman Jury in America The Moving Picture World 892 March 9 1912 a b c d e Women s Suffrage and the Movie People Retrieved 2019 04 28 a b c Sloan p 415 a b Stamp p 170 a b Sloan p 416 Stamp p 154 Suffragists Storm the Screen continued Retrieved 2019 04 28 Sloan p 423 a b Lowe Denise 2014 01 27 An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films 1895 1930 Routledge p 503 ISBN 9781317718970 Lindsey Shelley Stamp 1997 Eighty million women want Women s suffrage female viewers and the body politic Quarterly Review of Film and Video 16 1 1 22 doi 10 1080 10509209709361450 ISSN 1050 9208 Stammp p 171 Sloan p 431 Upcoming Film Restoration Mothers of Men 1917 starring Dorothy Davenport Reid Women Film Pioneers Project wfpp cdrs columbia edu Retrieved 2019 04 28 AFI Catalog Mothers of Men catalog afi com Retrieved 2019 04 28 Sloan p 435 AFI Catalog The Cry of the World catalog afi com Retrieved 2019 04 29 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Retrieved 2019 04 29 Mayhall Laura E Nym 1999 Domesticating Emmeline Representing the Suffragette 1930 1993 NWSA Journal 11 2 1 24 doi 10 1353 nwsa 1999 0016 ISSN 1040 0656 JSTOR 4316653 S2CID 144806587 Iron Jawed Angels Review TV Plex February 17 2004 Blakemore Erin 2015 10 28 How Mary Poppins Softened the Image of the Suffragette JSTOR Daily Retrieved 2019 04 28 Sloan p 434 Canada National Film Board of Women on the March retrieved 2019 04 28 WOMEN S RIGHTS Yorkshire Film Archive www yorkshirefilmarchive com Retrieved 2019 04 27 Nelson Alex 2018 02 05 The seven best films about women getting the vote as chosen by the BFI inews co uk Retrieved 2019 04 27 Beauchamp Cari 1997 Without Lying Down Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood University of California Press p 55 ISBN 9780520214927 External links EditSuffragettes in Silent Cinema documentary film by Kay Sloan Treasures III Social Issues in American Film 1900 1934 DVD set containing several silent films about suffrage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Women 27s suffrage in film amp oldid 1122395447, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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