William Moulton Marston

William Moulton Marston (May 9, 1893 – May 2, 1947), also known by the pen name Charles Moulton (/ˈmoʊltən/), was an American psychologist who, with his wife Elizabeth Holloway, invented an early prototype of the lie detector. He was also known as a self-help author and comic book writer who created the character Wonder Woman.^[1]

William Moulton Marston
William Moulton Marston in 1938
Born	(1893-05-09)May 9, 1893 Saugus, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	May 2, 1947(1947-05-02) (aged 53) Rye, New York, U.S.
Other names	Charles Moulton
Education	Harvard University (AB, LLB, PhD)
Occupation(s)	Psychologist Inventor Writer
Employer(s)	American University Tufts University
Known for	Systolic blood-pressure test, Self-help writer, Advocate for women's potential, Creator of Wonder Woman,^[1] Important contributor to DISC
Spouse	Elizabeth Holloway Marston (m. 1915; his death 1947)
Partner	Olive Byrne (1925; his death 1947)
Children	4

Two women, his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston, and their polyamorous life partner, Olive Byrne, greatly influenced Wonder Woman's creation.^[1][2][3]

He was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006.

Biography

Early life and career

Marston was born in the Cliftondale section of Saugus, Massachusetts, the son of Annie Dalton (née Moulton) and Frederick William Marston.^[4][5] Marston was educated at Harvard University, graduating Phi Beta Kappa and receiving his B.A. in 1915, an LL.B. in 1918, and a PhD in Psychology in 1921. While a student at Harvard, Marston sold his first script, The Thief, to filmmaker Alice Guy-Blaché, who directed the film in 1913. After teaching at American University in Washington, D.C., and Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, Marston traveled to Universal Studios in California in 1929, where he spent a year as Director of Public Services and taught at the University of Southern California.^[6]

 

William Marston (right) in 1922, testing his lie detector invention

Marston had two children each with both his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston and partner Olive Byrne.^[7] Elizabeth gave birth to a son, Pete, and a daughter, Olive Ann. Olive Byrne gave birth to two sons. Elizabeth supported the family financially while Olive Byrne stayed home to take care of all four children.^[7] Marjorie Wilkes Huntley was a third woman who occasionally lived with them, and who would go on to become office executive under H. G. Peter.^[8]

Psychologist and inventor

Marston was the creator of the systolic blood pressure test, which became one component of the modern polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson in Berkeley, California. Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, suggested a connection between emotion and blood pressure to William, observing that, "[w]hen she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb".^[9]

Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston's collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's own work on her husband's research. She also appears in a picture taken in his laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced by Marston, 1938).^[10][11]

Marston set out to commercialize Larson's invention of the polygraph, when he subsequently embarked on a career in entertainment and comic book writing and appeared as a salesman in ads for Gillette Razors, using a polygraph motif. From his psychological work, Marston became convinced that women were more honest than men in certain situations and could work faster and more accurately. During his lifetime, Marston championed the latent abilities and causes of the women of his day.^[12]

Marston was also a writer of essays in popular psychology. And he published a 1928 book Emotions of Normal People, a defense of many sexual taboos, using much of Byrne's original research she had done for her doctorate. He dedicated the work to her, Holloway, his mother, his aunt, and Huntley. It received almost no attention from the rest of the academic community other than a review, written by Byrne herself, under her alternate name Olive Richard in The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.^[8][13]

Emotions of Normal People also elaborated on the DISC Theory. Marston viewed people behaving along two axes, with their attention being either passive or active, depending on the individual's perception of his or her environment as either favorable or antagonistic. By placing the axes at right angles, four quadrants form, with each describing a behavioral pattern:^[14]

• Dominance produces activity in an antagonistic environment
• Inducement produces activity in a favorable environment
• Submission produces passivity in a favorable environment
• Compliance produces passivity in an antagonistic environment.

Marston posited that there is a masculine notion of freedom that is inherently anarchic and violent and an opposing feminine notion based on "Love Allure" that leads to an ideal state of submission to loving authority.^[15]

Wonder Woman

Main article: Wonder Woman

Creation

On October 25, 1940, an interview conducted by his partner Olive Byrne (under the pseudonym "Olive Richard") was published in The Family Circle (titled "Don't Laugh at the Comics"), in which Marston said that he saw "great educational potential" in comic books. (A follow-up article was published two years later in 1942.^[16]) The interview caught the attention of comics publisher Max Gaines, who hired Marston as an educational consultant for National Periodical Publications and All-American Publications, two of the companies that would later merge to form DC Comics.^[17]

In the early 1940s, the DC Comics line was dominated by superpower-endowed male characters such as the Green Lantern and Superman, as well as Batman, with his high-tech gadgets. According to the Fall 2001 issue of the Boston University alumni magazine, it was the idea of Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, to create a female superhero. Marston recommended an idea for a new kind of superhero, one who would conquer not with fists or firepower, but with love. "Fine," said Elizabeth. "but make her a woman."^[18][19]

Marston introduced the idea to Max Gaines, co-founder with Jack Liebowitz of All-American Publications. Given the go-ahead, Marston developed Wonder Woman, basing her character on the unconventional, liberated, powerful modern women of his day.^[1][20] Marston's pseudonym, Charles Moulton, combined his own and Gaines's middle names.^[21]

In a 1943 issue of The American Scholar, Marston wrote: "Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force, strength, and power. Not wanting to be girls, they don't want to be tender, submissive, peace-loving as good women are. Women's strong qualities have become despised because of their weakness. The obvious remedy is to create a feminine character with all the strength of Superman plus all the allure of a good and beautiful woman."^[22]

In 2017, a majority of Marston's personal papers arrived at the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University; this collection helps to tell the backstory of "Wonder Woman," including his unorthodox personal life with two idealistic and strong women, Olive Byrne and Elizabeth Marston, with a connection to Margaret Sanger, one of the most influential feminists of the twentieth century.^[23]

Development

Marston's character was a native of an all-female utopia of Amazons who became a crime-fighting U.S. government agent, using her superhuman strength and agility, and her ability to force villains to submit and tell the truth by binding them with her magic lasso.^[24] Her appearance was believed by some to be based somewhat on Olive Byrne, and her heavy bronze bracelets (which she used to deflect bullets) were inspired by bracelets worn by Byrne.^[25]

After her name "Suprema, the Wonder Woman" was replaced with simply "Wonder Woman," which was a popular term at the time that described women who were exceptionally gifted, the character made her debut in All Star Comics #8 in December 1941. Wonder Woman next appeared in Sensation Comics #1 (January 1942), and six months later, Wonder Woman #1 debuted.^[24] Except for four months in 1986, the series has been in print ever since. The stories were initially written by Marston and illustrated by newspaper artist Harry Peter. During his life Marston had written many articles and books on various psychological topics, but his last six years of writing were devoted to his comics creation.^[26]

Death

William Moulton Marston died of cancer on May 2, 1947, in Rye, seven days before his 54th birthday. After his death, Elizabeth and Olive continued to live together until Olive's death in 1990, aged 86;^[27] Elizabeth died in 1993, aged 100.^[28]

Legacy

In 1985, Marston was posthumously named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.^[29] His contributions to the development of the polygraph are featured in the documentary film The Lie Detector which first aired on American Experience on January 3, 2023.^[30]

Themes

William Moulton Marston's philosophy of diametric opposites has bled into his design of his Wonder Woman mythology. This theme of diametrics took the form of his emphasis on certain masculine and feminine configurations as well as dominance and submission.^[31]

Marston's "Wonder Woman" is an early example of bondage themes that were entering popular culture in the 1930s.^[1] Physical and mental submission appears again and again throughout Marston's comics work, with Wonder Woman and her criminal opponents frequently being tied up (or otherwise restrained), and her Amazonian sisters engaging in frequent wrestling and bondage play. These elements were softened by later writers of the series, who dropped such characters as the Nazi-like blond female slaver Eviless completely, despite her having formed the original Villainy Inc. of Wonder Woman's enemies (in Wonder Woman #28, the last by Marston).^[32]

Though Marston had described female nature as being more capable of submission emotion, in his other writings and interviews,^[23] he referred to submission as a noble practice and did not shy away from the sexual implications, saying:

The only hope for peace is to teach people who are full of pep and unbound force to enjoy being bound... Only when the control of self by others is more pleasant than the unbound assertion of self in human relationships can we hope for a stable, peaceful human society... Giving to others, being controlled by them, submitting to other people cannot possibly be enjoyable without a strong erotic element.^[33]

One of the purposes of these bondage depictions was to induce eroticism in readers as a part of what he called "sex love training." Through his Wonder Woman comics, he aimed to condition readers to becoming more readily accepting of loving submission to loving authorities rather than being so assertive with their own destructive egos. About male readers, he later wrote: "Give them an alluring woman stronger than themselves to submit to, and they'll be proud to become her willing slaves!"^[34]

Marston combined these themes with others, including restorative and transformative justice, rehabilitation, regret and their roles in civilization. These appeared often in his depiction of the near-ideal Amazon civilization of Paradise Island, and especially its "Reform Island" penal colony, which played a central role in many stories and was the "loving" alternative to retributive justice of the world run by men. These themes are particularly evident in his last story, in which prisoners freed by Eviless, who have responded to Amazon rehabilitation and now have good dominance/submission, stop her and restore the Amazons to power.^[35]

Some of these themes continued on in Silver Age characters, who may have been influenced by Marston, notably Saturn Girl and Saturn Queen, who (like Eviless and her female army) are also from Saturn, are also clad in tight, dark red bodysuits, are also blond or red-haired, and also have telepathic powers.^[36]

Stories involving the latter have been especially focused on the emotions involved in changing sides from evil to good, as were stories from Green Lantern's "Blackest Night" with its Emotional Spectrum which was likely influenced by Marston's research into emotions. Wonder Woman's golden Lasso of Truth and in particular one of the Amazon queens' scions of the Girdle of Aphrodite or Venus which Marston first fictionally accountered as Wonder Woman's 'Magic Girdle of Aphrodite' then reaching back to its origin called her Golden Girdle of Gaea, were the focus of many of the early stories and have the same capability to reform people for good in the short term that Transformation Island and prolonged wearing of Venus Girdles offered in the longer term. The Venus Girdle was an allegory for Marston's theory of "sex love" training, where people can be "trained" to embrace submission through eroticism.^[37]

In film

Marston's life is depicted in Professor Marston and the Wonder Women, a 2017 biographical drama also portraying Elizabeth Holloway Marston, Olive Byrne, and the creation of Wonder Woman.^[38][39] Marston is portrayed in the film by Welsh actor Luke Evans.^[40]

Bibliography

• "Systolic blood pressure symptoms of deception and constituent mental states." (Harvard University, 1921) (doctoral dissertation)
• (1999; originally published 1928) Emotions of Normal People. Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 0-415-21076-3
• (1930) Walter B. Pitkin & William M. Marston, The Art of Sound Pictures. New York: Appleton.
• (1931) ''Integrative Psychology: A Study of Unit Response (with C. Daly King, and Elizabeth Holloway Marston).
• (c. 1932) Venus with us; a tale of the Caesar. New York: Sears.
• (1936) You can be popular. New York: Home Institute.
• (1937) Try living. New York: Crowell.
• (1938) The lie detector test. New York: Smith.
• (1941) March on! Facing life with courage. New York: Doubleday, Doran.
• (1943) F.F. Proctor, vaudeville pioneer (with J.H. Feller). New York: Smith.

Journal articles

• (1917) "Systolic blood pressure symptoms of deception." Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol 2(2), 117–163.
• (1920) "Reaction time symptoms of deception." Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 72–87.
• (1921) "Psychological Possibilities in the Deception Tests." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 11, 551–570.
• (1923) "Sex Characteristics of Systolic Blood Pressure Behavior." Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 387–419.
• (1924) "Studies in Testimony." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 15, 5–31.
• (1924) "A Theory of Emotions and Affection Based Upon Systolic Blood Pressure Studies." American Journal of Psychology, 35, 469–506.
• (1925) "Negative type reaction-time symptoms of deception." Psychological Review, 32, 241–247.
• (1926) "The psychonic theory of consciousness." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 21, 161–169.
• (1927) "Primary emotions." Psychological Review, 34, 336–363.
• (1927) "Consciousness, motation, and emotion." Psyche, 29, 40–52.
• (1927) "Primary colors and primary emotions." Psyche, 30, 4–33.
• (1927) "Motor consciousness as a basis for emotion." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 22, 140–150.
• (1928) "Materialism, vitalism and psychology." Psyche, 8, 15–34.
• (1929) "Bodily symptoms of elementary emotions." Psyche, 10, 70–86.
• (1929) "The psychonic theory of consciousness—an experimental study," (with C.D. King). Psyche, 9, 39–5.
• (1938) "'You might as well enjoy it.'" Rotarian, 53, No. 3, 22–25.
• (1938) "What people are for." Rotarian, 53, No. 2, 8–10.
• (1944) "Why 100,000,000 Americans read comics." The American Scholar, 13 (1), 35–44.
• (1944) "Women can out-think men!" Ladies Home Journal, 61 (May), 4–5.
• (1947) "Lie detection's bodily basis and test procedures," in: P.L. Harriman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology, New York, 354–363.
• Entries on "Consciousness," "Defense mechanisms," and "Synapse" in the 1929 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

See also

• Hugo Münsterberg, Marston's academic advisor

References

1. Garner, Dwight (October 23, 2014). "Books – Her Past Unchained 'The Secret History of Wonder Woman' by Jill Lepore". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
2. . Archived from the original on January 4, 2007.
3. "OUR TOWNS; She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel". nytimes.com. February 18, 1992. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
4. Flavin, R. D. (n.d.) The Doctor and the Wonder Women: Love, Lies, and Revisionism. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
5. Harvard Class of 1915 25th Anniversary Report, pp. 480–482.
6. Daniels 2000, pp. 12, 17.
7. Marston, Christie (October 20, 2017). "What 'Professor Marston' Misses About Wonder Woman's Origins (Guest Column)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
8. Lepore 2014, pp. 126–127.
9. (Lamb, 2001)
10. The Polygraph and Lie Detection. 2003. doi:10.17226/10420. ISBN 978-0-309-26392-4.
11. Moore, Mark H. (2003). The Polygraph and Lie Detection. National Academies Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-309-08436-9.
12. Hanley, Tim (2014). Wonder Woman Unbound: The Curious History of the World's Most Famous Heroine. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-61374-909-8.
13. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0065724  
14. Bradberry, Travis (2007). The Personality Code: Unlock the Secret to Understanding Your Boss, Your Colleagues, Your Friends...and Yourself!. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-399-15411-9.
15. Coleman, John A. (February 28, 2014). "The Ironies of Wonder Woman". America. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
16. Richard, Olive. Our Women Are Our Future July 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
17. Cereno, Benito (May 9, 2016). "Sex, Love, Bondage: The Singular Vision of William Moulton Marston". ComicsAlliance. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
18. Lamb, Marguerite. "", Boston University Alumni Magazine, Fall 2001.
19. Malcolm, Andrew H. "OUR TOWNS; She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel". The New York Times, February 18, 1992.
20. Daniels 2000, pp. 28–30.
21. Lyons, Charles (August 23, 2006). "Suffering Sappho! A Look At The Creator & Creation of Wonder Woman". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
22. Marston, William Moulton. Why 100,000,000 Americans Read Comics, The American Scholar Vol. 13, No. 1 (Winter 1943–44). pp. 35–44.
23. Walsh, Colleen (September 7, 2017). "The life behind Wonder Woman". The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
24. Lepore 2014, pp. 183–209.
25. Jett, Brett. Who Is Wonder Woman?
26. Joyce, Nick (December 2008). "Wonder Woman: A psychologist's creation". Vol. 39, no. 11. American Psychological Association. p. 20. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
27. Lepore 2014, p. 389.
28. Lepore, Jill (October 2014). "The Surprising Origin Story of Wonder Woman". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
29. Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "William Moulton Marston Wonder Woman's Legend Born" Fifty Who Made DC Great: 17 (1985), DC Comics
30. Robinson, Jennifer. "American Experience: The Lie Detector," KPBS.org, Tuesday, December 20, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
31. Bunn, Geoffrey C. (1997). "The lie detector, Wonder Woman and liberty: the life and work of William Moulton Marston" (PDF). History of the Human Sciences. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. 10 (1): 93. doi:10.1177/095269519701000105. S2CID 143152325.
32. Daniels 2000, p. 75.
33. Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-0465036578.
34. Marsters, William Moulton (Winter 1943–44). "Why 100,000,000 Americans Read Comics". The American Scholar. Washington DC: Phi Beta Kappa Society. 13 (1).
35. Held, Jacob M., ed. (2017). Wonder Woman and Philosophy: The Amazonian Mystique. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 191. ISBN 9781119280750.
36. "Eviless – Pre-Crisis DC Comics – Villainy Inc – Wonder Woman". Writeups.org. March 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
37. Daniels 2000, p. 36.
38. "Wonder Woman creator biopic gets mysterious first teaser", ew.com; accessed March 27, 2018.
39. What that mysterious teaser before 'Wonder Woman' was about, businessinsider.com; accessed March 27, 2018.
40. D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 15, 2017). "Annapurna To Release MGM's 'Death Wish' Over Thanksgiving; Sets October Date For 'Professor Marston & The Wonder Women'". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.

Sources

• Biographical entry in Jaques Cattell, (ed.), American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory, Seventh Edition, (Lancaster, 1944), pp. 1173–1174.
• Brown, Matthew J. (2016). ""Love Slaves and Wonder Women: Radical Feminism and Social Reform in the Psychology of William Moulton Marston"". Feminist Philosophy Quarterly. 2 (1). doi:10.5206/fpq/2016.1.1.
• Bunn, Geoffrey C. "The Lie Detector, Wonder Woman and Liberty: The Life and Works of William Moulton Marston,", History of the Human Sciences, 10 (1997): pp. 91–119.
• Daniels, Les (2000). Wonder Woman: The Complete History. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. pp. 1–96. ISBN 0-8118-3121-3.
• Gillespie, Nick. "William Marston's Secret Identity: The strange private life of Wonder Woman's creator." Reason, May 2001.
• Glen, Joshua. "Wonder-working power." Boston Globe, April 4, 2004.
• Held, Jacob M. (ed.). Wonder Woman and Philosophy: The Amazonian Mystique. (Book); Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. ISBN 1119280753. pp. 1–240.
• Jett, Brett. "Who Is Wonder Woman?", " (Manuscript) (2009): 1–101.
• Lamb, Marguerite. "Who Was Wonder Woman? Long-ago LAW alumna Elizabeth Marston was the muse who gave us a superheroine." Boston University, Fall 2001.
• Lepore, Jill (2014). The Secret History of Wonder Woman. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780385354042.
• Malcolm, Andrew H."She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel". New York Times. February 18, 1992.
• Moore, Mark Harrison. The Polygraph and Lie Detection. Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph (National Research Council, U.S.), 2003.
• Richard, Olive. "Our Women Are Our Future", (Article), Family Circle, August 14, 1942.
• Rosenberg, Robin S. "Wonder Woman As Émigré – Why would Wonder Woman leave her idyllic existence on Paradise Island?", (Article) (2010): pp. 1–35.
• Rosenberg, Robin S. "Wonder Woman: Compassionate Warrior for Peace", (Chapter of book) (2013): pp. 1–35.
• Valcour, Francinne. "Training "love leaders": William Moulton Marston, Wonder Woman and the "new woman" of the 1940s", (Dissertation) (1999): 1–150.
• Valcour, Francinne. "Manipulating The Messenger: Wonder Woman As An American Female Icon", (Dissertation) (2006): 1–372.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Moulton Marston.

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to William Moulton Marston.

• William M. Marston at IMDb
• William Moulton Marston at Find a Grave  
• FBI File of William Moulton Marston
• Bibliography on the histories of lie detectors
• William Moulton Marston at the Grand Comics Database
• at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
• at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
• William Moulton Marston Papers, 1852–1975. MC 948. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
• William Moulton Marston Papers, 1899–2002. MC 920. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Preceded by None

Wonder Woman writer 1941–1947

Succeeded by Robert Kanigher