William Croft
William Croft (baptised 30 December 1678 – 14 August 1727) was an English composer and organist.
Life edit
Croft was born at the Manor House, Nether Ettington, Warwickshire. He was educated at the Chapel Royal under the instruction of John Blow, and remained there until 1698. Two years after this departure, he became organist of St. Anne's Church, Soho and he became an organist and 'Gentleman extraordinary' at the Chapel Royal.[1] He shared that post with his friend Jeremiah Clarke.[2][1]
In 1700, Croft, in collaboration with "an Italian Master", probably Gottfried Finger, published six sonatas for violin, flute, harpsichord and viol, in the newly fashionable Italian style.[3]
In 1707, he took over the Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal post, which had been left vacant by the suicide of Jeremiah Clarke.[1] The following year, Croft succeeded Blow (who had lately died) as organist of Westminster Abbey.[1] He composed works for the funeral of Queen Anne (1714) and for the coronation of King George I (1715).
In 1724, Croft published Musica Sacra, a collection of church music, the first such collection to be printed in the form of a score. It contains a Burial Service, which may have been written for Queen Anne or for the Duke of Marlborough.[4] Shortly afterwards his health deteriorated, and he died while visiting Bath aged 48.
A fragment of music attributed to Croft, Ground in C minor (D221), has been used by contemporary composer Michael Nyman as the source of his piece An Eye for an Optical Theory.[5][6]
St Anne edit
One of Croft's most enduring pieces is the hymn tune "St Anne" written to the poem Our God, Our Help in Ages Past by Isaac Watts. Other composers subsequently incorporated the tune in their own works. Handel used it, for instance, in an anthem entitled O Praise the Lord and also Hubert Parry in his 1911 Coronation Te Deum.[7] Bach's Fugue in E-flat major, BWV 552, is often called the "St. Anne", due to the similarity (coincidental in this case) of its subject to the hymn melody's first phrase.
Funeral sentences edit
Perhaps Croft's most notable legacy is the suite of Funeral Sentences which have been described as a "glorious work of near genius".[8] First published as part of the Burial Service in Musica Sacra, the date and purpose of their composition is uncertain.[9] The seven Sentences themselves are from the Book of Common Prayer and are verses from various books of the Bible, intended to be said or sung during an Anglican funeral.[10] One of the sentences, Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts, was not composed by Croft, but by Henry Purcell, part of his 1695 Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary. Croft wrote:
"...there is one verse composed by my predecessor, the famous Mr Henry Purcell, to which, in justice to his memory, his name is applied. The reason why I did not compose that verse anew (so as to render the whole service entirely of my own composition) is obvious to every Artist; in the rest of that service composed by me, I have endeavoured as near as I could, to imitate that great master and celebrated composer, whose name will for ever stand high in the rank of those who have laboured to improve the English style..."[11]
Croft's Funeral Sentences were sung at George Frederic Handel's funeral in 1759,[12] and have been included in every British state funeral since their publication. They were used at the funerals of Winston Churchill in 1965,[13] Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997,[12] Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in 2002,[14] Baroness Thatcher in 2013,[15] Prince Philip in 2021,[16][17][18] and Queen Elizabeth II in 2022.[19]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Dennis Shrock Choral Repertoire, p. 325, at Google Books
- ^ John Calvert A Collection of Anthems Used in Her Majesty's Chapel Royal, the Temple ..., p. 15, at Google Books
- ^ Holman, Peter (2013). Life After Death: The Viola Da Gamba in Britain from Purcell to Dolmetsch. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1843835745.
- ^ Spink (1995), p. 183
- ^ An Eye for Optical Theory Chester Music
- ^ The Music of Michael Nyman: Texts, Contexts and Intertexts, p. 96, at Google Books
- ^ Range, Matthias (2012), Music and Ceremonial at British Coronations: From James I to Elizabeth II Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-02344-4 (p. 241)
- ^ Long, Kenneth R. (1972). The Music of the English Church. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 291.
- ^ Range, Matthias (2009). "William Croft's Burial Service and Purcell's "Thou knowest, Lord"". The Musical Times. 150 (1906): 54–68. JSTOR 25597602.
- ^ "The Book of Common Prayer – The Order for the Burial of the Dead". churchofengland.org. The Archbishops' Council. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Music by Henry Purcell (1659–1695)" (PDF). chorus.ucdavis.edu. University Chorus, University of California at Davis. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ a b Burrows, Donald (2012) Handel, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-973736-9 (p. 327)
- ^ Range, Matthias (2016). British Royal and State Funerals: Music and Ceremonial since Elizabeth I. Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-1783270927.
- ^ Starkey, David and Greening, Katie (2012), Music and Monarchy, BBC Books, ISBN 978-1-849-90586-2 (p. 350)
- ^ "The order of service for the funeral of Baroness Thatcher - St Paul's Cathedral". www.stpauls.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "What music and hymns will we hear at the Duke of Edinburgh's funeral?".
- ^ "Prince Philip's funeral: The order of service". BBC News. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "The Order of Service for the funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in full". CNN. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth's funeral: Order of service at Westminster Abbey". BBC news. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- Spink (1995) Ian. Oxford Restoration Cathedral Music, 1660–1714 Oxford University Press
External links edit
William Croft
- Free scores at the Mutopia Project
- Free scores by William Croft in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Music by William Croft
- Free scores by William Croft at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
- Works by or about William Croft at Internet Archive