This herbaceousperennial plant grows to 46–76 cm (18–30 in) or more tall.[2][3] It has toothed, bipinnate compound leaves up to 40 cm (16 in) long and 30 cm (12 in) broad.[4]
The white flowers are produced in spring in a dense raceme about 10 cm (3.9 in) long. The plant's most striking feature is its fruit, a 1 cm (1⁄2 in) diameter white berry, whose size, shape, and black stigma scar give the species its other common name, "doll's eyes". The pedicels thicken and become bright red as the berries develop.[3]
The berries ripen over the summer, turning into fruits that persists on the plant until frost.
There are pink- and red-berried plants that have been called A. pachypodaformarubrocarpa, but some of them produce infertile seed, and may actually be hybrids with Actaea rubra.[5]
The specific namepachypoda means "thick foot", from Ancient Greek παχύςpakhús "thick" and πούςpoús "foot", which could refer to the large rhizome of the plant [4] or to the stalks supporting the berries,[6] which are thicker than the closely related Actaea rubra.[4]
Toxinsedit
Both the berries[7] and the entire plant are considered poisonous to humans. The berries contain cardiogenic toxins which can have an immediate sedative effect on human cardiac muscle tissue, and are the most poisonous part of the plant. Ingestion of the berries can lead to cardiac arrest and death.
Ecologyedit
A variety of birds, which are not affected by the toxins, eat the berries and help disperse the seeds. Long-tongued bees collect pollen from the flowers.[8]
^ abc"Actaea pachypoda". Missouri Plants. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Actaea pachypoda". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 24. ISBN978-1-887247-59-7.
^Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 725. ISBN0-394-50432-1.
^"Actaea pachypoda (Baneberry, Doll's Eyes, Dolls-eyes, Necklace Weed, Toadroot, White Baneberry, White Beads, White-beads, White Cohosh) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu.
Karen Legasy, Shayna LaBelle-Beadman and Brenda Chambers. Forest Plants of Northeastern Ontario. Lone Pine Publishing / Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1995.[page needed]
Ali, Zulfiqar; Khan, Shabana I.; Pawar, Rahul S.; Ferreira, Daneel; Khan, Ikhlas A. (2007). "9,19-Cyclolanostane Derivatives from the Roots of Actaea pachypoda". Journal of Natural Products. 70 (1): 107–10. doi:10.1021/np060152t. PMID 17253859.
Pellmyr, Olle (1985). "The Pollination Biology of Actaea pachypoda and A. Rubra (Including A. Erythrocarpa) in Northern Michigan and Finland". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 112 (3): 265–273. doi:10.2307/2996542. JSTOR 2996542.
Nuntanakorn, Paiboon; Jiang, Bei; Yang, Hui; Cervantes-Cervantes, Miguel; Kronenberg, Fredi; Kennelly, Edward J. (2007). "Analysis of polyphenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of four American Actaea species". Phytochemical Analysis. 18 (3): 219–28. Bibcode:2007PChAn..18..219N. doi:10.1002/pca.975. PMC2981772. PMID 17500365.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Actaea pachypoda.
actaea, pachypoda, doll, eyes, redirects, here, doll, eyes, phenomenon, vestibulo, ocular, reflex, white, baneberry, doll, eyes, species, flowering, plant, genus, actaea, family, ranunculaceae, flowers, leaves, conservation, status, secure, natureserve, scient. Doll s eyes redirects here For the Doll s eyes phenomenon see Vestibulo ocular reflex Actaea pachypoda the white baneberry or doll s eyes is a species of flowering plant in the genus Actaea of the family Ranunculaceae Actaea pachypoda flowers and leaves Conservation status Secure NatureServe 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Ranunculales Family Ranunculaceae Genus Actaea Species A pachypoda Binomial name Actaea pachypodaElliott The plant is native to eastern North America in eastern Canada and the Midwestern and Eastern United States It prefers clay to coarse loamy upland soils and is found in hardwood and mixed forest stands Contents 1 Description 1 1 Toxins 2 Ecology 3 Cultivation 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription editThis herbaceous perennial plant grows to 46 76 cm 18 30 in or more tall 2 3 It has toothed bipinnate compound leaves up to 40 cm 16 in long and 30 cm 12 in broad 4 nbsp Actaea pachypoda fruit in Putnam Connecticut The white flowers are produced in spring in a dense raceme about 10 cm 3 9 in long The plant s most striking feature is its fruit a 1 cm 1 2 in diameter white berry whose size shape and black stigma scar give the species its other common name doll s eyes The pedicels thicken and become bright red as the berries develop 3 The berries ripen over the summer turning into fruits that persists on the plant until frost There are pink and red berried plants that have been called A pachypoda forma rubrocarpa but some of them produce infertile seed and may actually be hybrids with Actaea rubra 5 The specific name pachypoda means thick foot from Ancient Greek paxys pakhus thick and poys pous foot which could refer to the large rhizome of the plant 4 or to the stalks supporting the berries 6 which are thicker than the closely related Actaea rubra 4 Toxins edit Both the berries 7 and the entire plant are considered poisonous to humans The berries contain cardiogenic toxins which can have an immediate sedative effect on human cardiac muscle tissue and are the most poisonous part of the plant Ingestion of the berries can lead to cardiac arrest and death Ecology editA variety of birds which are not affected by the toxins eat the berries and help disperse the seeds Long tongued bees collect pollen from the flowers 8 Cultivation editActaea pachypoda is cultivated as an ornamental plant in traditional and wildlife gardens It requires part or full shade rich loamy soil and regular water with good drainage to reproduce its native habitat 2 See also editList of poisonous plantsReferences edit NatureServe Explorer Actaea pachypoda NatureServe Explorer Actaea pachypoda NatureServe 2022 06 22 Retrieved 22 Jun 2022 a b Actaea pachypoda Plant Finder www missouribotanicalgarden org a b Chayka Katy Dziuk Peter 2016 Actaea pachypoda White Baneberry Minnesota Wildflowers a b c Actaea pachypoda Missouri Plants Retrieved 30 September 2022 Ford Bruce A 1997 Actaea pachypoda In Flora of North America Editorial Committee ed Flora of North America North of Mexico FNA Vol 3 New York and Oxford Oxford University Press via eFloras org Missouri Botanical Garden St Louis MO amp Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA Denison Edgar 2017 Missouri Wildflowers Sixth ed Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri p 24 ISBN 978 1 887247 59 7 Niering William A Olmstead Nancy C 1985 1979 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern Region Knopf p 725 ISBN 0 394 50432 1 Actaea pachypoda Baneberry Doll s Eyes Dolls eyes Necklace Weed Toadroot White Baneberry White Beads White beads White Cohosh North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox plants ces ncsu edu Karen Legasy Shayna LaBelle Beadman and Brenda Chambers Forest Plants of Northeastern Ontario Lone Pine Publishing Queen s Printer for Ontario 1995 page needed Edible and Medicinal plants of the West Gregory L Tilford ISBN 0 87842 359 1 page needed Ali Zulfiqar Khan Shabana I Pawar Rahul S Ferreira Daneel Khan Ikhlas A 2007 9 19 Cyclolanostane Derivatives from the Roots of Actaea pachypoda Journal of Natural Products 70 1 107 10 doi 10 1021 np060152t PMID 17253859 Pellmyr Olle 1985 The Pollination Biology of Actaea pachypoda and A Rubra Including A Erythrocarpa in Northern Michigan and Finland Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112 3 265 273 doi 10 2307 2996542 JSTOR 2996542 Nuntanakorn Paiboon Jiang Bei Yang Hui Cervantes Cervantes Miguel Kronenberg Fredi Kennelly Edward J 2007 Analysis of polyphenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of four American Actaea species Phytochemical Analysis 18 3 219 28 Bibcode 2007PChAn 18 219N doi 10 1002 pca 975 PMC 2981772 PMID 17500365 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Actaea pachypoda Missouri Botanical Garden Plantfinder Actaea pachypoda Bioimages Actaea pachypoda nbsp This Ranunculaceae article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from 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