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Washukanni

Washukanni (also spelled Waššukanni and Uššukannu) was the capital of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, from around 1500 BC to the 13th century BC.

A map of Mesopotamia showing Washukanni, Nineveh, Hatra, Assur, Nuzi, Palmyra, Mari, Sippar, Babylon, Kish, Nippur, Isin, Lagash, Uruk, Charax Spasinu and Ur, from north to south.

Etymology edit

The name Waššukanni is of Old Indo-Aryan origin, being derived from Old Indo-Aryan vasu-gaṇī, translating into "containing the multitude of the Vasu".[1]

Location edit

The precise location of Waššukanni is unknown with most suggestions being in the general area defined by the Khabur River and the Jaghjagh River in the upper Jezirah of Syria.[2] A proposal by Dietrich Opitz located it under the largely unexcavated mound of Tell el Fakhariya, near Tell Halaf in Syria.[3] This position was supported by M. Oppenheim and more recently by others.[4][5][6] A neutron activation comparison with clay from relevant Amarna tablets appeared to rule out Tell Fakhariya.[7] This idea was also rejected by Edward Lipinski.[8] However, this identification received a new support by Stefano de Martino, Mirko Novák and Dominik Bonatz due to recent archaeological excavations by a German team.[9][10][11][12] This is counterbalanced by the fact that despite many seasons of excavations over the years no documentation of the name of the Mittani capital has yet been found.[13]

On his way to conquer Waššukanni Suppiluliuma I passed through "Isuwa (east of Malatya within the bend of the Euphrates), Alse (upper Tigris valley), Kutmar (on the Batman-Su ?) and Suta (on the lower Batman-Su ?) and then returns to the Euphrates and Halpa" then "Piyasilis and Mattiwaza pass "Irrite and Harran" then wait in Irrite (Irridu) before coming to Waššukanni. This would suggest a location near "Mardin".[14][15]

In the original text:

"I the Sun Suppiluliumas, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favorite of the Storm-god, reached the country of Alse and captured the provincial center Kutmar To Antar-atal of the country of Alse I presented it as a gift. I proceeded to the provincial center Suta and ransacked it. I reached Wassukanni. The inhabitants of the provincial center Suta together with their cattle, sheep (and) horses, together with their possessions and together with their deportees I brought to the Hatti land. Tusratta, the king, had departed, he did not come to meet me in battle. I turned around and (re) crossed the Euphrates. I vanquished the country of Halba and the country of Mukis."[16]

Tell Farfara and Üçtepe Höyük (near Üçtepe, Bismil in Diyarbakır Province in Turkey) have also been proposed.[17][18][19]

The large and relatively recently found, site of Koçlu Tepe has also been proposed.[20]

History edit

Waššukanni is known to have been sacked by the Hittites under Suppiluliuma I (reigned c. 1344–1322 BC) in the first years of his reign, whose treaty inscription[21] relates that he installed a Hurrian vassal king, Shattiwaza. The city was sacked again by the Assyrian king Adad-nirari I around 1290 BC, and became a Assyrian provincial capital for a time before disappearing from history.[22]

Legacy edit

The modern-day Waşokanî refugee camp, built near Hesekê in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria to house inhabitants of Serê Kaniyê and Zirgan who had been displaced by the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, is named after Waššukanni.[23]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Cotticelli-Kurras, P.; Pisaniello, V. (2023), "Indo-Aryans in the Ancient Near East", Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World, Brill, pp. 332–345, doi:10.1163/9789004548633_014, ISBN 978-90-04-54863-3
  2. ^ Parrot André. Barthel Hrouda, "Waššukanni, Urkiš, Śubat-Enlil", dans MDOG, 90 (janvier 1958) In: Syria. Tome 37 fascicule 1-2, pp. 191-192, 1960
  3. ^ D. Opitz, "Die Lage von Wassugganni", ZA 37, pp. 299-301, 1927
  4. ^ Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, "Der Tell Halaf, Eine neue Kultur im ältesten Mesopotamien", F. A. Brockhaus, 1931
  5. ^ E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, "Die Mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall Šēḫ Hamad", BATSH 4, Berlin, 1996
  6. ^ S. Jakob, "Zwischen Integration und Ausgrenzung. Nichtassyrer im mittelassyrischen 'Westreich'", In: W.H. Van Soldt (ed.), Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia. RAI 48, Istanbul, pp. 181-188, 2005
  7. ^ [1] Allan Dobel, "Neutron Activation Analysis and the Location of Waššukanni", Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Orientalia, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 375–82, 1977
  8. ^ Lipiński, Edward (2000). The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Peeters Publishers. p. 120. ISBN 978-90-429-0859-8.
  9. ^ [2]De Martino, Stefano, 2018. "Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia", in Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500-500 BCE, Ugarit Verlag, 2018
  10. ^ D. Bonatz, "Tell Fekheriye – Renewed Excavations at the 'Head of the Spring.'", In: D. Bonatz and L. Martin (eds.), 100 Jahre archäologische Feldforschungen in Nordost-Syrien – Eine Bilant. Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 18, Wiesbaden, pp. 209-234, 2013
  11. ^ D. Bonatz, "Tell Fekheriye in the Late Bronze Age: Archaeological Investigations into the Structures of Political Governance in the Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont", In: D. Bonatz (ed.), The Archaeology of Political Spaces. The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE. Topoi Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 12, Berlin/Boston, pp. 61-84, 2014
  12. ^ A. Tenu, "Building the Empire. Settlement Patterns in the Middle Assyrian Empire", In: B.S. Düring (ed.), Understanding Hegemonic Practices of the Early Assyrian Empire. Essays dedicated to Frans Wiggermann. PIHANS, vol. 125, Leiden, pp. 75-87, 2015
  13. ^ Bonatz, Dominik, "Middle Assyrian Seal Motifs from Tell Fekheriye (Syria)", Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2021
  14. ^ Goetze, Albrecht", On the Chronology of the Second Millennium B. C. (Concluded)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 63–73, 1957
  15. ^ Crasso, Daniela, "The Region of the Upper Euphrates: The Hittite Perspective", Entre les fleuves–I. Untersuchungen zur historischen Geographie Obermesopotamiens im 2, pp. 211-231, 2009
  16. ^ Goetze, Albrecht", "Hittite Historical Texts", Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 318-319, 1995
  17. ^ Buccellati, Federico, "Learning New Styles, Quickly: An Examination of the Mittani–Middle Assyrian Transition in Material Culture", Values and Revaluations: The Transformation and Genesis of “Values in Things” from Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives, edited by Hans Peter Hahn et al., Oxbow Books, pp. 29–46, 2002
  18. ^ Köroğlu, K., "Yeni kazı ve yüzey bulguları işığında Diyarbakır. Üçtepe ve çevresinin yeni Assur dönemi tarihi coğrafyası, Türk tarih kurumu yayınları 5, 45, Ankara, 1998
  19. ^ Ristvet, L. and Weiss, H., :The Hābūr region in the late third and early second millennium BC. In: W. Orthmann (ed.), The History and Archaeology of Syria I (Saarbrücken), pp. 1–26, 2005
  20. ^ Casana, Jesse, "Remote sensing-based approaches to site morphology and historical geography in the northern fertile crescent", New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East, pp. 154-174, 2020
  21. ^ Devecchi, Elena, "Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the 'Šattiwaza Treaties.'", Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 72–95, 2018
  22. ^ Grayson, Albert Kirk, "Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I", Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1972
  23. ^ "New tent city for displaced people from Serêkaniyê". Firat News Agency. Hesekê. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2022.

Further reading edit

  • Dominik Bonatz, "Waššukanni at the End of the Late Bronze Age: The Fate of a Capital City During Periods of Change", in Exploring 'Dark Ages' Archaeological Markers of Transition in the Near East from the Bronze Age to the Early Islamic Period, Benoit et al. (ed), Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 33-52, 2022
  • W Mayer, "Taide Oder Wassukanni? Name und Lage der Hauptstadt Mitannis", in Ugarit-Forschungen. Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas, vol. 18, pp. 231-236, 1986
  • A. Moortgat, "Arch. Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung im nordlichen Mesopotamien ",Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 62, 1957
  • von Dassow, Eva, "Mittani and Its Empire", The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III: Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, pp. 455–528, 2022

washukanni, also, spelled, waššukanni, uššukannu, capital, hurrian, kingdom, mitanni, from, around, 1500, 13th, century, mesopotamia, showing, nineveh, hatra, assur, nuzi, palmyra, mari, sippar, babylon, kish, nippur, isin, lagash, uruk, charax, spasinu, from,. Washukanni also spelled Wassukanni and Ussukannu was the capital of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni from around 1500 BC to the 13th century BC A map of Mesopotamia showing Washukanni Nineveh Hatra Assur Nuzi Palmyra Mari Sippar Babylon Kish Nippur Isin Lagash Uruk Charax Spasinu and Ur from north to south Contents 1 Etymology 2 Location 3 History 3 1 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingEtymology editThe name Wassukanni is of Old Indo Aryan origin being derived from Old Indo Aryan vasu gaṇi translating into containing the multitude of the Vasu 1 Location editThe precise location of Wassukanni is unknown with most suggestions being in the general area defined by the Khabur River and the Jaghjagh River in the upper Jezirah of Syria 2 A proposal by Dietrich Opitz located it under the largely unexcavated mound of Tell el Fakhariya near Tell Halaf in Syria 3 This position was supported by M Oppenheim and more recently by others 4 5 6 A neutron activation comparison with clay from relevant Amarna tablets appeared to rule out Tell Fakhariya 7 This idea was also rejected by Edward Lipinski 8 However this identification received a new support by Stefano de Martino Mirko Novak and Dominik Bonatz due to recent archaeological excavations by a German team 9 10 11 12 This is counterbalanced by the fact that despite many seasons of excavations over the years no documentation of the name of the Mittani capital has yet been found 13 On his way to conquer Wassukanni Suppiluliuma I passed through Isuwa east of Malatya within the bend of the Euphrates Alse upper Tigris valley Kutmar on the Batman Su and Suta on the lower Batman Su and then returns to the Euphrates and Halpa then Piyasilis and Mattiwaza pass Irrite and Harran then wait in Irrite Irridu before coming to Wassukanni This would suggest a location near Mardin 14 15 In the original text I the Sun Suppiluliumas the great king the king of the Hatti land the valiant the favorite of the Storm god reached the country of Alse and captured the provincial center Kutmar To Antar atal of the country of Alse I presented it as a gift I proceeded to the provincial center Suta and ransacked it I reached Wassukanni The inhabitants of the provincial center Suta together with their cattle sheep and horses together with their possessions and together with their deportees I brought to the Hatti land Tusratta the king had departed he did not come to meet me in battle I turned around and re crossed the Euphrates I vanquished the country of Halba and the country of Mukis 16 Tell Farfara and Uctepe Hoyuk near Uctepe Bismil in Diyarbakir Province in Turkey have also been proposed 17 18 19 The large and relatively recently found site of Koclu Tepe has also been proposed 20 History editWassukanni is known to have been sacked by the Hittites under Suppiluliuma I reigned c 1344 1322 BC in the first years of his reign whose treaty inscription 21 relates that he installed a Hurrian vassal king Shattiwaza The city was sacked again by the Assyrian king Adad nirari I around 1290 BC and became a Assyrian provincial capital for a time before disappearing from history 22 Legacy edit The modern day Wasokani refugee camp built near Heseke in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria to house inhabitants of Sere Kaniye and Zirgan who had been displaced by the 2019 Turkish offensive into north eastern Syria is named after Wassukanni 23 See also editMitanni Cities of the ancient Near East Taite Tall Al HamidiyaReferences edit Cotticelli Kurras P Pisaniello V 2023 Indo Aryans in the Ancient Near East Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post Hittite World Brill pp 332 345 doi 10 1163 9789004548633 014 ISBN 978 90 04 54863 3 Parrot Andre Barthel Hrouda Wassukanni Urkis Subat Enlil dans MDOG 90 janvier 1958 In Syria Tome 37 fascicule 1 2 pp 191 192 1960 D Opitz Die Lage von Wassugganni ZA 37 pp 299 301 1927 Max Freiherr von Oppenheim Der Tell Halaf Eine neue Kultur im altesten Mesopotamien F A Brockhaus 1931 E Cancik Kirschbaum Die Mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall Seḫ Hamad BATSH 4 Berlin 1996 S Jakob Zwischen Integration und Ausgrenzung Nichtassyrer im mittelassyrischen Westreich In W H Van Soldt ed Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia RAI 48 Istanbul pp 181 188 2005 1 Allan Dobel Neutron Activation Analysis and the Location of Wassukanni Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Orientalia vol 46 no 3 pp 375 82 1977 Lipinski Edward 2000 The Aramaeans Their Ancient History Culture Religion Peeters Publishers p 120 ISBN 978 90 429 0859 8 2 De Martino Stefano 2018 Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia in Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria Palestine 1500 500 BCE Ugarit Verlag 2018 D Bonatz Tell Fekheriye Renewed Excavations at the Head of the Spring In D Bonatz and L Martin eds 100 Jahre archaologische Feldforschungen in Nordost Syrien Eine Bilant Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim Stiftung 18 Wiesbaden pp 209 234 2013 D Bonatz Tell Fekheriye in the Late Bronze Age Archaeological Investigations into the Structures of Political Governance in the Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont In D Bonatz ed The Archaeology of Political Spaces The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE Topoi Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 12 Berlin Boston pp 61 84 2014 A Tenu Building the Empire Settlement Patterns in the Middle Assyrian Empire In B S During ed Understanding Hegemonic Practices of the Early Assyrian Empire Essays dedicated to Frans Wiggermann PIHANS vol 125 Leiden pp 75 87 2015 Bonatz Dominik Middle Assyrian Seal Motifs from Tell Fekheriye Syria Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2021 Goetze Albrecht On the Chronology of the Second Millennium B C Concluded Journal of Cuneiform Studies vol 11 no 3 pp 63 73 1957 Crasso Daniela The Region of the Upper Euphrates The Hittite Perspective Entre les fleuves I Untersuchungen zur historischen Geographie Obermesopotamiens im 2 pp 211 231 2009 Goetze Albrecht Hittite Historical Texts Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement edited by James B Pritchard Princeton Princeton University Press pp 318 319 1995 Buccellati Federico Learning New Styles Quickly An Examination of the Mittani Middle Assyrian Transition in Material Culture Values and Revaluations The Transformation and Genesis of Values in Things from Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives edited by Hans Peter Hahn et al Oxbow Books pp 29 46 2002 Koroglu K Yeni kazi ve yuzey bulgulari isiginda Diyarbakir Uctepe ve cevresinin yeni Assur donemi tarihi cografyasi Turk tarih kurumu yayinlari 5 45 Ankara 1998 Ristvet L and Weiss H The Habur region in the late third and early second millennium BC In W Orthmann ed The History and Archaeology of Syria I Saarbrucken pp 1 26 2005 Casana Jesse Remote sensing based approaches to site morphology and historical geography in the northern fertile crescent New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East pp 154 174 2020 Devecchi Elena Details That Make the Difference The Akkadian Manuscripts of the Sattiwaza Treaties Die Welt Des Orients vol 48 no 1 pp 72 95 2018 Grayson Albert Kirk Assyrian Royal Inscriptions From the beginning to Ashur resha ishi I Vol 1 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 1972 New tent city for displaced people from Serekaniye Firat News Agency Heseke 24 November 2019 Retrieved 16 August 2022 Further reading editDominik Bonatz Wassukanni at the End of the Late Bronze Age The Fate of a Capital City During Periods of Change in Exploring Dark Ages Archaeological Markers of Transition in the Near East from the Bronze Age to the Early Islamic Period Benoit et al ed Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden pp 33 52 2022 W Mayer Taide Oder Wassukanni Name und Lage der Hauptstadt Mitannis in Ugarit Forschungen Internationales Jahrbuch fur die Altertumskunde Syrien Palastinas vol 18 pp 231 236 1986 A Moortgat Arch Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim Stiftung im nordlichen Mesopotamien Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Forschung des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen 62 1957 von Dassow Eva Mittani and Its Empire The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Volume III Volume III From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC pp 455 528 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Washukanni amp oldid 1218070896, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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